Malto /ˈmæltoʊ/ MAL-toh^[2] or Paharia /pəˈhɑːriə/ pə-HAR-ee-ə,^[3] or rarely Rajmahali,^[4] is a Northern Dravidian language spoken primarily in East India by the Malto people.

Varieties

There are two varieties of Malto that are sometimes regarded as separate languages, Kumarbhag Paharia (Devanagari: कुमारभाग पहाड़िया) and Sauria Paharia (Devanagari: सौरिया पहाड़िया). The former is spoken in the Jharkhand and West Bengal states of India, and tiny pockets of Odisha state,^[5] and the latter in the West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Bihar states of India.^[6] The lexical similarity between the two is estimated to be 80%.

Mal Paharia language may have a Malto-based substrate.^[7]

The 2001 census found 224,926 speakers of Malto, of which 83,050 were labelled as speaking Pahariya, and 141,876 spoke other mother tongues (dialects).^[8]

Phonology

Malto has a typical Dravidian vowel system of 10 vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/ and their lengthened forms. Malto also does not have any vowel clusters or diphthongs.^[9]

• The cluster /ŋʁ/ is pronounced [ɴɢ].^[10]
• Southern and western dialects have /ʔ/ instead of /q/ and /h/ instead of /ʁ/ and /ŋʁ/. Coda /ð/ is an allophone of /d̪/.^[10]

Grammar

The general grammar of the language is not dissimilar from that of the surrounding communities. One interesting aspect of their culture influencing the syntax of the language is present in its assignment of gender to nouns.

Gender

The gender of words in the Malto language is classified as either being masculine, feminine, or neutral. The masculine form is present when denoting anything related to man or vicious deities. Likewise the feminine form is present for nouns denoting women, the Supreme Being, and minor deities. Although the colloquial term for father 'abba' is a traditionally feminine noun, it is meant to show respect. Coupled with the Supreme Being also being feminine, the respect for the women of the community is evident through their grammar. Otherwise nouns are referred to with neutral gender, which by far makes it the most popular form.

Writing system

Seeing as how the literacy rates amongst the Malto people is very low, it makes sense that the language is not a traditionally written language. When the language had first been memorialized in writing (by Ernest Droese in 1884) it shared the Devanagari writing system as with many languages in India. The written portion of the language being supplemented much later on in its life, gives the effect of Malto remaining authentic through the dialogue of their culture.

Sample text

English

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Devanagari script

नबिरकि केतबेनो कुरकपेद़ इणय कौडिद़ टुनड ऐन एणगकि चाकरियन निणग अगदु तेयिन: आह निणग अग अगदु निणग पावे मैनजेह. डडेनो ओरत कूकरुकि सडिद़, गोसणयिकिपावेसरयेतर, अद़िकिगोटडानडिन सोहजेतर आणय अवडप चोव, योहननह डडेनो बपतिसमेचह, अनते पापेकि मापि lगकि गुमेनारेकि बपतिसम सबान मेनतर सेगयह. अनते यिहुदिय.

Bengali script

নবিরকি কেতবেনো কুরকপেধ ইণয় কৌডিধ টুনড ঐন এণগকি চাকরিয়ন নিণগ অগদু তেয়িন: আহ নিণগ অগ অগদু নিণগ পাৱে মৈনজেহ. ডডেনো ওরত কূকরুকি সডিধ, গোসণয়িকিপাৱেসরয়েতর, অধিকিগোটডানডিন সোহজেতর আণয় অৱডপ চোৱ, য়োহননহ ডডেনো বপতিসমেচহ, অনতে পাপেকি মাপি lগকি গুমেনারেকি বপতিসম সবান মেনতর সেগয়হ. অনতে য়িহুদিয়.

Latin script

Nabirki ketabeno kurkpeth iṅy kо̄ḍith Ṭunḍa ēn eṅgki chākriyan niṅg agdu teyin: āh niṅg ag agdu niṅg pāwe mēnjeh. Ḍaḍeno ort kúkruki saḍith, Gosaṅyikipāwesaryetra, athikigoṭḍānḍin sohjetra āṅy awḍp chow, Yohannah ḍaḍeno baptismechah, ante pāpeki māpi lagki gumenāreki baptisma sabān mentr segyah. Ante Yihudiya.^[11]