Sambalpuri | |
---|---|
Western Odia | |
ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ | |
Native to | India |
Region | undivided Sambalpur district |
Native speakers | 2.63 million (2011 census)[1] |
Odia[2][3][4] | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | spv |
Glottolog | samb1325 Sambalpuriwest2384 Western Oriya |
Sambalpuri is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali (with variants Kosli, Koshal and Koshali),[5] a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the ancient kingdom of Kosala, whose vast territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.[6][7]
Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia,[8] and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication.[9] A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.[10]
Sambalpuri is spoken in the following districts of Odisha: Sambalpur (with the city of Sambalpur, the chief cultural and commercial centre of the region), Deogarh, Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Bargarh, Subarnapur, Balangir, Nuapada, Boudh, parts of Kalahandi and the Athmallik subdivision of Angul district. Sambalpuri speakers are also found in neighbouring areas of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.[11]
The Devanagari script was presumably used in the past as the undivided Sambalpur district was part of Central Provinces of British Raj from 1862 until 1905, after which it was merged with Orissa division of Bengal province after Partition of Bengal (1905). After the merger of the Sambalpur area with the then Orissa division of Bengal province in 1905, the Odia script become established, and it is currently the script most commonly used in literacy materials.[12]
The following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia:[13][14]
Some key features include-
Word Medial Vowel Deletion- Syncope
Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
---|---|---|
ପଢ଼ିବା (padhibā) | ପଢ଼ବାର୍ (padhbar) | to study |
ଗାଧେଇବା (gādheibā) | ଗାଧବାର୍ (gādhbār) | to bath |
ହସିବା (hasibā) | ହସବାର୍ (hasbār) | to laugh |
ବୁଲିବା (bulibā) | ବୁଲବାର୍ (bulbār) | to roam |
ରାନ୍ଧିବା (rāndhibā) | ରାନ୍ଧବାର୍ (rāndhbār) | to cook |
ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā) | ଖେଲବାର୍ (khelbār) | to play |
Excpetions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion- seen in -ai diphthongs
Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
---|---|---|
ଖାଇବା (khāibā) | ଖାଇବାର୍ (khāibār) | to eat |
ଗାଇବା (gāibā) | ଗାଇବାର୍ (gāibār) | to sing |
ପାଇବା (pāibā) | ପାଇବାର୍ (pāibār) | to get |
ହାଇ (hāi) | ହାଇ (hāi) | yawn |
ଗାଇ (gāi) | ଗାଇ (gāi) | cow |
Vowel Harmony- o to u phoneme shift, feature also seen in Baleswari Odia dialect
Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
---|---|---|
ସୋଇବା (soibā) | ସୁଇବାର୍ (suibār) | to sleep |
ଖୋଜିବା (khojibā) | ଖୁଜବାର୍ (khujbār) | to search |
Word Final Vowel Deletion(Schwa deletion Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri
Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
---|---|---|
ଭଲ (bhala) | ଭଲ୍ (bhal) | good |
ବାଘ (bāgha) | ବାଘ୍ (bāgh) | tiger |
କୁକୁର (kukura) | କୁକୁର୍ (kukur) | dog |
ଲୋକ (loka) | ଲୋକ୍ (lok) | people |
ଗଛ (gacha) | ଗଛ୍ (gach) | tree |
ମାଛ (mācha) | ମାଛ୍ (māch) | fish |
ଫୁଲ (phula) | ଫୁଲ୍ (phul) | flower |
There has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution.[15][16]
The first Sambalpuri writing appeared in the year 1891 in the weekly magazine "Sambalpur Hiteisani" published from Debagarh.[17] It was titled "Sambalpur Anchalar Praachin Kabitaa", written by"Madhusudan".[citation needed] Then,
2 – "Jatan" wrote "Bhulaaman Chautisaa" between 1900 and 1910.
3 – "Chaitan Das" wrote "Chadhei Chautisaa" between 1900 and 1910.
4 – "Baalaaji Meher" wrote between 1910 and 1920 –
I- "Gundiaa",
II- "Gaud Gaman",
III- "Kumbhaar Pasraa",
IV- "Sunari Pasaraa".
5 – "Lakshman Pati" wrote between 1915 and 1925 -
I- Aadi Bandanaa,
II- Munush Baran,
III- Maaejhi Baran,
IV- Bhuliaa Pasaraa,
V- Kanrraa Pasaraa,
VI- Kharraa Pasaraa,
VII- Teli Pasaraa,
VIII- Sabar leelaa.
6-"Kapil Mahaapaatar" wrote "Gaunliaa Raamaayana" between 1925 and 1930.[citation needed]
In this way, between 1891 and 1947, a total of 35 poets wrote 64 poems only.[18] The period up to 1891 A.D. can be termed as the Dark Age in the history of Sambalpuri literature. From 1891 to 1970 can be termed as the infant stage of Sambalpuri literature as very few Sambalpuri literature was produced during this period. Only after 1970 there was an awakening to develop the language. Satya Narayan Bohidar was the first man who not only created Sambalpuri literature but also encouraged others to write in Sambalpuri. He also proved in many literary forums that Sambalpuri is a separate language[citation needed]. From 1970 onwards people of Western Orissa realized that Sambalpuri is a separate language[citation needed] and literature can be produced in this language. More and more people engaged themselves in creating Sambalpuri literature. A brief account of the contribution of Samalpuri writers, whose contribution has enriched Samalpuri literature is given here. It is neither feasible nor desirable to give an exhaustive list of writers and books of Sambalpuri language. Only those writers, whose work have boosted the development of Sambalpuri literature or enhanced the image of Sambalpuri literature is mentioned below.
Below is a list of magazines published in the Sambalpuri language: