Voiceless postalveolar affricate | |||
---|---|---|---|
tʃ | |||
t̠ʃ | |||
IPA Number | 103 134 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | t͡ʃ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
X-SAMPA | tS or t_rS | ||
|
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ ⟩ ⟨tʃ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | чэмы/čemy | ![]() |
'cow' | Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. | |
Albanian | çelur | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'opened' | ||
Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
Amharic | አንቺ/anite | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' | ||
Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/maktaba | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe] | 'library' | Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
Iraqi | چتاب/kitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb] | 'book' | ||
Jordanian | كتاب (Normally unwritten)/kitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb] | |||
Aragonese | chuego | [ˈt͡ʃueɣo] | 'game' | ||
Armenian | Eastern[2] | ճնճղուկ/čnčřuk | ![]() |
'sparrow' | |
Assyrian | ܟ̰ܝܡܐ čyomo | [t͡ʃjɑmɑ] | 'to turn off' | Found in native terminology. Used in some Urmia and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [c] in other varieties. | |
Asturian | Chipre | [ˈt͡ʃipɾe] | 'Cyprus' | Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ʃ]. | |
Azerbaijani | Əkinçi | [æcint͡ʃʰi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
Bengali | চশমা/čošma | [t͡ʃɔʃma] | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
Basque | txalupa | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
Bulgarian | чучулига/čučuliga | [t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ] | 'lark' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
Catalan | cotxe | [ˈkɔ.t͡ʃə] | 'car' | See Catalan phonology. | |
Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | [ˈnat͡ʃaq] | 'parka hood' | ||
Choctaw | hakchioma | [hakt͡ʃioma] | 'tobacco' | ||
Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ/čoh | [t͡ʃʰɔh] | 'touch' | |
Czech | morče | [ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
Dhivehi | ޗަކަސް / çakas | [t͡ʃakas] | 'mud' | Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words | |
English | beach | [biːt͡ʃ] | 'beach' | Slightly labialized [tʃʷ]. See English phonology | |
Esperanto | ĉar | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Faroese | gera | [t͡ʃeːɹa] | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology | |
French | Standard | caoutchouc | [kaut͡ʃu] | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology |
Acadian | tiens | [t͡ʃɛ̃] | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | |
Galician | cheo | [ˈt͡ʃeo] | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology | |
Georgian[3] | ჩიხი/çihi | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
German | Standard[4] | Tschinelle | [t͡ʃʷiˈnɛlə] | 'cymbal' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] See Standard German phonology |
Greek | Cypriot | τσ̌άι/čái | [t͡ʃɑːiː] | 'tea' | |
Hebrew | תשובה/čuva | [t͡ʃuˈva] | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindustani | Hindi | चाय/čay | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | چائے/çay | ||||
Haitian Creole | match | [mat͡ʃ] | 'sports match' | ||
Hungarian | gyümölcslé | [ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː] | 'juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Italian[5] | ciao | [ˈt͡ʃaːo] | 'hi' | See Italian phonology | |
Javanese | cedhak | [t͡ʃəɖaʔ] | 'near' | ||
Kʼicheʼ | K'iche' | [kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ] | 'Kʼicheʼ'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
Kabardian | чэнж/čenž | ![]() |
'shallow' | ||
Kashubian[6] | czësto | [t͡ʃəstɔ] | 'cleanly' | ||
Kurdish | hirç | [hɪɾt͡ʃ] | 'bear' | ||
Macedonian | чека/čeka | [t͡ʃɛka] | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Malay | Standard | cuci | [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] | 'to wash' | See Malay phonology |
Indonesian | Palatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology | ||||
Maltese | bliċ | [blit͡ʃ] | 'bleach' | ||
Manx | çhiarn | [ˈt͡ʃaːrn] | 'lord' | ||
Marathi | चहा/čahā | [t͡ʃəhaː] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology | |
Mongolian | Khalkha dialect | наргиж/nargij | [ˈnargit͡ʃ] | 'laugh' | |
Nahuatl | āyōtōchtli | [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] | 'armadillo' | ||
Norwegian | Some dialects | kjøkken | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | See Norwegian phonology |
Nunggubuyu[7] | jaro | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | ||
Occitan | chuc | [ˈt͡ʃyk] | 'juice' | See Occitan phonology | |
Odia | ଚକ/caka | [t͡ʃɔkɔ] | 'wheel' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
Persian | چوب/çhúb | [t͡ʃʰuːb] | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
Polish | Gmina Istebna | ciemny | [ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ] | 'dark' | /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into [t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. |
Lubawa dialect[8] | |||||
Malbork dialect[8] | |||||
Ostróda dialect[8] | |||||
Warmia dialect[8] | |||||
Portuguese | Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects | chamar | [t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ] | 'to call' | Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ]. |
Most Brazilian dialects[9] | presente | [pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi] | 'present' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology | |
Most dialects | tchau | [ˈt͡ʃaw] | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | |
Punjabi | ਚੌਲ/ چول/čol | [t͡ʃɔːl] | 'rice' | ||
Quechua | chunka | [t͡ʃʊŋka] | 'ten' | ||
Romani | ćiriklo | [t͡ʃiriˈklo] | 'bird' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
Romanian | cer | [ˈt͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
Rotuman[10] | joni | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | [ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə] | 'health' | Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | čokoláda чоколада | [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] | 'chocolate' | In varieties that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/. |
Silesian | Gmina Istebna[11] | szpańelsko | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] | 'Spanish' | These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into [t͡ʃ]. |
Jablunkov[11] | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ] | ||||
Slovene | koča | [ˈkòːt͡ʃáː] | 'cottage' | ||
Spanish[12] | chocolate | ![]() |
'chocolate' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo] | 'eye' | ||
Swedish | Finland | tjugo | [t͡ʃʉːɡʉ] | 'twenty' | See Swedish phonology |
Some rural Swedish dialects | kärlek | [t͡ʃæːɭeːk] | 'love' | ||
Tagalog | tsuper | [t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ] | 'driver' | See Tagalog phonology | |
Tlingit | jinkaat | [ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ] | 'ten' | ||
Turkish | çok | [t͡ʃok] | 'very' | See Turkish phonology | |
Tyap | cat | [t͡ʃad] | 'love' | ||
Ubykh | Çəbƹəja/çabjaya | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | |
Ukrainian[13] | чотири/čotyry | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Uzbek | choʻl/çôl | [t͡ʃɵl] | 'desert' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[14] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] |
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
---|---|
t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | |
tɹ̝̊˗ | |
Audio sample | |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Australian[19] | tree | [t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯] | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/.[19][20][21][22] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [tɹ̝̊].[20] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
General American[20][21] | |||||
Received Pronunciation[20][21] | |||||
Port Talbot[22] | [t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔iː] |