| Close-mid front rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ø | |||
| IPA Number | 310 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ø | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F8 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 2 | ||
| Braille |  | ||
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| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
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The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨ø⟩, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, borrowed from Danish, Norwegian, and Faroese, which sometimes use the letter to represent the sound. This sound is represented by the letter ⟨ø⟩ in most of Scandinavia; by the digraphs ⟨eu⟩ and ⟨œu⟩ (using the ⟨œ⟩ ligature) in French; and by ⟨ö⟩ in many languages like German-derived languages, Estonian, Swedish, Finnish, and Icelandic. The symbol is commonly referred to as "o, slash" in English.
For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see near-close front rounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Close-mid front compressed vowel
[edit]The close-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ø⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨e͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [e] and labial compression) or ⟨eᵝ⟩ ([e] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ø͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.
For the close-mid front compressed vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see near-close front compressed vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Features
[edit]- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
[edit]Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | Some Western dialects[2] | fuöra | [ˈfwøɾɐ] | 'outside' | Realization of ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong ⟨uo⟩. May also be realized as [ɵ] or [œ]. |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | Contrasts close [y], near-close [ø̝], close-mid [ø] and open-mid [œ] front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. | ||
| Northern[4] | [example needed] | Allophone of /e/ before /l/.[4] | |||
| Breton[5] | eur | [øːʁ] | 'hour' | ||
| Chechen | оьпа / öpa | [øpə] | 'hamster' | ||
| Danish | Standard[6] | købe | [ˈkʰøːpə] | 'buy' | Also described as near-close [ø̝ː].[7] See Danish phonology |
| Djeoromitxi[8] | [tᶴiˈʔø] | 'man' | |||
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[9][10] | neus | 'nose' | Also described as central [ɵː].[11] In the Standard Northern variety, it is diphthongized to [øʏ̯].[10][12] See Dutch phonology | |
| Many accents[10] | Present in many Eastern and Southern varieties.[13] See Dutch phonology | ||||
| English | Broad New Zealand[14][15] | bird | [bøːd] | 'bird' | Possible realization of /ɵː/. Other speakers use a more open vowel [ø̞ː ~ œː].[14][16] See New Zealand English phonology |
| Cardiff[17] | Lower [ø̞ː ~ œː] in other southern Welsh accents. It corresponds to mid central unrounded [ɜ̝ː] in other Welsh accents and in RP.[18][19][20] | ||||
| Port Talbot[21] | |||||
| Geordie[22][23] | Can be mid central unrounded [ɜ̝ː] instead.[22] | ||||
| South African[24] | Used in General and Broad accents; may be mid [ø̞ː] instead. In the Cultivated variety, it is realized as mid central unrounded [ɜ̝ː].[24] See South African English phonology | ||||
| Estonian[25] | töö | [tøː] | 'work' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Faroese | Suðuroy dialect[26] | bygdin | [ˈpɪktøn] | 'bridges' | Realization of unstressed /i/ and /u/.[26] The stressed vowel typically transcribed with ⟨øː⟩ in IPA transcriptions of Faroese is open-mid [œː].[27] See Faroese phonology |
| French[28][29] | peu | 'few' | See French phonology | ||
| German | Standard[30][31] | schön | 'beautiful' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Southern accents[32] | Hölle | [ˈhølə] | 'hell' | Common realization of /œ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[32] See Standard German phonology | |
| Hungarian[33] | nő | [nøː] | 'woman' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Iaai[34] | møøk | [møːk] | 'to close eyes' | ||
| Kurdish[35] | Palewani (Southern) | سۆر/sör | [søːɾ] | 'wedding' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Lemerig[36] | lēlqön̄ | [lɪlk͡pʷøŋ] | 'forget' | ||
| Limburgish | Most dialects[37][38] | beuk | [ˈbø̌ːk] | 'beech' | Central [ɵː] in Maastricht;[39] the example word is from the Hamont-Achel dialect. |
| Lombard | Lombardy [40] | nöf / noeuv | [nøːf] | 'new' | One of the phonetic pronunciations of the classic lombard orthography trigraph 'oeu', along with [ø], modern orthography uses 'ö' to distinguish it from the [œ] phoneme that is rendered by letter 'œ'. |
| Low German[41] | sön / zeun | [zøːn] | 'son' | May be realized as a narrow closing diphthong in certain dialects.[41] | |
| Löyöp[42] | nö‑qöy | [nø k͡pʷøj] | 'place haunted by spirits' | ||
| Luxembourgish[43] | blöd | [bløːt] | 'stupid' | Occurs only in loanwords.[43] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Micaelense[44] | boi | [bø] | 'ox' | Allophone of /o/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Some European speakers[45] | dou | [d̪øw] | 'I give' | ||
| Ripuarian | Cologne[46] | Mösch | [møɕ] | 'sparrow' | Can also appear long, as in pröve [pʁøː¹və] 'test'. |
| Saterland Frisian[47] | Göäte | [ˈɡøːtə] | 'gutter' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ʏ/ ([ʏ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩ is actually near-close [ø̝ː].[47] | |
| Wariʼ[48] | camö | [kaˈmø] | 'capybara' | Rare; for some speakers, it is evolving into [e] in open syllables and [y] in closed ones.[48] | |
| West Frisian | Hindeloopers[49] | beuch | [bøːx] | [translation needed] | Diphthongized to [øy̑] in Standard West Frisian.[49] See West Frisian phonology |
Close-mid front protruded vowel
[edit]| Close-mid front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ø̫ | |
| øʷ | |
| eʷ |
Catford notes[full citation needed] that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as the Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One of them, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨øʷ⟩ or ⟨eʷ⟩ (a close-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.
For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩, see near-close front protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨ø⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Acoustically, the sound is in between the more typical compressed close-mid front vowel [ø] and the unrounded close-mid front vowel [e].
Features
[edit]- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian[50][51] | søt | [sø̫ːt] | 'sweet' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has also been described as central [ɵː].[52] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[53] | öl | 'beer' | May be diphthongized to [øə̯]. See Swedish phonology | |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (2015-09-01). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana. 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
- ^ Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
- ^ Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited in Basbøll (2005:48).
- ^ Ribeiro (2008), p. 31.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–134.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–135.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 607.
- ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.
- ^ Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 591.
- ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Wells (1982), pp. 380–381.
- ^ Tench (1990), p. 136.
- ^ Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
- ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 375.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
- ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 116.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ a b Þráinsson (2004), p. 350.
- ^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp. 95, 107.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Maddieson & Anderson (1994), p. 164.
- ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
- ^ François (2013), p. 207.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Loporcaro, Michele (2015). Vowel Length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–96. ISBN 978-0-19-965655-4.
- ^ a b Prehn (2012), p. 157.
- ^ François (2013), p. 226.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
- ^ Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores (in Portuguese)
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)
- ^ Neuer kölnischer Sprachschatz (1956), p. 627.
- ^ a b Peters (2017), p. ?.
- ^ a b Everett & Kern (1997), p. 395.
- ^ a b van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ^ While Vanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Haugen (1974:40)) state explicitly that it is protruded.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
References
[edit]- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199229314
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- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Basbøll, Hans; Wagner, Johannes (1985), Kontrastive Phonologie des Deutschen und Dänischen, Max Niemeyer Verlag, ISBN 978-3-484-30160-3
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
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- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Everett, Daniel; Kern, Barbara (1997), Wari': The Pacaas Novos Language of Western Brazil, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0415009997
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- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X, S2CID 145733117
- Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970), Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF), Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve, retrieved 28 October 2017
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- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Maddieson, Ian; Anderson, Victoria (1994), "Phonetic Structures of Iaai" (PDF), UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 87: Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages II, Los Angeles: UCLA: 163–182
- Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
- Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum", Málting, 28: 37–43
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
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- Ribeiro, Michela Araújo (2008), Dicionário Djeoromitxi-Português: Registro da diversidade lingüística do povo Jabuti (Master's dissertation), Guajará-Mirim: Federal University of Rondônia
- Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437, ISBN 0-415-00308-3
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
- Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 130–141, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 0-521-23127-2
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