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((Short description|Scripts used to write the Azerbaijani language))
((more citations needed|date=September 2020))
[[File:Azerbaijani_Nastaliq_Alphabet.jpg|thumb|right|The basic Azerbaijani alphabet used in Iran, lacking ؽ and ۆ, among others]]

The '''Azerbaijani alphabet''' (((lang-az|Azərbaycan əlifbası)), ((lang|az-Arab|آذربایجان اَلیفباسؽ)), ((lang|az-Cyrl|Азəрбајҹан әлифбасы))) has three versions which includes the [[Arabic script|Arabic]], [[Latin script|Latin]], and [[Cyrillic alphabets]].

[[Azerbaijani language|North Azerbaijani]], the official language of [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]], is written in a modified [[Latin alphabet]]. This superseded previous versions based on [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] and [[Arabic script|Arabic]] scripts after the fall of [[Soviet Union]].

In [[Iran]], a modified Persian script has always been used and continues to be used for the [[Azerbaijani language|South Azerbaijani]] language.<ref name=":0">Azeri Arabic Turk standard of writing; authored by Javad Heyat; 2001 http://www.azeri.org/Azeri/az_arabic/azturk_standard.pdf ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240319070013/https://www.azeri.org/Azeri/az_arabic/azturk_standard.pdf Archive])</ref>

Azerbaijanis of [[Dagestan]] and other parts of [[Russia]] still use the [[Cyrillic script]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://derbend.ru/project/|title=Archive of issues of the newspaper ''Dərbənd'' (Дәрбәнд)))</ref>((better source needed|date=August 2022))

== Azerbaijani Latin alphabet ==

The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet consists of 32 letters.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 |+Azerbaijani Latin alphabet
 ! colspan="16" | [[letter case|Majuscule forms]] (uppercase/capital letters)
 |-
 | A || B || C || Ç || D || E || Ə || F
 | G || Ğ || H || X || I || İ || J || K
 |-
 | Q || L || M || N || O || Ö || P || R 
 | S || Ş || T || U || Ü || V || Y || Z
 |-
 ! colspan="16" | [[letter case|Minuscule forms]] (lowercase/small letters)
 |-
 | a || b || c || ç || d || e || ə || f
 | g || ğ || h || x || ı || i || j || k
 |-
 | q || l || m || n || o || ö || p || r 
 | s || ş || t || u || ü || v || y || z
 |-
 ! colspan="16" | Names<ref>((Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/2021-azerbaycan-dilinin-orfoqrafiya-lugeti |title=2021 Azərbaycan Dilinin Orfoqrafiya Lüğəti |date=2021))</ref>
 |-
 | a || be || ce || çe || de || e || ə || fe
 | ge || ğe || he || xe || ı || i || je || ke
 |-
 | qe || el || em || en || o || ö || pe || er 
 | se || şe || te || u || ü || ve || ye || ze
 |}

===History===
[[File:Koroqlu.jpg|thumb|1937 program for the opera ''[[Koroghlu (opera)|Koroğlu]]'', in the old Latin script]]
From the nineteenth century there were efforts by some intellectuals like [[Mirza Fatali Akhundov]] and [[Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski]] to replace the Arabic script and create a Latin alphabet for Azeri. In 1922, a Latin alphabet was created by [[Soviet Union]] sponsored ''Yeni türk əlifba komitəsi'' (New Turkic Alphabet Committee; ((lang|az-Cyrl|Јени түрк əлифба комитəси))) in [[Baku]] which hoped that the new alphabet would divide the Azerbaijanis in the USSR from those living in Iran.<ref name="degruyter.com">Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity, [[Lynley Hatcher]], International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2008, Issue 192, Pages 105–116, ISSN (Online) 1613-3668, ISSN (Print) 0165-2516, ((doi|10.1515/IJSL.2008.038)), July 2008, page 106, http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.pdf?t:ac=j$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.xml</ref>
An additional reason for the Soviet regime's encouragement of a non-Arabic script was that they hoped the transition would work towards secularizing Azerbaijan's Muslim culture and since language script reform, proposed as early as the 19th century by Azeri intellectuals (e.g. [[Mirza Fatali Akhundov]]), had previously been rejected by the Azeri religious establishment on the grounds that Arabic script, the language of the [[Quran|Koran]], was "holy and should not be tampered with"<ref>Alakbarov, Farid (2000). Mirza Fatali Akhundov: alphabet reformer before his time. Azer-baijan International, 8(1), 53</ref> there was some historical basis for the reform which received overwhelming support at the First Turcological Congress in Baku during 1926 where the reform was voted for 101 to 7. The Azeri poet [[Samad Vurgun]] declared "Azerbaijani people are proud of being the first among Oriental nations that buried the Arabic alphabet and adopted the Latin alphabet. This event is written in golden letters of our history"<ref>Wright, Sue (2004), Language Policy and Language Planning, Basingstokes: Palgrave MacMillan.</ref>
As a result, in the Soviet Union in 1926 the [[Yañalif|Uniform Turkic Alphabet]] was introduced to replace the varieties of the [[Arabic script]] in use at the time.<ref>Clement, Victoria (2005). The politics of script reform in Soviet Turkmenistan: alphabet and national identity formation. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Ohio State University, cited in "Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity", [[Lynley Hatcher]], International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2008, Issue 192, Pages 105–116, ISSN (Online) 1613-3668, ISSN (Print) 0165-2516, ((doi|10.1515/IJSL.2008.038)), July 2008, page 106, http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.pdf?t:ac=j$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.xml</ref> From 1922 to 1929, both Arabic and Latin scripts were used in Soviet Azerbaijani editions; in 1929, the Latin script was finally chosen. In 1933, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet was reformed to match alphabets of other Soviet Turkic languages.<ref>Г. Г. Исмаилова (G. G. Ismailova). К истории азербайджанского алфавита // Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР / Н. А. Баскаков. — Moscow: Наука (Nauka) Publishers, 1972. — P. 28—40 (in Russian).</ref> The reform changed glyphs for some letters and phonetic values for some other letters. In 1939 [[Joseph Stalin]] ordered that the Azeri script used in the USSR again be changed, this time to the Cyrillic script in order to sever the Soviet Azerbaijani Turks' ties with the [[Turkish people]] in the Republic of [[Turkey]].<ref name="degruyter.com"/>

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of a new Latin-script alphabet. The period from 1991 to 2001 was declared the transitional period, when both Latin and Cyrillic alphabet were accepted. Since 2001, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is the official alphabet of the Azerbaijani language in the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>((Cite web |title=Alphabet Transitions: Chronology of the New Latin Script |url=https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_alphabet.html |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.azer.com))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Staff |date=2001-08-02 |title=A-Z back in Azerbaijan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/aug/02/2 |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077))</ref>

* From 1922 until 1933 (old alphabet defined using the Latin script):
*: Aa, Bb, Cc, [[Ç]]ç, Dd, Ee, [[Ə]]ə, Ff, Gg, [[Gha|Ƣ]]ƣ, Hh, Ii, [[File:Latin capital letter I with descender.svg|bottom|x12px]][[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|bottom|x10px]], Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, [[N with descender|Ꞑ]]ꞑ, Oo, [[Ɵ]]ɵ, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Yy, Zz, Ƶƶ, [[File:Latin capital letter Ze.svg|6px]][[File:Latin small letter Ze.svg|5px]], ʼ <small>''(apostrophe)''</small>
* From 1933 until 1939:
*: Aa, Bʙ, Cc, [[Ç]]ç, Dd, Ee, [[Ə]]ə, Ff, Gg, [[Gha|Ƣ]]ƣ, Hh, Ii, [[I with bowl|Ь]]ь, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, [[N with descender|Ꞑ]]ꞑ, Oo, [[Ɵ]]ɵ, Pp, Rr, Ss, [[Ş]]ş, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Уy, Zz, [[Z with stroke|Ƶ]]ƶ, ʼ <small>''(apostrophe)''</small>
* From 1939 until 1958 (first version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script):
*: [[A (Cyrillic)|А]]а, [[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]б, [[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]в, [[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]г, [[Ghayn (Cyrillic)|Ғ]]ғ, [[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]д, [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]]е, [[Schwa (Cyrillic)|Ә]]ә, [[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]ж, [[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]з, [[I (Cyrillic)|И]]и, [[Short I|Й]]й, [[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]к, [[Ka with vertical stroke|Ҝ]]ҝ, [[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]л, [[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]м, [[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]н, [[O (Cyrillic)|О]]о, [[Oe (Cyrillic)|Ө]]ө, [[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]п, [[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]р, [[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]с, [[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]т, [[U (Cyrillic)|У]]у, [[Ue (Cyrillic)|Ү]]ү, [[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]ф, [[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]х, [[Shha|Һ]]һ, [[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц]]ц, [[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]ч, [[Che with vertical stroke|Ҹ]]ҹ, [[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]ш, [[Yery|Ы]]ы, [[E (Cyrillic)|Э]]э, [[Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]]ю, [[Ya (Cyrillic)|Я]]я, ʼ <small>''(apostrophe)''</small>
* From 1958 until 1991 (simplified version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script and the letter Јј borrowed from Latin):
*: Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Ыы, [[Ј]]ј, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, ʼ <small>''(apostrophe)''</small>
* From 1991 until 1992 (first version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script):
*: Aa, Ää, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
* Since 1992 (current version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script, replacing Ää with the historic Əə for better sorting):
*: Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Azerbaijani alphabets, 1922&ndash;present
|-
!1922&ndash;1933
|rowspan=2|Aa
|rowspan=2|Bʙ
|Cc
|[[Ç]]ç
|rowspan=2|Dd
|rowspan=2|Ee
|rowspan=2|[[Ə]]ə
|rowspan=2|Ff
|[[Gha|Ƣ]]ƣ
|Gg
|rowspan=2|Hh
|rowspan=2|Xx
|[[File:Latin capital letter I with descender.svg|bottom|x12px]][[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|bottom|x10px]]
|rowspan=2|Ii
|rowspan=2|[[Z with stroke|Ƶ]]ƶ
|Qq
|Kk
|rowspan=2|Ll
|rowspan=2|Mm
|rowspan=2|Nn
|rowspan=2|[[N with descender|Ꞑ]]ꞑ
|rowspan=2|Oo
|rowspan=2|[[Ɵ]]ɵ
|rowspan=2|Pp
|rowspan=2|Rr
|rowspan=2|Ss
|[[File:Latin capital letter Ze.svg|6px]][[File:Latin small letter Ze.svg|5px]]
|rowspan=2|Tt
|Yy
|Uu
|rowspan=2|Vv
|rowspan=2|Jj
|rowspan=2|Zz
|-
!1933&ndash;1939
|Çç
|Cc
|Gg
|Ƣƣ
|[[I with bowl|Ь]]ь
|Kk
|Qq
|[[Ş]]ş
|Uu
|Уy
|-
!1939&ndash;1958
|rowspan=2|[[A (Cyrillic)|А]]а
|rowspan=2|[[Be (Cyrillic)|Б]]б
|rowspan=2|[[Che with vertical stroke|Ҹ]]ҹ
|rowspan=2|[[Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]]ч
|rowspan=2|[[De (Cyrillic)|Д]]д
|[[E (Cyrillic)|Э]]э
|rowspan=2|[[Schwa (Cyrillic)|Ә]]ә
|rowspan=2|[[Ef (Cyrillic)|Ф]]ф
|rowspan=2|[[Ka with vertical stroke|Ҝ]]ҝ
|rowspan=2|[[Ghayn (Cyrillic)|Ғ]]ғ
|rowspan=2|[[Shha|Һ]]һ
|rowspan=2|[[Kha (Cyrillic)|Х]]х
|rowspan=2|[[Yery|Ы]]ы
|rowspan=2|[[I (Cyrillic)|И]]и
|rowspan=2|[[Zhe (Cyrillic)|Ж]]ж
|rowspan=2|[[Ka (Cyrillic)|К]]к
|rowspan=2|[[Ge (Cyrillic)|Г]]г
|rowspan=2|[[El (Cyrillic)|Л]]л
|rowspan=2|[[Em (Cyrillic)|М]]м
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[En (Cyrillic)|Н]]н
|rowspan=2|[[O (Cyrillic)|О]]о
|rowspan=2|[[Oe (Cyrillic)|Ө]]ө
|rowspan=2|[[Pe (Cyrillic)|П]]п
|rowspan=2|[[Er (Cyrillic)|Р]]р
|rowspan=2|[[Es (Cyrillic)|С]]с
|rowspan=2|[[Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]]ш
|rowspan=2|[[Te (Cyrillic)|Т]]т
|rowspan=2|[[U (Cyrillic)|У]]у
|rowspan=2|[[Ue (Cyrillic)|Ү]]ү
|rowspan=2|[[Ve (Cyrillic)|В]]в
|[[Short I|Й]]й
|rowspan=2|[[Ze (Cyrillic)|З]]з
|-
!1958&ndash;1991
|[[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]]е|||[[Je (Cyrillic)|Ј]]ј
|-
!1991&ndash;1992
|rowspan=2|Aa
|rowspan=2|Bb
|rowspan=2|Cc
|rowspan=2|Çç
|rowspan=2|Dd
|rowspan=2|Ee
|[[Ä]]ä
|rowspan=2|Ff
|rowspan=2|Gg
|rowspan=2|[[Ğ]]ğ
|rowspan=2|Hh
|rowspan=2|Xx
|rowspan=2|[[Dotless I|I]]ı
|rowspan=2|[[İ]]i
|rowspan=2|Jj
|rowspan=2|Kk
|rowspan=2|Qq
|rowspan=2|Ll
|rowspan=2|Mm
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|Nn
|rowspan=2|Oo
|rowspan=2|[[Ö]]ö
|rowspan=2|Pp
|rowspan=2|Rr
|rowspan=2|Ss
|rowspan=2|Şş
|rowspan=2|Tt
|rowspan=2|Uu
|rowspan=2|[[Ü]]ü
|rowspan=2|Vv
|rowspan=2|Yy
|rowspan=2|Zz
|-
!1992&ndash;present
|Əə
|-
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|((IPAslink|ɑ))
|((IPAslink|b))
|((IPAslink|d͡ʒ))
|((IPAslink|t͡ʃ))
|((IPAslink|d))
|((IPAslink|e))
|((IPAslink|æ))
|((IPAslink|f))
|((IPAslink|ɟ))
|((IPAslink|ɣ))
|((IPAslink|h))
|((IPAslink|x))
|((IPAslink|ɯ))
|((IPAslink|i))
|((IPAslink|ʒ))
|((IPAslink|c)), ((IPAslink|k))
|((IPAslink|ɡ))
|((IPAslink|l))
|((IPAslink|m))
|((IPAslink|n))
|((IPAblink|ŋ))<!--Not a mistake, don't replace with slashes-->
|((IPAslink|ɔ))
|((IPAslink|œ))
|((IPAslink|p))
|((IPAslink|r))
|((IPAslink|s))
|((IPAslink|ʃ))
|((IPAslink|t))
|((IPAslink|u))
|((IPAslink|y))
|((IPAslink|v))
|((IPAslink|j))
|((IPAslink|z))
|}
The Azerbaijani alphabet is the same as the [[Turkish alphabet]], except for '''Әə''', '''Xx''', and '''Qq''', the letters for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish. When compared to the historic Latin alphabet of 1933, as well as the 1991 version: '''Ğğ''' has replaced the historic '''Ƣƣ'''; the dotless '''Iı''' has replaced the historic I with bowl '''Ьь''' (also, the lowercase form of the letter '''B''' was changed from small capital '''ʙ''' to the usual '''b''', while the uppercase form of the letter '''y''' was also changed from a Cyrillic-looking '''У''' to the usual '''Y'''); the dotted '''İi''' has replaced the historic soft-dotted '''Ii''', with the addition of the tittle on its uppercase counterpart, additionally '''I''' is now the uppercase counterpart of '''ı''', while '''i''' is the lowercase counterpart of '''İ'''; '''Jj''' has replaced the historic '''Ƶƶ'''; '''Öö''' has replaced the historic '''Ɵɵ'''; '''Üü''' has replaced the historic '''Yy'''; and '''Yy''' has replaced the historic '''Jј'''. '''Әə''' was replaced by '''Ää,''' which was placed between '''Aa''' and '''Bb''', but was then changed back to '''Әə,''' placed between '''Ee''' and '''Ff''' in the alphabet. Consequently, '''Jj''', '''Yy,''' and some other several letters ('''Cc''', '''Çç''') have also changed their phonetic values in comparison with the historical alphabet.

In translingual contexts (e.g. mathematics), the letters of the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]] are named in Azerbaijani in the following way:<ref>[https://www.adau.edu.az/images/ms_kitabxana/04_08_2021_09_53_47_47_1816281_Fiziki%20kəmiyyət%20vahidlərinin%20istifadə%20qaydaları.pdf Q.Ü.Ağayev, D.V.Bağırlı. Fiziki kəmiyyət vahidlərinin istifadə qaydaları. Bakı, 2017, p. 71.]</ref> ''a, be, ce (se),<ref>[https://www.trims.edu.az/noduploads/book/quot-riyaziyyat-quot-fanni-uzra-6-ci-sinif-ucun-darslik-1626411309-987-backup.pdf S. İsmayılova, A. Hüseynova. Riyaziyyat 6. Bakı, 2021, p. 102.]</ref><ref name="ch">[https://e-derslik.edu.az/books/19/units/unit-1/page35.xhtml Kimya 7-ci sinif]</ref> de, e, ef, qe, aş (haş),<ref name="ch"/> i, yot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ku, er, es, te, u, ve, dubl-ve, iks, iqrek, zet''.

=== Schwa (Ə) ===
When the new Latin script was introduced on December 25, 1991, [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|A-diæresis]] (''Ä ä'') was selected to represent the sound /æ/. However, on May 16, 1992, it was replaced by the grapheme [[ə#The schwa symbol|schwa]] (''Ə ə''), used previously. Although use of ''Ä ä'' (also used in  [[Tatar alphabet#Zamanälif|Tatar]], [[Turkmen alphabet|Turkmen]], and [[Gagauz language#Alphabet|Gagauz]]) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly [[ISO/IEC 8859-9|Turkish encoding]], it was reintroduced; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic) of Azerbaijan.

==Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet==

The development of a modern standardized '''Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet''' has been an ongoing project in Iran in the past several decades. [[Persian alphabet]], without modification or standardization is not suitable for Azerbaijani as:

# It contains multiple letters for the same consonant sounds, for example there are two letters for the sound [t] (ت، ط)
# Persian alphabet does not have letters and diacritics for many of the vowels used in Azerbaijani and other Turkic languages. 

The first steps in the process of standardization started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as [[Varlyq|Varlıq]] from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in [[Tehran]], chaired by the founder of [[Varlyq|Varlıq]], [[Javad Heyat]] in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public.<ref name=":0"/> This standard of writing is today canonized by the official Persian–Azeri Turkish dictionary in Iran titled "((lang|fa-Latn|lugat name-ye Turki-ye Azarbayjani))".<ref>((Cite book |last=Ameli |first=Seyed Hassan |title=لغت‌نامه ترکی آذربایجانی: حروف آ (جلد ۱ |publisher=Mohaghegh Ardabili |year=2021 |isbn=978-600-344-624-3 |language=fa, az ))</ref>

The use of Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, is widespread. However, due to a failure by the Iranian government to implement the constitutionally-required formal education of Azerbaijani language in the Iranian education system, and due to the spread of use of computers and smartphones, and the ease of using Latin alphabet on these platforms, the Latin alternative from Iran's northern neighbor has been gaining popularity in the last two decades.

===Vowels===

In Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, nine vowels are defined. Six of those vowels are present in Persian, whereas three are missing. [[Arabic diacritics|Diacritics]] (including hamza) in combination with the letters ''alef'' (ا), ''vav'' (و) or ''ye'' (ی) are used in order to mark each of these vowels.

Important to note that similar to Persian alphabet, vowels in the initial position require an ''alef'' (ا) all the time (and if needed, followed by either ''vav'' (و) or ''ye'' (ی)). This excludes Arabic loanwords that may start with ''[[ʿayn]]'' (ع).

Below are the six vowel sounds in common with Persian, their representation in Latin and Arabic alphabets.

* Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه); /æ/; A front vowel; only marked with ''fatha'' (ـَ) diacritic, or with a ''he'' at middle or final positions in a word. examples include: əl / اَل ''(hand)'', ət / اَت ''(meat)'', əzmək / اَزمَک ''(to crush)''
* E-e (ائ / ئ); /ɛ/; A front vowel; marked with a ''hamza'' on top a ''ye'' (ئ). examples include: el / ائل ''(people)'', en / ائن ''(wide)''
* O-o (اوْ / وْ); /o/; A rounded back vowel; Shown with ''vav'' (و), either unmarked, or marked with [[Arabic diacritics#Sukūn|sukun (zero-vowel)]] (ـْ). examples include: od / اوْد ''(fire)'', ot / اوْت ''(grass)'', on / اوْن ''(ten)''. 
* A-a (آ / ‍ـا); /ɑ/; A back vowel; shown with ''alef'' (ا) in middle and final positions, and ''alef-maddeh'' (آ) in initial position. examples include: ad / آد ''(name)'', at / آت ''(horse)''
* İ-i (ای / ی) /i/; A front vowel; shown with a ''ye'' (ی) and no diacritic. examples include: il / ایل ''(year)'', ip / ایپ ''(rope)''
* U-u (اۇ / ۇ) /u/; A back vowel; shown with a ''vav'' and a [[Ḍammah]] (ـُ). examples include: uzun اۇزۇن ''(long)'', ucuz اۇجۇز ''(cheap)''

Below are the three vowels that don't exist in Persian, and are marked with diacritics.
* Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) /œ/; A front vowel; shown with a ''hamza'' on top a ''vav'' (ؤ). examples include: öyüd اؤگۆد ''(advice)'', göz گؤز ''(eye)''.
* Ü-ü (اۆ / ۆ) /y/; A front vowel; shown with a "v" diacritic on top a ''vav'' (ۆ). examples include üst / اۆست ''(up)'', üzüm / اۆزۆم ''(grapes)'', güzgü / گۆزگۆ ''(mirror)''
* I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ) /ɯ/; A back vowel; shown with an inverted "v" diacritic on top of a ''ye'' (یٛ). examples include: qızıl قیٛزیٛل ''(gold)'', açıq آچیٛق ''(open, turned on)'', sırğa سیٛرغا ''(earring)'', sarı ساریٛ ''(yellow)''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
!colspan=2|[[Front vowel|Front]]<br />اینجه صائیتلر<br />incə saitlər
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]<br />قالین صائیتلر<br />qalın saitlər
|-
! [[Roundedness|Rounded]]
!Unrounded
!Unrounded
![[Roundedness|Rounded]]
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Close vowel|Close]]
! Arabic
| <big>اۆ / ۆ</big>
| colspan="1" | <big>ای / ی</big>
|	<big>ایٛ / یٛ</big>
| <big>اوُ / وُ</big>
|-
!Latin
|Ü ü
| colspan="1" |İ i
|I ı
|U u
|-
!IPA
|[y]
| colspan="1" |[i]
|[ɯ]
|[u]
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
!Arabic
| <big>ائ / ئ</big>
| <big>اؤ / ؤ</big>
|
|<big>اوْ / وْ</big>
|-
!Latin
| E e
| Ö ö
|
|O o
|-
!IPA
| [ɛ]
| [œ]
|
|[o]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Open vowel|Open]]
!Arabic
|
|<big>اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه</big>
|
|<big>آ / ‍ـا</big>
|-
!Latin
|
|Ə ə
|
|A a
|-
!IPA
|
|[æ]
|
|[ɑ]
|}

====Vowel harmony====
Like other Turkic languages, Azerbaijani has a system of vowel harmony. Azerbaijani's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system. This means that all vowels in a word must be ones that are pronounced either at the front or at the back of the mouth.<ref>Foundations of Azerbaijani Turki Grammar ( مبانی دستور زبان ترکی آذربایجانی) M. Farzaneh (م. ع فرزانه) 1979, Pg. 10</ref> In Azerbaijani there are two suffixes that make a plural. It's either '''ـلَر / lər''' or '''ـلار / lar''', front and back vowels respectively. The same variety of options for suffixes exists across the board in Azerbaijani. Here is how vowel harmony works, in an example of a word in which the vowels are all frontal: 
* The word for ''dog'' is '''ایت / it'''. The word for dogs will be '''ایتلَر / itlər''' ('''ایتلار / itlar''' is incorrect)

And below are examples for back vowels:
* The word for ''mountain'' is '''داغ / dağ''', thus the word for mountains will be '''داغلار / dağlar'''

A secondary vowel harmony system exists in Azerbaijani language, which is a [[Roundedness|rounded]]/unrounded system. This applies to some (but not all) of the suffixes. For example, there are four variations for the common suffix '''لی / lı li''' and '''لو / lu lü'''. 
* The word for ''salt'' is '''دوُز / duz'''. The word for salty will be '''دوُزلو / duzlu'''.
* In Azerbaijani, the city of [[Tabriz]] is '''تبریز / Təbriz'''. The word for someone from Tabriz will be '''تبریزلی / Təbrizli'''.

====Conventions on writing of vowels====
In Persian or Arabic alphabets, [[Arabic diacritics|Diacritics]] are usually not written out unless it's in beginner-language lesson books or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word.

In Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, there are conventions with regards to writing of diacritics.<ref name=":0"/>

For A-a (آ / ‍ـا), the vowel is always written and shown with ''alef''.

For Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه), the initial vowel is written with an ''alef''. Vowels in the middle of the word are written in two ways.
They are either shown, i.e. written with a diacritic, which usually needs not be written; or they are written with a final ''he'' (ـه‌ / ه). The former is used in closed syllables (CVC), or in the first open syllable of the word. The latter is used in open syllables (CV) with the exception of the first syllable of the word. Note that the vowel ''he'' (ـه‌ / ه) is not attached to the following letter, but is separated from it with a [[Zero-width non-joiner]]. For example, the word ''gələcəyim'' (gə-lə-cəy-im) (my future) is written as '''گله‌جگیم'''. Note that the first syllable of the word is open, but it's not marked. The second syllable is open, and thus the vowel is marked with ''he'' (ـه‌ / ه), not attached to the following letter. Also note the breakdown of the word into syllables – this is because the word is made up of ''"gələcək"'' plus possessive pronoun ''"-im"''.

For E-e (ائ / ئ), the sound is shown with a ''hamzeh'' on top of a ''ye'' in almost all cases. The exceptions are loanwords of Persian, Arabic, or European origin. For example "enerji" ''(energy)'' is written as '''انرژی'''. Writing it as '''ائنئرژی''' is incorrect. Other examples include '''تلویزیون''' (televiziyon, ''meaning TV'') ، '''علم''' (elm, ''meaning science'')، '''قانع''' (qane, ''meaning satisfied''). In words, for both Azerbaijani and loanwords, if "E" and "Y" come side by side, both letters are written; e.g. '''قئید''' (qeyd), '''شئیدا''' (şeyda), '''ویئتنام''' (Vyetnam), '''غئیرت''' (ğeyrət). Loanwords from Persian or Arabic which contain the sound [i], but are adopted in Azerbaijani with an [e] sound, are shown with ئ; examples include '''تسبئح''' (təsbeh), '''بئساواد''' (besavad), '''پئشکش''' (peşkəş).

For İ-i (ای / ی), the sound is shown with ''ye'' (ی) all the time.

For I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ), the sound is shown with ''ye'' (ی) all the time. The writing of the diacritic is optional and not necessary, and is only ever actually done in beginner language lesson books or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word. Native speakers can usually read words without the use of diacritic, as they are aware of vowel harmony rules (meaning that they can interpolate the correct pronunciation of "ی" by the presence of other vowels in the word). In words like ''qızıl'' قیزیل ''(gold)'', it is the familiarity with the vocabulary that helps native speakers.

For round vowels, O-o (اوْ / وْ), U-u (اوُ / وُ), Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ), and Ü-ü (اۆ / ۆ), it is recommended that the first syllable containing such vowel be marked with diacritic, while the rest can remain unmarked and solely written with a ''vav'' (و). This reduces the effort of marking vowels, while also providing readers with a clue with respect to vowel harmony, namely as to whether the vowels of the word are to be front or back. Examples include '''گؤرونوش''' (görünüş), '''اوْغوز''' (oğuz), '''دۆیون''' (düyün)

However, it is recommended that those who are new learners shall write diacritics on all round vowels.  '''گؤرۆنۆش''' (görünüş), '''اوْغوُز''' (oğuz), '''دۆیۆن''' (düyün).

In daily practice, it is rare to see vowels other than  Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) marked. This may be due to the fact that ''hamza'' is the only one of such symbols that's frequently written in Persian as well, and due to the fact that the inverted "v" diacritic for Ü-ü (اۆ / ۆ) does not exist on typical Persian keyboards.

===Consonants===
While Azerbaijani Latin alphabet has nine vowels and twenty-three consonants, Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet has thirty consonants, as there are sounds that are represented by more than one consonant. Highlighted columns indicate letters from Persian or Arabic that are exclusively used in loanwords, and not in native Azerbaijani words.<ref name=":0"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!No.
!Letter
!Latin Equivalent
!IPA
!Example
!Latin spelling
!Meaning
|-
|1||<big>ب</big> ||B b ||[b]||بالؽق<br />بئل<br />قاب|| Balıq<br />Bel<br />Qab  || fish<br />dorsum<br />plate
|-
|2||<big>پ</big> ||P  p ||[p/pʰ]|| ایپک<br />ساپ || İpək<br />Sap || silk<br />string
|-
|3||<big>ت</big> ||T t ||[t/tʰ]|| تلیس || Təlis || sack
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
|4||<big>ث</big> ||S s ||[s]||ثۆریّا ||Sürəyya || Surayya (name)
|-
|5||<big>ج</big> ||C c ||[d͡ʑ]|| جئیران<br />قوْجا<br />کرپیج   || Ceyran<br />Qoca<br />Kərpic   ||‌ Gazelle<br />old person<br />brick
|-
|6||<big>چ</big> ||Ç  ç ||[t͡ɕ/t͡ɕʰ]||چای<br />سئرچه<br />قوْلچاق || Çay<br />Serçə<br />Qolçaq   || river<br />sparrow<br />puppet
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
|7||<big>ح</big><sup>1</sup> ||H h ||[h/hˁ]|| حۆریّت<br />صاباح|| Hürriyyət<br />Sabah || freedom<br />morning, tomorrow
|-
|8||<big>خ</big> ||X x ||[x/χ]||خوْرتان<br />آرخ<br />توْخۇماق   ||Xortan<br />Arx<br />Toxumaq  || boogeyman<br />water stream<br />to  knit
|-
|9||<big>د</big> ||D d ||[d̪]||داراق
دامجؽ
|Daraq<br />Damcı  ||shoulder<br />droplet
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
|10||<big>ذ</big> ||Z z || [z]||اذیّت<br />گۆذشت ||‌ əziyyət<br />güzəşt || bothering<br />forgiveness
|-
|11||<big>ر</big> ||R r ||[ɾ/r]||بَرک<br />قارا   ||Bərk<br />Qara   || hard<br />black
|-
|12||<big>ز</big> ||Z z ||[z]||زای<br />مازالاق<br />بالدؽز   ||Zay<br />Mazalaq<br />Baldız  || rotten<br />spinning top (toy)<br />sister-in-law
|-
|13||<big>ژ</big> ||J j ||[ʒ]||قؽژقؽرماق<ref>It's rare to find native Azerbaijani words with "ژ‌ / j"</ref><br />ژاله ||Qıjqırmaq<br />Jalə || to go sour<br />Zhaleh (name)
|-
|14||<big>س<sup>2</sup></big> ||S s ||[s]||ساچ<br />ترسَه  ||Saç<br />Tərsə  || hair bun<br />in reverse
|-
|15||<big>ش</big> ||Ş ş ||[ʃ/ʂ/ɕ]||شیش<br />مئشه<br />دؤش   ||Şiş<br />Meşə<br />Döş  ||skewer<br />forest<br />chest
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
|16||<big>ص</big> ||S s ||[s]|| صاباح<br />صۆلح<br />ایصفاهان || Sabah<br />Sülh<br />İsfahan || morning, tomorrow<br />peace<br />Isfahan
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
|17||<big>ض</big> ||Z z ||[t/tʰ]||ضربه||Zərbə ||hit
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
|18||<big>ط</big> ||T t ||[t̪]||طاماح ||Tamah || greed
|-bgcolor="#FFEFD5"
|19||<big>ظ</big> ||Z z ||[z]||ظالؽم|| Zalım || tyrant
|-
|20||<big>غ</big><sup>3</sup> ||Ğ ğ ||[ɣ/ʁ (ʕ/ʢ)]||آغرؽ<br />یاغ ||Ağrı<br />Yağ  ||pain<br />oil
|-
|21||<big>ف</big> ||F f ||[f]||کۆفلنمیش ||Küflənmiş ||moldy
|-
|22||<big>ق</big><sup>4</sup> || Q q||[g/ɢ]||قارقا<br />قۇلاق<br />قارپؽز ||Qarqa<br />Qulaq<br />Qarpız ||crow<br />ear<br />watermelon
|-
|23||<big>ک</big><sup>5</sup> ||K k ||[c/cʰ/k (ç)]||کۆرک<br />تیکان<br />اؤرتۆک   ||Kürək<br />Tikan<br />Örtük   ||shoulder blade<br />thorn<br />bedsheet
|-
|24||<big>گ</big><sup>6</sup> ||G g ||[ɟ]||گؤزل<br />گَلین<br />سۆپۆرگه || Gözəl<br />Gəlin<br />Süpürgə || beautiful<br />bride<br />broom
|-
|25||<big>ل</big> ||L l ||[l/ɫ]||لاله <br />سالخؽم<br />اَل  ||Lalə<br />Salxım<br />Əl   || tulip<br />fruit bunch (e.g. grape)<br />hand
|-
|26||<big>م</big> ||M m ||[m]||مارال<br />اَپریمک  ||Maral<br />Əprimək  ||deer<br />to rut or rust
|-
|27||<big>ن</big> ||N n ||[n]||نارین ||Narin ||tiny
|-
|28||<big>و</big><sup>7</sup> ||V v ||[v]||وئرمک<br />سئوگی ||Vermək<br />sevgi ||to give<br />lov
|-
|29||<big>ه / هـ</big><sup>1,7</sup>  ||H h ||[h/hˁ]||هؤرمک ||Hörmək || to braid
|-
|30||<big>ی</big><sup>7</sup> ||Y y ||[j]||آیؽ<br />آی  ||Ayı<br />Ay  ||bear<br />moon
|}

'''Notes'''<ref name=":0"/>
# Arabic loanwords that in their original spelling end in [[ʿayn]] (ع), such as "طمع" (təmə') ''(meaning greed)'', or "متاع" (məta') ''(meaning baggage)'', are instead pronounced in Azerbaijani with a final [h]. Thus they are to be written with a "ح" (''he''). e.g. "طاماح" (tamah), "ماتاح" (matah). (Note that the vowels of these words are also changed in accordance with the vowel harmony system) If the change in pronunciation of [[ʿayn]] (ع) happens mid-word, it would be written as "ه / هـ". An example being "فعله" (fə'lə) ''(meaning worker)'' being written as "فهله" (fəhlə).
# Loanwords that start with consonant sequences "SK, ST, SP, ŞT, ŞP", in Azerbaijani Arabic script, they are to be written starting with an "ای" (i). e.g. ایستئیک (isteyk) ''(meaning steak)'', ایسپورت (isport) ''(meaning sports)''
# There is a distinction between the pronunciation of "غ" and "ق" in Azerbaijani. Such distinction does not exist in [[Iranian Persian|standard Iranian Persian]]. But in any case, loanwords from Arabic or Persian, regardless of how their "غ" and "ق" is pronounced, are to be kept as their original writing. This is not a rule in Latin alphabet. An example being the word meaning ''Afghan'', "افغان" (Əfqan). The "غ" in Azerbaijani is pronounced as a [g], meaning that, as it's done in Latin, it's being pronounced as if it's a "ق". But the writing of the loanword in Azerbaijani Arabic will remain the same.
# Loanwords whose original spelling was with a "گ" (G g) but are written in Latin alphabet with a Q q, are to be written with a "ق". Examples include "قاز" (Qaz) ''(meaning gas, written as "گاز" in Persian)'', "اوْرتوقرافی" (Orfoqrafi) ''(meaning orthography, written as "اورتوگرافی" in Persian)''
# When suffixes are added to words ending in "ک" (K k), resulting in the letter "ک" (K k) being between two vowels, will have its pronunciation modified to [j], equivalent to the letter "ی" (Y y). This change is reflected in Latin writing. However, in the Arabic script, in order to maintain the original familiar shape of the word, the letter "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role that's dubbed "soft G") is used, as the letter is similar in shape to "ک". Examples: "çörə'''k'''+im" becoming "çörə'''y'''im" in Latin script ''(meaning my bread)'', but "چؤر'''ک'''+یم" becoming "چؤر'''گ'''یم".  "gələcə'''k'''+im" becoming "gələcə'''y'''im" in Latin script ''(meaning my future)'', but "گله‌ج'''ک'''+یم" becoming "گله‌ج'''گ'''یم".
# Whenever the letter "ی" (Y) is placed between two "ای" (İ-i) vowels, it is written as "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role that's dubbed "soft G"). This is not something done in Latin script. Example: "ایگیرمی" (iyirmi) ''(meaning twenty)''
# The letters  "و" ,"ه / هـ", and "ی" have a double function, as consonant, and as part of vowels. When used as consonant, they are written with no diacritic or marking.
# [[Shadda]], the Arabic diacritic for gemination, is retained for loanwords from Arabic. Examples: "مۆکمّل" (mükəmməl) ''(meaning complementary)'', "مدنیّت" (mədəniyyət) ''(meaning civility)''. In native Azerbaijani words and in loanwords of European origin, double consonants are written twice. Examples: "یئددی" (yeddi) ''(meaning seven)'', "ساققال" (saqqal) ''(meaning beard)'', "اوْتللو" (Otello).

==Comparison of Azerbaijani alphabets==
===National anthem===
This section contains the [[national anthem of Azerbaijan]], in the current Latin, Cyrillic, Jaŋalif, Georgian, and Arabic alphabets.

{| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%"
! Azerbaijani in Latin script<br />1992–Present
! Azerbaijani in Arabic script<br />(Modern convention)
! English
|-
|
<poem>Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Ey qəhrəman övladın şanlı Vətəni!
Səndən ötrü can verməyə cümlə hazırız!
Səndən ötrü qan tökməyə cümlə qadiriz!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!

Minlərlə can qurban oldu,
Sinən hərbə meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçən əsgər,
Hərə bir qəhrəman oldu!

Sən olasan gülüstan,
Sənə hər an can qurban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!

Namusunu hifz etməyə,
Bayrağını yüksəltməyə
Namusunu hifz etməyə,
Cümlə gənclər müştaqdır!
Şanlı Vətən! Şanlı Vətən!
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!</poem>
|dir="rtl"|<poem>((Script/Arabic|size=100%|lang=azb|
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اؤولادؽن شانلؽ وطنی!
سندن اؤترۆ جان وئرمه‌یه ج‍ۆمله حاضؽرؽز!
سندن اؤترۆ قان تؤکمه‌یه ج‍ۆمله قادیریز!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!
مینلرله جان قۇربان اوْلدۇ،
سینه‌ن حربه مئیدان اوْلدۇ!
حۆقۇقۇندان کئچن عسگر،
هره بیر قهرمان اوْلدۇ!
سن اوْلاسان گۆلۆستان،
سنه هر آن جان قۇربان!
سنه مین بیر محبّت
سینه‌مده تۇتمۇش مکان!
نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمه‌یه،
بایراغؽنؽ یۆکسلتمه‌یه
نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمه‌یه،
ج‍ۆمله گنجلر مۆشتاقدؽر!
شانلؽ وطن! شانلؽ وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
))</poem>
|
<poem>Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Oh you glorious fatherland of the brave child!
We are all together ready to give our lives for you!
We are all together strong to sacrifice our blood for you!
Live blessed with your three-coloured flag!
Live blessed with your three-coloured flag!
 
Thousands of lives were sacrificed,
Your chest was an arena for battles!
Soldiers gave their life for you!
All of them became heroes!
You shall be a garden full of roses,
Every moment our life can be sacrificed for you!
For you one-thousand-one carresses
are constant in my chest!
Guard your honor,
To held up high your flag,
Guard your honor,
The whole youth is enthused!
Honorable fatherland! Honorable fatherland!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!</poem>
|-
! Azerbaijani in Latin script<br />1991-1992
! Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script<br />1958-1991<br />(Still used in [[Dagestan]])
! Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script<br />1939-1958
|-
|
<poem>Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!
Ey qähräman övladın şanlı Vätäni!
Sändän ötrü can vermäyä cümlä hazırız!
Sändän ötrü qan tökmäyä cümlä qadiriz!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!

Minlärlä can qurban oldu,
Sinän härbä meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçän äsgär,
Härä bir qähräman oldu!

Sän olasan gülüstan,
Sänä här an can qurban!
Sänä min bir mähäbbät
Sinämdä tutmuş mäkan!

Namusunu hifz etmäyä,
Bayrağını yüksältmäyä
Namusunu hifz etmäyä,
Cümlä gänclär müştaqdır!
Şanlı Vätän! Şanlı Vätän!
Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!
Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!</poem>
|
<poem>Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!
Еј гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!
Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәјә ҹүмлә һазырыз!
Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәјә ҹүмлә гадириз!
Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша!
Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша!

Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,
Синән һәрбә мејдан олду!
Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,
Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду!

Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,
Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан!
Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәт
Синәмдә тутмуш мәкан!

Намусуну һифз етмәјә,
Бајрағыны јүксәлтмәјә
Намусуну һифз етмәјә,
Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр!
Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән!
Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!
Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!</poem>
|
<poem>Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!
Эй гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!
Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәйә ҹүмлә һазырыз!
Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәйә ҹүмлә гадириз!
Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша!
Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша!

Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,
Синән һәрбә мейдан олду!
Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,
Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду!

Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,
Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан!
Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәт
Синәмдә тутмуш мәкан!

Намусуну һифз этмәйә,
Байрағыны йүксәлтмәйә
Намусуну һифз этмәйә,
Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр!
Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән!
Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!
Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!</poem>
|-
! Azerbaijani in Latin script<br />1933-1939
! Azerbaijani in Latin script<br />1929-1933
! Azerbaijani in Arabic script<br />until 1929 (Traditional)
|-
|
<poem>Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!
Ej qəhrəman ɵvladьn şanlь Vətəni!
Səndən ɵtry çan verməjə çymlə hazьrьz!
Səndən ɵtry qan tɵkməjə çymlə qadiriz!
Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa!
Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa!

Minlərlə çan qurʙan oldu,
Sinən hərʙə mejdan oldu!
Hyququndan kecən əsgər,
Hərə ʙir qəhrəman oldu!

Sən olasan gylystan,
Sənə hər an çan qurʙan!
Sənə min ʙir məhəʙʙət
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!

Namusunu hifz etməjə,
Bajraƣьnь jyksəltməjə
Namusunu hifz etməjə,
Çymlə gənçlər myştaqdьr!
Şanlь Vətən! Şanlь Vətən!
Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!
Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!</poem>
|
<poem>Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!
Ej kəhrəman ɵvlad[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]]n ɜanl[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]] Vətəni!
Səndən ɵtru can verməjə cumlə haz[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]]r[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]]z!
Səndən ɵtru kan tɵkməjə cumlə kadiriz!
Uçrənƣli bajrag[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]]nla məsyd jaɜa!
Uçrənƣli bajrag[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]]nla məsyd jaɜa!

Minlərlə can kyrban oldy,
Sinən hərbə mejdan oldy!
Hukykyndan keçən əsƣər,
Hərə bir kəhrəman oldy!

Sən olasan ƣulustan,
Sənə hər an can kyrban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət
Sinəmdə tytmyɜ məkan!

Namysyny hifz etməjə,
Bajrag[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]]n[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]] juksəltməjə
Namysyny hifz etməjə,
Cumlə ƣənclər muɜtakd[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]]r!
Ɜanl[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]] Vətən! ɜanl[[File:Latin small letter I with descender.svg|3px|link=|alt=]] Vətən!
Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!
Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!</poem>
|dir="rtl"|<poem>((Script/Arabic|size=100%|lang=azb|
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اولادین شانلی وطنی
سندن اوترو جان ورمه‌یه جومله حاضریز
سندن اوتروقان توکمه‌یه جومله قادیریز
اوچ رنگلی بایراقین‌لا مسعود یاشا!
اوچ رنگلی بایراقین‌لا مسعود یاشا!
مینلرله جان قوربان اولدو
سینن حربه میدان اولدو!
حقوقوندان کچن عسکر
هره بیر قهرمان اولدو!
سن اولاسان گولوستان!
سنه هرآن جان قوربان!
سنه مین بیر محبت
سینه‌مده توتموش مکان!
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمه‌یه
بایراقینی یوکسلتمه‌یه
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمه‌یه
جومله گنجلر موشتاقدیر
شانلی وطن! شانلی وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!))</poem>
|}

== Transliteration ==
The Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table
|-
!scope="col"| Arabic
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Latin
! colspan="2" |Cyrillic
! colspan="2" |Latin
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| IPA
|-
!scope="col"|
!scope="col"| 1922–1933
!scope="col"| 1933–1939
!1939–1958
!1958–1991
!scope="col"| 1991–1992
!scope="col"| 1992–Present
|-
| آ-ا || colspan="6" | '''A a'''|| ((IPA|[ɑ]))
|-
| ب || B b || B ʙ 
| colspan="2" |Б б|| colspan="2" | '''B b''' || ((IPA|[b]))
|-
| ج || C c || Ç ç 
| colspan="2" |Ҹ ҹ|| colspan="2" | '''C c''' || ((IPA|[dʒ]))
|-
| چ || Ç ç || C c 
| colspan="2" |Ч ч|| colspan="2" | '''Ç ç''' || ((IPA|[tʃ]))
|-
| د || colspan="2" | D d 
| colspan="2" |Д д
| colspan="2" |'''D d'''|| ((IPA|[d]))
|-
| ائ || colspan="2" | E e 
|Е е, Э э((efn|in the beginning of a word and after vowels|name=e))
| colspan="3" |'''Е е'''|| ((IPA|[e]))
|-
|ه-ٱ-اَ || colspan="4" | Ə ə || Ä ä || '''Ə ə''' || ((IPA|[æ]))
|-
| ف || colspan="2" | F f 
| colspan="2" |Ф ф
| colspan="2" |'''F f'''|| ((IPA|[f]))
|-
| گ || Ƣ ƣ || G g 
| colspan="2" |Ҝ ҝ
| colspan="2" |'''G g'''|| ((IPA|[ɟ]))
|-
| غ || G g || Ƣ ƣ 
| colspan="2" |Ғ ғ|| colspan="2" | '''Ğ ğ''' || ((IPA|[ɣ]))
|-
| ح,&lrm; ه || colspan="2" | H h 
| colspan="2" |Һ һ
| colspan="2" |'''H h'''|| ((IPA|[h]))
|-
| خ || colspan="6" | '''X x'''|| ((IPA|[x]))
|-
| اؽ || Į į|| Ь ь 
| colspan="2" |Ы ы|| colspan="2" | '''I ı''' || ((IPA|[ɯ]))
|-
| ای || colspan="2" | I i 
| colspan="2" |И и|| colspan="2" | '''İ i''' || ((IPA|[ɪ]))
|-
| ژ || colspan="2" | Ƶ ƶ 
| colspan="2" |Ж ж|| colspan="2" | '''J j''' || ((IPA|[ʒ]))
|-
| ک || Q q || K k 
| colspan="2" |К к
| colspan="2" |'''K k'''|| ((IPA|[c], [ç], [k]))
|-
| ق || K k || Q q 
| colspan="2" |Г г
| colspan="2" |'''Q q'''|| ((IPA|[ɡ]))
|-
| ل || colspan="2" | L l 
| colspan="2" |Л л
| colspan="2" |'''L l'''|| ((IPA|[l]))
|-
| م || colspan="2" | M m 
| colspan="2" |М м
| colspan="2" |'''M m'''|| ((IPA|[m]))
|-
| ن || colspan="2" | N n 
| colspan="2" |Н н
| colspan="2" |'''N n'''|| ((IPA|[n]))
|-
| وْ || colspan="6" | '''O o'''|| ((IPA|[o]))
|-
| ؤ || colspan="4" | Ɵ ɵ || colspan="2" | '''Ö ö''' || ((IPA|[œ]))
|-
| پ || colspan="2" | P p 
| colspan="2" |П п
| colspan="2" |'''P p'''|| ((IPA|[p]))
|-
| ر || colspan="2" | R r 
| colspan="2" |Р р
| colspan="2" |'''R r'''|| ((IPA|[r]))
|-
| ث,&lrm; س,&lrm; ص || colspan="2" | S s 
| colspan="2" |С с
| colspan="2" |'''S s'''|| ((IPA|[s]))
|-
| ش || Ɜ ɜ || Ş ş 
| colspan="2" |Ш ш
| colspan="2" |'''Ş ş'''|| ((IPA|[ʃ]))
|-
| ت,&lrm; ط || colspan="2" | T t 
| colspan="2" |Т т
| colspan="2" |'''T t'''|| ((IPA|[t]))
|-
|ۇ || Y y || U u 
| colspan="2" |У у
| colspan="2" |'''U u'''|| ((IPA|[u]))
|-
| ۆ || U u || У y 
| colspan="2" |Ү ү|| colspan="2" | '''Ü ü''' || ((IPA|[y]))
|-
| و || colspan="2" | V v 
| colspan="2" |В в
| colspan="2" |'''V v'''|| ((IPA|[v]))
|-
| ی || colspan="2" | J j 
|Й й
|Ј ј|| colspan="2" | '''Y y''' || ((IPA|[j]))
|-
| یا || colspan="2" | ЈА ја 
|Я я
|ЈА jа|| colspan="2" | '''YA ya''' || ((IPA|[jɑ]))
|-
| یئ  || colspan="2" | ЈE јe 
|Е е((efn|name=e))
|ЈЕ је|| colspan="2" | '''YE ye''' || ((IPA|[je]))
|-
| ئ || colspan="6" | '''E e'''|| ((IPA|[e]))
|-
| یوْ || colspan="2" |  ЈO јo 
|Йо йо
|ЈО јо|| colspan="2" | '''YO yo''' || ((IPA|[jo]))
|-
|یۇ || JY jy || ЈU јu 
|Ю ю
|ЈУ ју|| colspan="2" | '''YU yu''' || ((IPA|[ju]))
|-
| ذ,&lrm; ز,&lrm; ض,&lrm; ظ || colspan="2" | Z z 
| colspan="2" |З з
| colspan="2" |'''Z z'''|| ((IPA|[z]))
|}

((Notelist))

The Azeri Arabic alphabet originally contained the letter ڴ. Originally ڴ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938. This letter no longer exists in the Azerbaijani Arabic orthographic conventions anymore either.<ref name=":0"/>

The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, like in most Turkic languages, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].

The [[apostrophe]] was used until 2004 in loanwords from Arabic for representing the [[glottal stop]] or vowel length. Since 2004, the apostrophe is not used in Azerbaijani except in foreign proper names.

== Sources ==
*Hatcher, Lynley (2008). "Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity". ''[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]]''. 192: 105–116.

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
*[http://www.azeri.org/Azeri/az_learn/latin_az_sounds.html Source: azeri.org]
*[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai104_folder/104_articles/104_alphabet_nightmare.html Turned e in Azerbaijani]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130729104526/http://neise.0rq.in/494-azerbaijani-alphabet Azerbaijani alphabet] (with video)
*[http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_english/81_folder/81_articles/81_alphabet_changes1.html]

((Azerbaijani language))
((Arabic alphabets))
((Language orthographies))

[[Category:Azerbaijani language]]
[[Category:Latin alphabets]]
[[Category:Cyrillic alphabets]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets]]
[[Category:Persian alphabets]]
[[Category:Alphabets used by Turkic languages]]

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