Sarikoli | |
---|---|
Tujik ziv (Тоҷик зив) | |
Native to | People's Republic of China |
Region | Pamir (Taxkorgan County) |
Ethnicity | Sarikolis |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2000)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Uyghur Arabic alphabet (unofficial)[2] | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]() |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | srh |
Glottolog | sari1246 |
ELP | Sarikoli |
Linguasphere | 58-ABD-eb |
Xinjiang Province. Light blue are areas where Sarikoli is spoken. | |
The Sarikoli language (also Sariqoli, Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by the Pamiris of Xinjiang, China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language", although it is different from the related Iranian language spoken in Tajikistan, which is considered a dialect of Persian.
Sarikoli is officially referred to as "Tajik" (Chinese: 塔吉克语, Tǎjíkèyǔ) in China.[3] However, it is not closely related to Tajik (a form of Persian) as spoken in Tajikistan because Sarikoli is an Eastern Iranian language, closely related to other Pamir languages largely spoken in the Badakshan regions of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, whereas the Western Iranian Farsi-Dari-Tajik is a polycentric language of a related but distinctly and historically different type. Both of these types of language and dialect clusters have been geographically separated by great distances and mountainous terrain over the course of long periods of time during which many differences of pronunciation, wording and xenolinguistic borrowings or retention of older forms or word choices accumulated over time.[4] It is also referred to as Tashkorghani,[5] after the ancient capital of the Sarikoli kingdom -- now the Tashkurgan (or Taxkorgan) Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang, China. However, the usage of the term Tashkorghani is not widespread among scholars.[citation needed]
The earliest written accounts in English are from the 1870s which generally use the name "Sarikoli" to refer to the language, but some written accounts since that time may use a different pronunciation derived from transcribing Chinese phonetics of the term into English as "Selekur(i)".[6] Modern Chinese researchers often mention Sarikoli and Tajik names in their papers.[7][2]
The number of speakers is around 35,000; most reside in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Southern Xinjiang Province, China. The Chinese name for the Sarikoli language, as well as the usage of Sarikol as a toponym, is Sàléikuòlèyǔ (萨雷阔勒语). Speakers in China typically use Chinese and Uyghur to communicate with people of other ethnic groups in the area. The rest are found in the Pakistani-controlled sector of Kashmir, closely touching the Pakistan-Chinese international borders.
The language has no official written form. Linguist Gao Erqiang, publishing in China, used IPA to transcribe the sounds of Sarikoli in his book and dictionary,[8] while Tatiana N. Pakhalina, publishing in Russia, used an alphabet similar to that of the Wakhi language in hers.[9][10] The majority of Sarikoli-speakers attend schools using Uyghur as the medium of instruction.[citation needed]
In 1958, linguist Gao Erqiang studied Sarikoli in collaboration with Tajik linguists, using 37 symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of the language. In the 1996 Sarikoli–Han dictionary, Gao uses an alphabet of 26 letters and 8 digraphs based on Pinyin.
Uppercase | A | B | C | D | DZ | E | F | G | GC | GH | H | HY | I | J | K | KH | L | M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowercase | a | b | c | d | dz | e | f | g | gc | gh | h | hy | i | j | k | kh | l | m |
Pronunciation | a | b | x | d | d͡z | e | f | ɡ | ɣ | ʁ | χ | h | i | d͡ʒ | k | q | l | m |
Uppercase | N | O | P | Q | R | S | SS | T | TS | U | Ü | V | W | X | Y | Z | ZY | ZZ |
Lowercase | n | o | p | q | r | s | ss | t | ts | u | ü | v | w | x | y | z | zy | zz |
Pronunciation | n | o | p | t͡ʃ | r | s | θ | t | t͡s | u | ɯ | v | w | ʃ | j | z | ʒ | ð |
Main article: Uyghur Arabic alphabet |
In recent years, Sarikoli speakers in China have used Uyghur Arabic alphabet to spell out their language.[2]
№ | Letter | IPA | № | Letter | IPA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ئا | /ɑ/ | 19 | غ | /ʁ/, /ɣ/ | |
2 | ئە | /ɛ/ | 20 | ف | /f/ | |
3 | ب | /b/ | 21 | ق | /q/ | |
4 | پ | /p/ | 22 | ك | /k/, /c/ | |
5 | ت | /t/ | 23 | گ | /ɡ/, /ɟ/ | |
6 | ث | /θ/ | 24 | ڭ | /ŋ/ | |
7 | ج | /dʑ/ | 25 | ل | /l/ | |
8 | چ | /tɕ/ | 26 | م | /m/ | |
9 | څ | /t͡s/ | 27 | ن | /n/ | |
10 | خ | /χ/, /x/ | 28 | ھ | /h/ | |
11 | ځ | /d͡z/ | 29 | ئو | /o/ | |
12 | د | /d/ | 30 | ئۇ | /u/ | |
13 | ذ | /ð/ | 31 | ئۆ | /ø/ | |
14 | ر | /r/ | 32 | ئۈ | /y/ | |
15 | ز | /z/ | 33 | ۋ | /v/~/w/ | |
16 | ژ | /ʑ/ | 34 | ئې | /e/ | |
17 | س | /s/ | 35 | ئى | /i/ | |
18 | ش | /ɕ/ | 36 | ي | /j/ |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High | i ⟨i⟩ | ɯ ⟨ы⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
Near-high | ʊ ⟨ů⟩ | |||
High-mid | e ⟨e⟩ | ə ⟨ə⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | |
Low-mid | ɛ ⟨ɛ⟩ | (ɔ) ⟨o⟩ | ||
Low | a ⟨a⟩ |
Sarikoli vowels as used in Russian works (IPA values in brackets):
a [a], e [e], ɛy [ɛi̯] (dialectal æy or ay [æi̯ / ai̯]), ɛw [ɛu̯] (dialectal æw or aw [æu̯ /au̯]), ə [ə], i [i], o [o / ɔ], u [u], ы [ɯ] (dialectal ů [ʊ]). In some dialects also long variants of those vowels can appear: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ы̄, ǝ̄. (citation?)
Sarikoli has 30 consonants:[12]
Sarikoli consonants according to Russian Iranologist transcription (IPA values in slashes): p /p/, b /b/, t /t/, d /d/, k /k ~ c/, g /ɡ ~ ɟ/, q /q/, c /ts/, ʒ /dz/, č /tɕ/, ǰ /dʑ/, s /s/, z /z/, x̌ /x/, γ̌ /ɣ/, f /f/, v /v/, θ /θ/, δ /ð/, x /χ/, γ /ʁ/, š /ɕ/, ž /ʑ/, h /h/, w /w/, y /j/, m /m/, n /n, ŋ/, l /l/, r /r/
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | (ŋ) ⟨n⟩ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ~ c ⟨k⟩ | q ⟨q⟩ | |||
voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | ɡ ~ ɟ ⟨g⟩ | |||||
Affricate | voiceless | ts ⟨c⟩ | tɕ ⟨č⟩ | |||||
voiced | dz ⟨ʒ⟩ | dʑ ⟨ǰ⟩ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨θ⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ɕ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨x̌⟩ | χ ⟨x⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ |
voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | ð ⟨δ⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ʑ ⟨ž⟩ | ɣ ⟨γ̌ ⟩ | ʁ ⟨γ⟩ | ||
Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||
Rhotic | r ⟨r⟩ |
Most words receive stress on the last syllable; however, a minority receive stress on their first syllable. Also, several noun declensions and verb inflections regularly place stress on their first syllable, including the imperative and interrogative.[4]
Although to a large extent the Sarikoli lexicon is quite close to those of other Eastern Iranian languages, there are a large number are words unique to Sarikoli and the closely related Shughni that are not found in other Eastern Iranian languages like Wakhi, Pashto or Avestan.
English gloss | Persian | Tajik | Wakhi | Pashto | Shughni | Sarikoli | Ossetic | Avestan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
one | jæk (یک) | jak (як) | ji | jaw (يو) | jiw | iw | iw (иу) | aēuua- |
meat | ɡuʃt (گوشت) | ɡuʃt (гушт) | ɡuʂt | ɣwaxa, ɣwaʂa (غوښه) | ɡuːxt | ɡɯxt | zizä (дзидза) | gao- (N. gāuš) |
son | pesær (پسر) | pisar (писар) | putr | zoi (زوی) | puts | pɯts | fɪ̈rt (фырт) | puθra- |
fire | ɒteʃ (آتش) | otaʃ (оташ) | rɯχniɡ | or (اور) | joːts | juts | ärt (арт) | ātar- |
water | ɒb (اب) | ob (об) | jupk | obə (اوبه) | xats | xats | don (дон) | ap- |
hand | dæst (دست) | dast (даѕт) | ðast | lɑs (لاس) | ðust | ðɯst | kʼuχ (къух) | zasta- |
foot | pɒ (پا) | po (по) | pɯð | pxa, pʂa (پښه) | poːð | peð | fäd (фад) | paδa-, pāδa- |
tooth | dændɒn (دندان) | dandon (дандон) | ðɯnðɯk | ɣɑx, ɣɑʂ (غاښ) | ðinðʉn | ðanðun | dəndäg (дӕндаг) | daṇtān- |
eye | tʃæʃm (چشم) | tʃaʃm (чашм) | tʂəʐm | stərɡa (سترګه) | tsem | tsem | səʃt (цæст) | dōiθra-; caṣ̌man- |
horse | æsb (اسب) | asp (асп) | jaʃ | ɑs (آس) | voːrdʒ | vurdʒ | bəχ (бӕх) | aspa- |
cloud | æbr (ابر) | abr (абр) | mur | urjadz (اوريځ) | abri | varm | əvräʁ (æврагъ) / miʁ (мигъ) | abda-; aβra-, aβrā-; maēγa- |
wheat | ɡændom (گندم) | ɡandum (гандум) | ɣɯdim | ɣanam (غنم) | ʒindam | ʒandam | mənəw (мæнæу) | gaṇtuma- |
many | besjɒr (بسيار) | bisjor (бисёр) | təqi | ɖer, pura (ډېر، پوره) | bisjoːr | pɯr | birə (бирæ) | paoiri- |
high | bolænd (بلند) | baland (баланд) | bɯland | lwaɻ (لوړ) | biland | bɯland | bərʒond (бӕрзoнд) | bərəzaṇt- |
far | dur (دور) | dur (дур) | ðir | ləre (لرې) | ðar | ðar | därd (дард) | dūra- |
good | χub (خوب) | χub (хуб) | baf | xə, ʂə (ښه) | χub | tʃardʒ | χorʒ (хорз) | vaŋha- |
small | kutʃik (کوچک)) | χurd (хурд) | dzəqlai | ləɡ, ləʐ (لږ) | dzul | dzɯl | gɪ̈ssɪ̈ɫ (гыццыл) | kasu- |
to say | ɡoft (گفت) | ɡuft (гуфт) | xənak | wajəl (ويل) | lʉvd | levd | zurɪ̈n (дзурын) | vac-; aoj-; mrū-; saŋh- |
to do | kærd (کرد) | kard (кард) | tsərak | kawəl (کول) | tʃiːd | tʃeiɡ | kənɪ̈n (кæнын) | kar- |
to see | did (ديد) | did (дид) | wiŋɡ | winəm (وينم) | wiːnt | wand | wɪ̈nɪ̈n (уынын) | dī-, viŋ- |