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((Short description|Sinitic language))
((For|the variety spoken in [[Huizhou]], Guangdong (((lang|italics=no|zh|惠州)))|Huizhou dialect))
((Infobox language
|name=Huizhou
|nativename=((nobold|((lang|zh-Hant|徽州話)) / ((lang|zh-Hans|徽州话))))
|states=[[China]]
|region=[[Huizhou (region)|Huizhou]], southern [[Anhui]], neighbouring portions of [[Zhejiang]] and [[Jiangxi]]
|speakers=((sigfig|5.420000|2)) million
|date=2021
|ref=e26
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
|fam3=[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|map=Idioma hui.png
|mapcaption=((imagefact|date=November 2022))
|iso3=czh
|glotto=huiz1242
|glottorefname=Hui Chinese
|lingua=79-AAA-da
|notice=IPA
))
((Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| showflag = p
| t = 徽州話
| s = ((linktext|徽州|话))
| p = Huīzhōuhuà
| j = fai1 zau1 waa6
| y = Fāijāu Wá
| xej = ﺧُﻮِﺟِﻮْ ﺧُﻮَ
| t2 = 徽語
| s2 = ((linktext|徽|语))
| p2 = Huīyǔ
| j2 = fai1 jyu5
| y2 = Fāi Yuh
| mi = ((IPAc-cmn|h|ui|1|.|zh|ou|1|.|h|ua|4))
| ci = ((IPAc-yue|f|ai|1|-|z|au|1|-|w|aa|6))
| tp = Huei-jhou-huà
| w = ((tone superscript|Hui1-chou1-hua4))
| tp2 = Huei-yǔ
| w2 = ((tone superscript|Hui1-yü3))
| mi2 = ((IPAc-cmn|h|ui|1|.|yu|3))
| ci2 = ((IPAc-yue|f|ai1|-|j|yu|5))
| bpmf = ㄏㄨㄟ ㄓㄡ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
| bpmf2 = ㄏㄨㄟ ㄩˇ
))

'''Huizhou Chinese''' (((zh|s=徽州话))), or the '''Hui dialect''' (((zh|s=徽语))), is a group of closely related [[Sinitic languages]] spoken over a small area in and around the historical region of [[Huizhou (region)|Huizhou]] (for which it is named), in about ten or so mountainous [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|counties]] in southern [[Anhui]], plus a few more in neighbouring [[Zhejiang]] and [[Jiangxi]].

((cn span |text=Although the Hui area is small compared with other Chinese dialect groups, it displays a very high degree of internal variation. Nearly every county has its own distinct dialect unintelligible to a speaker from a few counties away. For this reason, bilingualism and multilingualism are common among speakers of Hui. It is estimated that there are around 4.6 million speakers of Huizhou varieties. |date=January 2024))

== Classification ==
Huizhou Chinese was originally classified as [[Lower Yangtze Mandarin]] but it is currently classified separately from it.<ref>((cite book
 | title=Ethnologue, Volume 1
 | year=2000
 | editor=Barbara F. Grimes
 | publisher=SIL International
 | edition=14th
 | isbn=1-55671-103-4
 | page=404
 | quote=Formerly considered to be part of the Jianghuai dialect of Mandarin, but now considered by many to be a separate major variety of Chinese. Dialects are reported to differ greatly from each other. Different from the Huizhou dialect of...))</ref>
The [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] supported the separation of Huizhou from Lower Yangtze Mandarin in 1987.<ref>((cite book
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw4ZAQAAIAAJ 
 | title=Facts About China
 | year=2003
 | editor1=Xiao-bin Ji
 | publisher=H.W. Wilson
 | edition=illustrated
 | isbn=0-8242-0961-3
 | page=70
 | quote=For this reason, the Chinese Academy of Social Science suggested in 1987 that two new groups, the Jin and the Hui, be separated from the northwestern and the Jiang-Huai Mandarin subgroups. Distinctive Features: Mandarin dialects are...))</ref> Its classification is disputed, with some linguists, such as Matisoff classifying it as [[Wu Chinese]], others such as Bradley (2007) as [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], and still others setting it apart as a primary branch of Chinese.

==History==
During the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties, [[Jianghuai Mandarin|Jianghuai]] speakers moved into Hui dialect areas.<ref>((cite book
 | title=Chinese Grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9PdjsBqUk4C&pg=PA17
 | year=2004
 | editor=[[Hilary Chappell]]
 | publisher=Oxford University Press
 | edition=illustrated, reprint
 | isbn=0-19-927213-1
 | page=17
 | quote=According to Hirata, however, Hui is composed of many layers: its dialects are spoken in an area originally occupied by the Yue i* tribe, suggestive of a possible substrate, later to be overlaid by migrations from Northern China in the Medieval Nanbeichao period and the Tang and Song dynasties. This was followed by the Jiang-Huai Mandarin dialects of the migrants who arrived during the Ming and Qing periods, and more recently by Wu dialects in particular, acquired by peripatetic Hui merchants who have represented an active...))
</ref>

Some works of literature produced in [[Yangzhou]], such as ''Qingfengzha'', a novel, contain Jianghuai Mandarin. People in Yangzhou identified by the dialect they speak, locals spoke the dialect, as opposed to sojourners, who spoke other varieties like Huizhou or [[Wu Chinese|Wu]]. This led to the formation of identity based on one's dialect. Large numbers of merchants from Huizhou lived in Yangzhou and effectively were responsible for keeping the town afloat.<ref>((cite book
 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvFJQ6WE1agC&pg=PA184
 | title=Lifestyle and Entertainment in Yangzhou
 | series=Issue 44 of NIAS studies in Asian topics, Nordisk Institut for Asienstudier København
 | year=2009
 | editor=Lucie B. Olivová
 | editor2=Vibeke Børdahl
 | chapter=Local Fiction of the Yangzhou Region: ''Qingfengzha''
 | author=Margaret B. Wan
 | publisher=NIAS Press
 | edition=illustrated
 | isbn=978-87-7694-035-5
 | page=184
 | quote=Some grammatical features of Yangzhou dialect are shared with Jianghuai Mandarin.  Others may be of more limited usage but are used in Dingyuan County (the setting of Qingfengzha), which belongs to the same subgroup of Jianghuai.))</ref> Merchants in the later imperial period also sponsored operas and performances in the Hui dialect.<ref>((cite book |last = Guo  |first = Qitao  |year = 2005 |title = Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou |publisher = Stanford University Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lJWTY9dIs5oC|location = Stanford, Calif. |isbn = 0804750327 |ref = none))</ref>

==Languages and dialects==
[[Zhengzhang Shangfang]] divided the Hui languages into five subgroups, which are also used in the ''[[Language Atlas of China]]'':<ref>((cite book | surname = Yan | given = Margaret Mian  | title = Introduction to Chinese Dialectology | publisher = LINCOM Europa | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-89586-629-6 | pages = 222–223 ))</ref><ref>((cite book | surname = Kurpaska | given = Maria | title = Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]] | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-11-021914-2 | page = 69 ))</ref>

;Ji–She (績歙)
:spoken in [[Jixi County|Jixi]], [[She County, Anhui|She County]], [[Huizhou District|Huizhou]], [[Jingde County|Jingde]] (Hongchuan area in the west), and [[Ningguo]] (Hongmen area in the south), [[Anhui]] province, as well as [[Chun'an County|Chun'an]] (Tangcun in the west, etc.), [[Zhejiang]] province.
:carries notable [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] influence. [[:zh:绩溪话|Jixihua]] is the main Ji-She variety.
;Xiu–Yi (休黟)
:spoken in [[Tunxi District|Tunxi]], [[Huangshan District|Taiping]] (Guocun in the southwest), [[Xiuning County|Xiuning]], [[Yi County, Anhui|Yi County]], and [[Qimen County|Qimen]] (around Fufeng in the southeast), as well as [[Wuyuan County, Jiangxi|Wuyuan]], [[Jiangxi]] province.
:[[:zh:屯溪话|Tunxihua]] is the main Xiu-Yi variety.
;Qi–De (祁德)
:spoken in [[Qimen County|Qimen]] and [[Dongzhi County|Dongzhi]] (partially), [[Anhui]] province, as well as [[Fuliang County|Fuliang]], [[Dexing, Jiangxi|Dexing]], and [[Wuyuan County, Jiangxi|Wuyuan]], [[Jiangxi]] province.
:greatly influenced by the surrounding [[Gan Chinese|Gan languages]]. 
;Yanzhou (嚴洲)
:spoken in [[Chun'an County|Chun'an]] and [[Jiande]] (formerly [[Yanzhou Prefecture]]), [[Zhejiang]] province.
:heavily influenced by [[Wu Chinese|Wu]].
;Jing–Zhan (旌占)
:spoken in [[Jingde County|Jingde]], [[Qimen County|Qimen]] (in and around Anling, Chengan, and Chiling), [[Shitai County|Shitai]] (Zhanda area), [[Yi County, Anhui|Yi County]] (Meixi, Kecun, and other northern towns), and [[Ningguo]], [[Anhui]] province.
:forms a thin corridor along the northern edge of the Hui group, carrying influence from [[Xuanzhou Wu Chinese|Xuanzhou Wu]].

Huizhou varieties differ from township to township.<ref>((Cite book|author=孟庆惠|author2=((lang|zh-Hans|安徽省地方志编纂委员会)) [Anhui Place Almanac Compilation Committee] |script-title=zh:安徽省志 方言志 - 第五篇 皖南徽语|publisher=方志出版社|pages=412|url=http://61.191.16.234:8080/was40/pdf/shzh/65/05_00_00.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530181856/http://61.191.16.234:8080/was40/pdf/shzh/65/05_00_00.pdf|archive-date=2011-05-30))</ref> People in different townships, towns, etc. (even in one county) often cannot speak with one another.

==Features==
((Unreferenced section|date=December 2018))
Phonologically speaking, Hui is noted for its massive loss of [[Syllable#Coda|syllable coda]]s, including -i, -u, and [[nasal consonant|nasal]]s:
{| class="wikitable"
! Character !! Meaning !! Hui of [[Tunxi District|Tunxi]] !! Wu of [[Shanghai]] !! Huai (Jianghuai) of [[Hefei]] !! [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] of [[Beijing]]
|-
| ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|燒)) || burn || ((IPA|/ɕiɔ/)) || ((IPA|/sɔ/)) || ((IPA|/ʂɔ/)) || ((IPA|/ʂɑu/))
|-
| ((linktext|lang=zh|柴)) || firewood || ((IPA|/sa/)) || ((IPA|/za/)) || ((IPA|/tʂʰɛ/)) || ((IPA|/tʂʰai/))
|-
| ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|綫)) || line || ((IPA|/siːɛ/)) || ((IPA|/ɕi/)) || ((IPA|/ɕĩ/)) || ((IPA|/ɕiɛn/))
|-
| ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|張)) || sheet || ((IPA|/tɕiau/)) || ((IPA|/tsɑ̃/)) || ((IPA|/tʂɑ̃/)) || ((IPA|/tʂɑŋ/))
|-
| ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|網)) || web || ((IPA|/mau/)) || ((IPA|/mɑ̃/)) || ((IPA|/wɑ̃/)) || ((IPA|/wɑŋ/))
|-
| ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|檻)) || threshold || ((IPA|/kʰɔ/)) || ((IPA|/kʰɛ/)) || ((IPA|/kʰã/)) || ((IPA|/kʰan/))
|}
Many Hui dialects have [[diphthong]]s with a [[close vowel|higher]] lengthened first part. For example, ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|話)) ("speech") is ((IPA|/uːɜ/)) in [[Xiuning County]] (Standard Chinese ((IPA|/xuɑ/))), ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|園)) ("yard") is ((IPA|/yːɛ/)) in [[Xiuning County]] (Standard Chinese ((IPA|/yɛn/))); ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|結)) ("knot") is ((IPA|/tɕiːaʔ/)) in [[Yi County, Anhui|Yi County]] (Standard Chinese ((IPA|/tɕiɛ/))), ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|約)) ("agreement") is ((IPA|/iːuʔ/)) in [[Yi County, Anhui|Yi County]] (Standard Chinese ((IPA|/yɛ/))). A few areas take this to extremes. For example, Likou in [[Qimen County]] has ((IPA|/fũːmɛ̃/)) for ((linktext|lang=zh-Hant|飯)) ("rice") (Standard Chinese ((IPA|/fan/))), with the ((IPA|/m/)) appearing directly as a result of the lengthened, [[nasalization|nasalized]] ((IPA|/ũː/)).

Because nasal codas have mostly been lost, Hui reuses the ((linktext|lang=zh-Hans|儿)) ((IPA|/-r/)) ending as a [[diminutive]]. For example, in the [[Tunxi dialect]], ((linktext|lang=zh|索)) "rope" appears as ((IPA|/soːn/)) from ((IPA|/soʔ/)) + ((IPA|/-r/)).

==References==
((Reflist|colwidth=30em))

==External links==
((incubator|code=czh))
* [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/classification/huainan/index.php Classification of Hui Dialects]

((Sino-Tibetan languages))
((Languages of China))
((Chinese language))

[[Category:Varieties of Chinese]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]

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