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((Short description|Letter of the Cyrillic script))
((For|the letter also named Ge, but used in Ukrainian and sometimes in Belarusian|Ghe with upturn))
((Distinguish|Γ|text=the Greek letter [[Γ|Gamma (Γ)]], or the Latin letter [[R|R (lowercase)]]))
((More citations needed|date=February 2007))
((Cyrillic alphabet navbox
|Heading=Cyrillic letter Ge or He
|Image=Cyrillic letter Ge - uppercase and lowercase.svg
|size=120px
|numeral=3
|name=((Script|Cyrs|глаголи)) 
|sound = [((IPA link|ɡ))], [((IPA link|k))], [((IPA link|v))], [((IPA link|ɦ))], [((IPA link|ɣ))]
|derived=[[Gamma|Greek letter Gamma]] (Γ&nbsp;γ)
))[[File:Azbuka Benois - Г.jpg|thumb|''Ge'', from [[Alexandre Benois]]' 1904 [[alphabet book]]]]
'''Ge''', '''ghe''', or '''he''' (Г&nbsp;г; italics: <span style="font-family: times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">''Г''&nbsp;''г''</span>) is a letter of the [[Cyrillic script]]. Most commonly it represents, depending on the language, or dialect, the [[voiced velar plosive]] ((IPAslink|ɡ)), like ((angbr|g)) in "'''g'''ift", or the [[voiced glottal fricative]] ((IPAblink|ɦ)), like ((angbr|h)) in "'''h'''eft". It is generally romanized using the Latin letter ''[[g]]'' or ''[[h]]'', depending on the source language.

==History==
The Cyrillic letter ge was derived directly from the Greek letter [[Gamma]] (Γ) in [[uncial script]].

In the [[Early Cyrillic alphabet]], its name was [[wikt:ru:глаголь|глаголь]] (''glagol' ''), meaning "speak".

In the [[Cyrillic numerals|Cyrillic numeral system]], it had a numerical value of 3.

==Usage in Slavic languages==
[[File:Cyrillic G with oblique forms.png|100px|thumb|left|Г in:<br>Russian/Serbian normal font;<br>Bulgarian Cyrillic;<br>Russian/Bulgarian italic;<br>Serbian italic]]

===Belarusian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian===
From these three languages, the letter is romanized with ''h''. Its name is ''he'' in Belarusian and Ukrainian, and ''hy'' in Rusyn.

In [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (like in Southern Russian), the letter corresponds to the [[voiced velar fricative|velar fricative]] ((IPAslink|ɣ))<ref name="ge-sounds" /> and its soft counterpart ((IPA|/ɣʲ/)).

In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], it represents a [[voiced glottal fricative]] ((IPAblink|ɦ)),<ref name="ge-sounds" /> a [[breathy voice]]d counterpart of the English ((IPAblink|h)).

In [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], a voiced velar plosive ((IPAslink|ɡ)) is written with the [[Ghe with upturn|Cyrillic letter ghe with upturn]] (Ґ&nbsp;ґ). In Belarusian, the official orthography uses г for both ((IPAslink|ɣ)) and ((IPAslink|ɡ)) (which is rare), although in [[Taraškievica]] ghe with upturn is optionally used for ((IPAslink|ɡ)). Ґ is transliterated with [[G]].

In all three languages' historical ancestor [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]], the sound ((IPAslink|ɡ)) was also represented by the digraph кг.

===Russian===
In standard [[Russian language|Russian]], ghe represents the [[voiced velar plosive]] ((IPAslink|ɡ)) but is devoiced to ((IPAblink|k)) word-finally or before a voiceless consonant. It represents ((IPA|/ɡʲ/)) before a [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalizing]] vowel. In the [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern Russian]] dialect, the sound becomes the [[voiced velar fricative|velar fricative]] ((IPAslink|ɣ)). Sometimes, the sound is the [[voiced glottal fricative|glottal fricative]] ((IPAslink|ɦ)) in the regions bordering Belarus and Ukraine.

It is acceptable, for some people, to pronounce certain Russian words with ((IPAblink|ɣ)) (sometimes referred to as ''Ukrainian Ge''): ((lang|ru|Бог, богатый, благо, Господь)) (''Bog, bogatyj, blago, Gospod’''). The sound is normally considered nonstandard or dialectal in Russian and is avoided by educated Russian speakers. ((lang|ru|Бог)) (''Bog'', "God") is always pronounced ((IPA|[box])) in the [[nominative case]].<ref name="ge-sounds">((cite web | url= http://www.gramota.ru/book/village/map14.html | script-title=ru:Звуки на месте буквы г | language= Russian |trans-title=Sounds in place of the letter г  | work= Scholarly Dialectical Atlas | at= map 14))</ref>

In the Russian nominal genitive ending ((lang|ru|-ого, -его)), ghe represents ((IPAblink|v)), including in the word ((lang|ru|сегодня)) ("today", from ((lang|ru|сего дня))).

It represents a voiceless ((IPAblink|x)) (not ((IPAblink|k))) in front of [[Ka (Cyrillic)|ka]] in two Russian words, namely, ((lang|ru|мягкий)) and ((lang|ru|лёгкий)), and their derivatives.

The Latin letter ''h'' of words of Latin, Greek, English or German origin is usually transliterated into Russian with ghe rather than [[Kha (Cyrillic)|kha]]: '''''h'''ero'' → ((lang|ru|'''г'''ерой)), '''''h'''amburger'' → ((lang|ru|'''г'''амбургер)), '''''[[Haydn]]''''' → ((lang|ru|'''Г'''айдн)). That can occasionally cause ambiguity, as for example English ''Harry'' and ''Gary''/''Garry'' would be spelled the same in Russian, e.g. [[Harry Potter|Гарри Поттер]]). The reasons for using ghe to write ''h'' include the fact that ghe is used for ''h'' in Ukrainian, Belarusian and some Russian dialects, along with the perception that kha sounds too harsh. Nevertheless, in newer loanwords (especially from English), kha is often used. ((citation needed|date=March 2017))

=== South Slavic ===
In standard [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] the letter ghe represents a [[voiced velar plosive]] ((IPAslink|ɡ)). But in Bulgarian and Macedonian it is devoiced to ((IPAblink|k)) word-finally or before a voiceless consonant.

== Usage in non-Slavic languages ==
In many non-Slavic languages it can represent both ((IPA|/ɡ/)) and ((IPA|/ʁ~ɣ/)) (the latter mostly in [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and some [[Finno-Ugric languages]]).

In [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]], an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian language]] spoken in the [[Caucasus]], ⟨г⟩ represents the voiced velar stop ((IPA|/ɡ/)). However, the digraph ⟨гъ⟩ represents the [[voiced uvular fricative]] ((IPA|/ʁ/)).

==Related letters and other similar characters==
*Γ γ: [[Gamma|Greek letter Gamma]]
*G g: [[G|Latin letter G]]
*H h: [[H|Latin letter H]], romanized as in Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn
*Z z: [[Z|Latin letter Z]], alternative form of italicized Cyrillic Г (ge)
*Ґ ґ: [[Ghe with upturn|Cyrillic letter ghe with upturn]], the letter ''g,'' named ge in Ukrainian
*Ѓ ѓ: [[Gje|Cyrillic letter Gje]]
*Ғ ғ: [[Ghayn (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic letter Ghayn]]
*R r: [[R|Latin letter R (lowercase)]]
*[[Hryvnia sign|₴]]: [[Ukrainian hryvnia]] (Currency sign)

==Computing codes==
((charmap
|0413|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter Ghe
|0433|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter Ghe
|map1=[[KOI8-R]] and [[KOI8-U]] |map1char1=E7 |map1char2=C7
|map2=[[Code page 855|CP 855]] |map2char1=AD |map2char2=AC
|map3=[[Windows-1251]] |map3char1=C3 |map3char2=E3
|map4=[[ISO-8859-5]] |map4char1=B3 |map4char2=D3
|map5=[[MacCyrillic encoding|Mac Cyrillic]] |map5char1=83 |map5char2=E3
))

==Cultural references==
In [[Russian Empire]] the name of the letter, ''glagol' '' was an informal reference to the Γ-shaped [[gallows]]:
:Кругом пустыня, дичь и голь,
:А в стороне торчит глаголь, 
:И на глаголе том два тела
:Висят. Закаркав, отлетела
:Ватага чёрная ворон,...
:[All around there is desert, game and bareness... And a ''glagol' '' sticks out on the side, And on that ''glagol' '' two bodies hang. The gang of black crows croaked and flew off..]
::[[Alexander Pushkin]], 1836<ref>[https://www.culture.ru/poems/5589/alfons-saditsya-na-konya Альфонс садится на коня…]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gamma]], the Greek letter Γ

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons|Г))
*((Wiktionary-inline|Г))
*((Wiktionary-inline|г))

((Authority control))

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