Prehistorichunter-gatherer peoples were the first inhabitants, and their artifacts have been found in various areas of the county. Lipan Apache, Shawnee,[citation needed] and Coahuiltecan culture followed.[5] The abandonment of Fort Duncan on March 20, 1861, during the Civil War, enabled the Indian population to gain control of the region; both American and Mexican inhabitants suffered tremendous loss of life and property. The fort was reoccupied in 1868.[6] In early 1871, a number of Black Seminole Indians living along the border were organized into a company of scouts and brought to Fort Duncan.[7]
The last Indian raid in the county occurred in 1877. Three traders were murdered and mutilated by Lipan Apaches. The site of the incident, 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Eagle Pass, became known as Deadman's Hill.[5]
Spanish explorations
The El Camino Real, later known as the Old San Antonio Road, that crosses the Rio Grande, begins in East Texas and crosses southern Maverick County.[8] The trail was originally blazed by Alonso De León in 1690, and is said to have been traversed by more early Spanish explorers and settlers than any other section of the state.[9] In 1989, the legislature authorized the Old San Antonio Road Preservation Commission to coordinate the 1991 300th anniversary of the trail's founding.[10][11]
Saltillo alcade Fernando de Azcué in 1665 pursued Indians into the county.[12] In 1675, Fernando del Bosque traversed the area near Quemado, and Franciscans with the expedition are said to have celebrated the first Mass on Texas soil.[13][14]
In 1688, Alonso De León followed the Camino Real across the county en route to Fort St. Louis.[15]Domingo Terán de los Ríos, the first Governor of Spanish Texas, led an expedition through the county in 1691.[16]Spanish TexasGovernorMartín de Alarcón crossed the county in 1718 on the expedition that resulted in the founding of San Antonio.[17]
Governor of the Mexican provinces of Coahuila and Texas, Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo, in 1720 passed through on an expedition that brought goats, 2800 horses and 6400 sheep that was the onset of Spanish ranching in Texas.[18] Pedro de Rivera y Villalón crossed the county in 1727 as part of an expedition to inspect the frontier defenses of New Spain.[19]
Early settlers
Ranch road in Maverick County
Antonio Rivas was the first known rancher on the land in 1765. The county still has a considerable ranching community.[5]
On March 27, 1849, Capt. Sidney Burbank established Fort Duncan, previously known as Camp Eagle Pass, on a site two miles (3.2 km) north of the ford at Adjuntos Pass.[6]
General William Leslie Cazneau, credited several years earlier with burying the Alamo casualties with full military honors, began ranching in the area around 1850. He partnered with Irish-born San Antonio banker and county settler John Twohig to lay out a plan of Eagle Pass in 1850. That same year, a Mexican garrison established Piedras Negras across the border.[20]
Freight operator Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Groos secured a contract to haul supplies for the army at Fort Duncan. At his urging, several early settlers of Eagle Pass were emigres of the Mexican river villages and missions of San Juan Bautista, San José, Santo Domingo, San Nicolás, La Navaja, and San Isidro.[21]
Emigres Refugio and Rita Alderete de San Miguel used the profits of their freighting business to establish a large-scale cattle, sheep, and horse ranch on Elm Creek in 1853. They were joined in ranching operations by stranded pilgrims on the California Gold Rush trail and discharged Fort Duncan soldiers. Among these was Infantry veteran Jesse Sumpter, who also worked at many odd jobs before becoming sheriff in the newly formed Maverick County.[5]
Landscape pioneer Frederick Law Olmsted visited Eagle Pass in 1854, and noted the many slave hunters and runaway slaves residing in Piedras Negras, as well as the many saloons and gambling houses, which catered to Fort Duncan's soldiers and other unsavory characters.[22]
In 1855, Texas Governor Elisha M. Pease authorized a raid into Mexico. An international incident was brought about by James H. Callahan and William R. Henry, whose pursuit of Lipan Apache raiders and runaway slaves into Mexico ended in the looting and torching of Piedras Negras, after an encounter with Mexican forces at La Marama on the Río Escondido.[5][23]
County established and growth
Maverick County was established from Kinney County and named for Samuel A. Maverick in 1856. The county was organized some years later on September 4, 1871. The estimated population of the county in 1860 was 726. Eagle Pass voted 83–3 against secession from the Union.[5]
Fort Duncan was occupied by Confederate troops during the Civil War. Eagle Pass was chosen as a trade depot for the Military Board of Texas. Eagle Pass was a major terminus of the Cotton Road, custom house and Confederate port of entry into Mexico 1863–65. A cotton press was installed at Piedras Negras to handle the enormous quantities coming across the Rio Grande. At the close of the Civil War, General Joseph Orville Shelby's brigade never surrendered, but hoped to continue their fight across the border. On July 4, 1865, Shelby stopped in the middle of the Rio Grande to bury the last Confederate flag to fly over his troops. To the sound of drum and bugle, he wrapped the flag around the plume of his hat, weighted it with a stone from the river bank, and lowered it into the river.[5] Shelby's unit became known as “The Undefeated” and was used as a basis for the 1969 John Wayne-Rock Hudsonfilm by the same name.[5]
Saloons, gambling houses, and smuggling operations proliferated in and around Eagle Pass during Reconstruction. The infamous J. King Fisher and his followers dominated the era in the region.[5]
Telegraph lines reached Eagle Pass in 1875. In 1880, the main line of the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railway was extended west from San Antonio, connecting to the Mexican Railway in Piedras Negras.[5]
Irrigation has been vital to area farmers. In 1885, rancher Patrick W. Thomson formed the Eagle Pass Irrigation Company to construct a huge gravity-flow irrigation system to draw water from the Rio Grande. Thompson died in 1910, but his efforts came to fruition as the Maverick County Irrigation Canal system, operational by April 1932.[24]
March 3, 1911, when Lt. Benjamin D. Foulois and Philip O. Parmalee made the first official military reconnaissance flight, looking for Army troops between Laredo and Eagle Pass, Texas, with a ground exercise in progress. In 1942, the Army Air Force built a single-engine advanced flying school 12 mi (19 km) north of Eagle Pass.[25]
Oil and gas exploration in the county began in the 1950s, with the largest fields being the 1969 Fitzpatrick and Wipff, and the 1970 Burr.[26]
The coal industry of Maverick County is located along a section of the Olmos Coal Formation immediately north of Eagle Pass. Mining operations developed by Dolch at Dolchburg and by the Olmos Coal, Coke, and Oil Company at Olmos were the largest coal producers in Texas around the turn of the 20th century.[27]
The former Pack-Way Grocery between Eagle Pass and Quemado.
Industries located in the county in 1977 included a cotton gin and two cattle feedlots with capacities of 25,000 cattle at El Indio, one at Normandy, and another between Eagle Pass and El Indio. A spinach-packing shed was at the southern edge of Eagle Pass. Industries which have located in the Eagle Pass–Maverick County area since 1977 include the Eagle Pass Manufacturing Company (a division of Hicks-Ponder, Inc) and the Williamson-Dickie Manufacturing Co, both makers of work clothing; the Reynolds Mining Corp fluorspar plant and the Tejas Barite plant; Alta-Verde Industries and Maverick Beef Producers, and the Big River Catfish Farm.[5]
In 1982, 88 percent of all land in the county was considered farmland and ranches, but only 2 percent of the farmland was under cultivation, and most of that was irrigated. Primary crops were hay, oats, and wheat.[5]
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,292 square miles (3,350 km2), of which 1,279 square miles (3,310 km2) is land and 13 square miles (34 km2) (1.0%) is water.[28]
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 57,887 people, 16,647 households, and 13,402 families residing in the county.
As of the census[36] of 2000, 47,297 people, 13,089 households, and 11,230 families resided in the county. The population density was 37 people per square mile (14 people/km2). There were 14,889 housing units at an average density of 12 units per square mile (4.6/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 70.89% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 1.34% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 24.08% from other races, and 2.95% from two or more races. About 95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 13,089 households, 51.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.50% were married couples living together, 16.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.20% were not families. About 12.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.60 and the average family size was 3.98.
In the county, the population was distributed as 36.90% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 17.70% from 45 to 64, and 9.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $21,232, and for a family was $23,614. Males had a median income of $20,956 versus $15,662 for females. The per capita income for the county was $8,758. About 34.80% of the population and 32.00% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 40.60% of those under the age of 18 and 40.90% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Based on per capita income, Maverick County is one of the poorest counties in the United States.
According to the 2000 census, Maverick County has the nation's highest percentage of people who speak Spanish at home, at 91%.
^Chipman, Donald E. "Fernando de Azcué". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^"Quemado, Texas". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes - Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^Chipman, Donald E. "Fernando del Bosque". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^Foster, William C (1995). "In Search of LaSalle". Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689-1768. University of Texas Press. pp. 17–33. ISBN978-0-292-72489-1.
^Weddle, Robert S (1991). San Juan Bautista: Gateway to Spanish Texas. University of Texas Press. pp. 15–18. ISBN978-0-292-77651-7.
^Arias, Bishop David (2006). "Martin de Alarcon". Spanish-Americans: Lives and Faces. Trafford Publishing. pp. 87–89. ISBN978-1-4120-4717-3.
^Newton, Lewis W. "Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^Blake, Robert Bruce. "Pedro de Rivera y Villalón". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^Wagner, Frank. "William Leslie Cazneau". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^Pingenot, Ben E. "Maverick County Irrigation Canal". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
^Hundnall, Ken and Sharon (2005). Spirits of the Border V: The History and Mystery of the Lone Star State. Omega Press. pp. 232–233. ISBN978-0-9626087-9-7.
^Warner, C A; Thompson, Ernest O (2007). Texas Oil & Gas Since 1543. Copano Bay Press. p. 268. ISBN978-0-9767799-5-7.
^Calderon, Dr. Robert R (2000). Mexican Coal Mining Labor in Texas and Coahuila, 1880-1930 (Rio Grande/Rio Bravo: Borderlands Culture and Traditions). TAMU Press. p. 43. ISBN978-0-89096-884-0.
^Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[34][35]
United States
Texas
