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((Short description|Major historical polity in Luzon))
((Multiple issues|
((Disputed|date=June 2019))
((Original research|date=June 2019))
))
((Use Philippine English|date=February 2023))
((Use mdy dates|date=February 2023))
((Infobox country
| native_name            = ((native name|tl|Bayan ng Maynila))<br />((script|Tglg| ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜌ᜔ᜈᜒᜎ)) ([[Baybayin]])
| conventional_long_name = Maynila
| common_name            = Luzon; Manila
| era                    = Middle Ages
| religion               = [[Islam]],<ref group="Notes">Among the royalty, nobility, and some freemen (Scott, 1994).</ref> [[Tagalog polytheism|Hinduised Tagalog polytheism]]<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="SoulBook1991"/><ref name="Osborne2004" /><ref name="Jocano2001"/><br />
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader           = [[King]]
| leader1                = [[Rajah Salalila|Salalila]]
| year_leader1           = c. 1500s – c. 1521
| leader2                = [[Rajah Matanda|Ache]]
| year_leader2           = c. 1521 – August 1572
| leader3                = [[Rajah Sulayman|Sulayman III]]
| year_leader3           = 1571–1575
| year_start             = ((circa|1500))
| year_end               = 1571
| event_start            = Establishment by King Ahmad, defeating King Avirjirkaya (earliest legendary reference)
| event1                 = Conversion to Islam
| date_event1            = ((circa|1500))
| event2                 = Death of King Salalila and territorial conflicts with Tondo
| date_event2            = ((circa|before 1521))
| event3                 = Marriage between Prince Ache and a princess of Brunei
| date_event3            = 1521
| event4                 = Capture and release of Prince Ache by the first Castilian expedition to the Moluccas
| date_event4            = 1521
| event5                 = [[Battle of Manila (1570)|Battle of Manila]]
| date_event5            = 1570
| event_end              = King Ache's allegiance to the Kingdom of the Spains and the Indies<ref name="Scott1994" />
| currency               = [[Gold coin]]<ref>((Cite web|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/10991/%E2%80%98piloncitos%E2%80%99-and-the-%E2%80%98philippine-golden-age%E2%80%99|title = 'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'|date = August 30, 2011))</ref>
| capital                = [[Manila]]
| common_languages       = [[Old Tagalog]], [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Malay]]
| today                  = [[Philippines]]
))

((History of the Philippines))
((Contains special characters|Baybayin))

In [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|Philippine history]], the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] ''[[Bayan (political entity)|bayan]]'' ("country" or "city-state")<ref name="PCDSPO2015">((Cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila|title=Pre-colonial Manila|date=June 23, 2015|website=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library|series=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers|publisher=Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=March 9, 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=April 27, 2017))</ref><ref name="Scott1994" /> of '''Maynila''' was one of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the [[Philippine archipelago]].<ref name="Junker1998"/> [[Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines#Fortifications|Fortified]] with a [[Palisade|wooden palisade]] which was appropriate for the [[Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines#Scorched earth tactics|predominant battle tactics of its time]],<ref name="Scott1994" /> it lay on the southern part of the [[List of islands in the Greater Manila Area|Pasig River delta]], where the district of [[Intramuros]] in Manila currently stands,<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Abinales2005">Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.</ref> and across the river from the separately-led [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo polity]].<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/>

Maynila was led by [[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount rulers]] who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja".<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Scott1994" /> In popular literature and in [[Historiography of early Philippine settlements|history texts from the first few decades after Philippine independence]], precolonial Maynila is often referred to as the "'''Kingdom of Maynila"''', and its Rajas portrayed as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a "[[monopoly on violence|monopoly on the legitimate use of force]]".<ref name="Junker1998"/><ref name="Rafael2005">Rafael, Vicente  L. (2005) The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines.</ref> Instead, limited population sizes, the ready availability of land, and seasonally migratory agricultural practices meant that their authority was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations vis a vis clearly defined territorial dominion.<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/><ref name="ScottSlavery"/> Maynila is sometimes interpreted to be the '''Kingdom of Luzon''', although some historians suggest that this might rather refer to the [[Manila Bay]] region as a whole, expanding the possible dominion of the kingdom.<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Alfonso2016"/>

The earliest oral traditions suggest that Maynila was founded as a Muslim settlement as early as the 1250s, supposedly supplanting an even older pre-Islamic settlement.<ref name="Scott1994" /> However, the earliest archeological findings for organized human settlements in the area dates to around 1500s.<ref name="Scott1994" /> By the 16th century, it was already an important trading center, with extensive political ties with the Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with traders from the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name="Scott1984"/> With Tondo, the polity on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, it established a duopoly on the intraarchipelagic trade of Chinese goods.<ref name="Dery2001" />

Maynila and Luzon are sometimes associated with the Bruneian legends which describe a settlement called "'''Seludong'''"  or "Saludong" which was said to be a vassal to the [[Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)|Bruneian Sultanate]]; but Southeast Asian scholars believe this refers to a settlement Mount Selurong in Indonesia.<ref name="Abinales2005"/> For political reasons, the historical rulers of Maynila maintained close cognatic ties through intermarriage with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei, but Brunei's political influence over Maynila is not considered to have extended to military or political rule.<ref name="Junker1998"/> Intermarriage was a common strategy for large [[Thalassocracy|thassalocratic]] states such as Brunei to extend their influence, and for local rulers such as those of Maynila to help strengthen their family claims to nobility.<ref name="Scott1994" /> Actual political and military rule over the large distances characteristic of Maritime Southeast Asia was not possible until relatively modern times.<ref>((Cite book |title=Asia's Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific |last=Kaplan |first=Robert D. |date=March 25, 2014 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781452619194))</ref>

By 1570, Maynila was under the rule of two [[paramount ruler]]s (the more senior [[Rajah Matanda]] and the younger [[Rajah Sulayman]]), who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers ("[[Datu]]") under them.<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Scott1994" /> This was the political situation encountered by [[Martin de Goiti]] when he attacked Maynila in May of that year.<ref name="Abinales2005"/> This [[Battle of Manila (1570)|"Battle of Maynila"]] ended with a fire that destroyed the fortified settlement of Maynila,<ref name="Abinales2005"/> although it is not clear whether the fire was set by Goiti or by the inhabitants themselves as part of the scorched earth tactics typically used in the archipelago during that era.<ref name="Dery2001" />

Maynila had been partially rebuilt by the following year, 1571, when the full forces of de Goiti's superior, [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], arrived in the city to claim it as a territory of [[New Spain]].<ref name="Abinales2005"/> After extensive negotiations with the leaders of Maynila and those of the neighbouring settlement in Tondo,<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Scott1994" /> Maynila was declared as the new Spanish [[Manila|city of Manila]] on June 24, 1571, effectively ending Maynila's history as an independent polity.<ref name="Abinales2005"/>

==Sources==
Laura Lee Junker, in her 1998 review of primary sources regarding archaic Philippine polities, lists the primary sources of information regarding the river delta polities of Maynila and Tondo as "''Malay texts, Philippine oral traditions, Chinese tributary records and geographies, early Spanish writings, and archaeological evidence''."<ref name="Junker1998">((cite journal | title=Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms | author=Junker, Laura Lee |journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology | year=1998 | volume=2 | issue=4 |pages=291–320 | doi=10.1023/A:1022611908759 | s2cid=141415414))</ref> Primary sources for the history of Rajah Kalamayin's [[Namayan]], further upriver, include artifacts dug up from archaeological digs (the earliest of which was [[Robert Bradford Fox|Robert Fox]]’s<ref name="LocsinandLocsin1967">Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. ''Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines.'' Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ((ISBN|0804804478))</ref> work for the National Museum in 1977) and Spanish colonial records (most notably those compiled by the 19th century Franciscan Historian [[Fray Felix Huerta]]).<ref name="Huerta1865">((cite book | last = Huerta | first = Felix, de | author-link = Felix Huerta | title = Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno | publisher = Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia | year = 1865 | location = Binondo))</ref>

Junker noted the inherent biases of each of the written sources, emphasizing the need to counter-check their narratives with one another, and with empirical archeological evidence.<ref name="Junker1998"/>

== Etymology ==
((main|Manila#Etymology))
''Maynilà'' comes from the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] phrase ''may-nilà'', which translates to "where indigo is found."<ref name=baumgartner>((cite journal| last=Baumgartner |first=Joseph |date=March 1975 |title=Manila — Maynilad or Maynila? |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=52–54 |jstor=29791188))</ref> ''Nilà'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''nīla'' ([[wiktionary:नील#Sanskrit|नील]]) which refers to [[indigo]], and, by extension, to [[Indigofera|several plant species]] from which this natural [[dye]] can be extracted.<ref name=baumgartner/><ref name=chamberlain>((cite journal |journal=The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal |date=1901 |volume=23 |issue=5 |title=Philippine Studies: V. The Origin of the Name Manila |last=Chamberlain |first=Alexander F. |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1Y4AQAAMAAJ))</ref> The ''Maynilà'' name is more likely in reference to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the settlement, rather than ''Maynilà'' being known as a settlement that trades in indigo dye,<ref name=baumgartner/> since the settlement was founded several hundred years before indigo dye extraction became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century.<ref name=baumgartner/> The native [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] name for the indigo plant, ''tayum'' (or variations thereof)<ref name=baumgartner/><ref name=medicinal>((cite web |website=Philippine Medicinal Plants |url=http://www.stuartxchange.org/Tayum.html |access-date=August 20, 2018 |title=Tayum))</ref> actually finds use in another toponym within the Manila area: [[Tayuman Street|Tayuman]], "where the indigo (plant) is."

An inaccurate but nevertheless persistent etymology asserts the origin of the placename as ''may-nilad'' ("where ''nilad'' is found").<ref name=baumgartner/> Here, ''nilad'' refers to either: (incorrectly) the [[water hyacinth]] (''Eichhornia crassipes''), which is a colonial introduction to the [[Philippines]] from [[South America]] and therefore could not have been the plant species referred to in the toponym; or (correctly) a shrub-like tree (''[[Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea]]'', formerly ''Ixora manila'' Blanco<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235302 |access-date=August 20, 2018 |title=''Ixora manila'' Blanco |website=World Marine Species Database))</ref>) found in or near [[mangrove]] swamps,<ref name=baumgartner/> and known as ''nilád'' or ''nilár'' in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].<ref name=merrill>((cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofplan00merr#page/88/search/nilar |date=1903 |title=A Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands |last=Merrill |first=Elmer Drew |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing |place=Manila))</ref>

From a linguistic perspective, it is unlikely for native [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] speakers to completely drop the final consonant ((IPA|/d/)) in ''nilad'' to achieve the present form ''Maynilà''.<ref name=baumgartner/> Historian [[Ambeth Ocampo]] also states that in all early documents the place had always been called "''Maynilà''" (eventually adopted into [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as ''Manila'') — and never referred to with the final ((IPA|/d/)).<ref name="ambeth"/><ref name=lookingback>((cite book |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCZyAAAAMAAJ |access-date=August 21, 2018 |date=1990 |title=Looking Back, Volume 1 |publisher=Anvil Publishing Inc.|isbn=9789712700583))</ref> Despite the ''may-nilad'' etymology being erroneous, it continues to be perpetuated through uncritical repetition in both literature<ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IE8OAQAAIAAJ |title=Your Country and Mine |date=1955 |last1=Velasquez-Ty |first1=Catalina |last2=García |first2=Tomas |last3=Maceda |first3=Antonio J.))</ref><ref name="Saenger">An example is: ((cite book | last = Saenger | first = Peter | title = Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | date = June 29, 2013 | pages = 19 | isbn = 9789401599627))</ref> and popular imagination.<ref name="ambeth">((Citation |archive-date=June 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628110827/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila |title=Looking Back: Pre-Spanish Manila |author=Ambeth Ocampo |publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer
|date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=August 21, 2018))</ref>

[[File:Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of an illustration from Jean Mallat's 1846 book "The Philippines: history, geography, customs, agriculture, industry, and commerce of the Spanish colonies in Oceania", showing "a Tagalog couple pounding rice." The mortar depicted is known as a ''lusong'', a large, cylindrical, deep-mouthed wooden mortal used to de-husk rice.<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008"/>((rp|page=44)) Linguist Jean Paul Potet explains that the Old Tagalog name of the Pasig River delta,<ref name="Potet2013"/> in which Tondo was located, was derived from this mortar.]]

=== Maynila as the Kingdom of Luzon ===
Portuguese and Spanish records in the 1500s<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882">((Cite book|title=Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas|last=de Aganduru Moriz|first=Rodrigo|work=Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v.78-79.|publisher=Impr. de Miguel Ginesta|year=1882|location=Madrid))</ref><ref name="Pigafetta1524b">((Cite book|title=Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|year=1524))</ref><ref name="Scott1994" /> state that Maynila was the same as the kingdom that was referred to as the '''Kingdom of Luzon''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Luçon'', possibly from the name "''Lusong''"), and whose citizens had been called "''[[Luções]]''".<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/><ref name="Pigafetta1524b"/><ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Alfonso2016"/>

Magellan expedition member Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz's account of the events of 1521 specifically describes<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/> how the Magellan expedition, then under the command of Sebastian Elcano after the death of Magellan, captured of one of the ''Luções'':<ref name="Scott1994" /> Prince Ache, who would later be known as [[Rajah Matanda]], who was then serving as a commander of the Naval forces of Brunei.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/> Aganduru Moriz described the "young prince" as being "''the Prince of Luzon - or Manila, which is the same.''”<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/> corroborated by fellow expedition member Gines de Mafra<ref name="Scott1994" /> and the account of expedition scribe Antonio Pigaffetta.<ref name="Pigafetta1524b"/>

This description of Ache as "King of Luzon" was further confirmed by the Visayan allies of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who, learning that he wanted to "befriend" the ruler of Luzon, led him to write a letter to Ache, whom he addressed as the "King of Luzon".<ref name="Scott1994" />

Kapampangan researcher Ian Christopher Alfonso,<ref name="Alfonso2016">((cite book | title=The Nameless Hero: Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom | publisher=Holy Angel University Press | author=Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. | year=2016 | location=Angeles | isbn=9789710546527))</ref> however, notes that the demonym Luções was probably expansive enough to include even Kapampangan sailors, such as the sailors from Hagonoy and Macabebe who would later be involved in the 1571 [[Battle of Bangkusay Channel]].<ref name="Alfonso2016"/>

The name ''Luzon'', which French linguist Jean-Paul Potet explains was the name given to the Pasig River delta area,<ref name="Potet2013">((cite book | last = Potet | first = Jean-Paul G. | title = Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog | date = 2013 | pages = 444 | publisher = Lulu.com | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781291457261))</ref> is thought to derive from the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] word ''lusong'', which is a large wooden [[mortar and pestle|mortar]] used in dehusking rice.<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008"/> A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that, <blockquote>"''Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called '''lusong'''. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages.''"<ref name="EulitoandJavier2008">((Cite journal|last1=Bautista|first1=Eulito U.|last2=Javier|first2=Evelyn F.|date=2008|title=Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02|url=http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0802.pdf|journal=Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series|publisher=Philippine Institute of Development Studies|pages=44))</ref></blockquote>

=== Maynila as a ''bayan'' ===
According to the earliest Tagalog dictionaries,<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Scott1994" /> large coastal settlements like Tondo and Maynila, which were ultimately led by a lakan or rajah, were called ''bayan'' in the Tagalog language.<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1990">((cite journal | title=The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies | author=Junker, Laura Lee | journal=Asian Perspectives | year=1990 | volume=29 | issue=2 | pages=167–209))</ref> This term (which is translated today as "town") was common among the various languages of the Philippine archipelago,<ref name="Odal2000">((cite book|title=The River Dwellers|first=Grace|work=Pasig : The River of Life|publisher=Unilever Philippines|year=2000|editor-last=Alejandro|editor-first=Reynaldo Gamboa|pages=43–66|editor-last2=Yuson|editor-first2=Alfred A.|editor-link2=Alfred Yuson|author=Odal-Devora))</ref> and eventually came to refer to the entire Philippines, alongside the word ''bansa'' (or ''bangsa'', meaning "nation").

== History ==
((See also|Timeline of Manila|Timeline of Philippine history|))

=== Prehistoric migrations ===
((See also|Prehistory of Manila))

==== Austronesian expansion (((circa)) 3,500 years ago) ====
There is some debate<ref name="Alvina2011" /> about whether the Austronesian culture first came to the island of Luzon from continental Asia as proposed by [[Peter Bellwood]] and [[Robert Blust]],<ref name="Alvina2011" /> or from Maritime Southeast Asia as proposed by [[Wilhelm Solheim]] and [[William Meacham]].<ref name="Alvina2011" /> But whichever route these Austronesians first used to get to the Philippine archipelago, the general consensus among scholars<ref name="Alvina2011" /> is that they settled on what is now the island of Luzon during the earliest stages of their migratory dispersal no later than about 3,500 years ago,<ref name="Alvina2011" /> and later waves of migration spread from the Philippine archipelago to reach as far east as Easter Island,<ref name="Langdon2001">((Cite journal |last=Langdon |first=Robert |date=2001 |title=The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.1080/00223340120049442 |s2cid=161655060))</ref><ref name="Vantilburg1994">((Cite book |last=Van Tilburg |first=Jo Anne |title=Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |year=1994 |location=Washington D.C.))</ref> and as far west as Madagascar.<ref name="Burney2004">((cite journal |last1=Burney |first1=DA |last2=Burney |first2=LP |last3=Godfrey |first3=LR |last4=Jungers |first4=WL |last5=Goodman |first5=SM |last6=Wright |first6=HT |last7=Jull |first7=AJ |name-list-style=vanc |year=2004 |title=A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=47 |issue=1–2 |pages=25–63 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005 |pmid=15288523))</ref><ref name="Dewar1993">((cite journal |last1=Dewar |first1=RE |last2=Wright |first2=HT |year=1993 |title=The culture history of Madagascar |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45256/1/10963_2004_Article_BF00997802.pdf |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=417–466 |doi=10.1007/BF00997802 |s2cid=21753825 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2027.42/45256))</ref>

==== Tagalog migrations ====
((see also|Proto-Philippine language|Tagalog people))
Not much is known about when the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples came to occupy the lands surrounding Manila Bay, but [[Linguistics|linguists]] such as Dr. [[David Zorc]] and Dr. [[Robert Blust]] speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern [[Mindanao]] or the Eastern [[Visayas]]. The Tagalog language is believed to have branched out from a hypothesized "proto-language" which linguists have dubbed "Proto-Philippine language," another branch of which was the [[Visayan languages]].<ref name="Zorc1977">Zorc, David. 1977. "The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction". ''Pacific Linguistics'' C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University</ref><ref name="Blust1991">((Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=1991 |title=The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=73–129 |doi=10.2307/3623084 |jstor=3623084))</ref>

Some Filipino historians such as Jaime Tiongson<ref name="Tiongson20061111">((Cite web |last=Tiongson |first=Jaime F. |date=November 11, 2006 |title=Puliran in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription: Laguna de Bay or Pulilan, Bulacan? |url=http://blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/puliran-in-laguna-copperplate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121128015427/http://blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/puliran-in-laguna-copperplate.html |archive-date=November 28, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2011 |website=Bayang Pinagpala))</ref><ref name="Tiongson20061129">((Cite web |last=Tiongson |first=Jaime F. |date=November 29, 2006 |title=Pailah is Pila, Laguna |url=http://blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/pailah-is-pila-laguna.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707143824/blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/pailah-is-pila-laguna.html |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2011))</ref> have asserted that some of the words used in the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] came from [[Old Tagalog]], although the text itself used the Javanese [[Kawi script]].<ref name="Postma">((cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |date=June 27, 2008 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=Philippine Studies |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203))</ref>

=== Theories and legends regarding the establishment of Maynila (((circa)) mid-13th century – ((circa)) early 16th century) ===
==== Establishment through defeat of Rajah Avirjirkaya by Rajah Ahmad of Brunei (((circa)) 1258) ====
According to Mariano A. Henson's genealogical research<ref name="Henson1955" /> (later brought up by Majul in 1973,<ref name="Majul1973" /> and by Santiago in 1990)<ref name="Santiago1990">((cite journal |last=Santiago |first=Luciano P.R. |date=1990 |title=The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571–1898]: Genealogy and Group Identity |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=18))</ref> a settlement in the Maynila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by "Rajah Avirjirkaya" whom Henson described as a "Majapahit Suzerain".

According to Henson, this settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Maynila as a "Muslim principality".<ref name="Henson1955" />

==== Nanhai Zhi annals (1304) ====
The Chinese History Annals, Nanhai Zhi, corroborate the claim that then (Hindu) Brunei had invaded Maynila as Maynila was mentioned as one of the polities being ruled over by Brunei (Malilu 麻裏蘆 as mentioned in Yuan records), this Malilu being Maynila, was ruled from Brunei which was then labelled as "Poni" and Maynila was subjugated alongsides other Philippine kingdoms such as: May-i (in Mindoro), Meikun 美昆 (present-day Manukan), Puduan (Butuan), Sulu, [[Sanmalan|Shahuchong]] 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Yachen 啞陳 (present-day Oton), Manaluonu 麻拿囉奴, and Wenduling 文杜陵 (present-day Mindanao).<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines] By Wang Zhenping Page 256.</ref>

==== Early references to Selurong (1360s) ====
((Synthesis|section|date=September 2017))
((main|Nagarakretagama))

In the mid 14th century, the [[Majapahit]] empire mentioned in its manuscript ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'' Canto 14, written by [[Mpu Prapanca|Prapanca]] in 1365, that the area of Saludung (Selurong) and Solot ([[Sulu]]) were parts of the empire.<ref>((cite web |title=A Complete Transcription of Majapahit Royal Manuscript of Nagarakertagama |url=http://jejaknusantara.com/terjemahan-nagarakretagama |work=Jejak Nusantara |language=id))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last=Malkiel-Jirmounsky |first=Myron |year=1939 |title=The Study of The Artistic Antiquities of Dutch India |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |publisher=[[Harvard-Yenching Institute]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.2307/2717905 |jstor=2717905))</ref> ''Nagarakretagama'' was composed as a eulogy for their emperor [[Hayam Wuruk]].<ref>((cite journal |last1=Day |first1=Tony |last2=Reynolds |first2=Craig J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–55 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00003589 |jstor=313111 |s2cid=145722369))</ref> Chinese source mentioned that in 1369, the pirates of Sulu attacked Pon-i (Brunei), looting it of treasure and gold. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Pon-i was left weaker after the attack.<ref>((cite book |title=History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past |publisher=Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education |year=2009 |isbn=978-99917-2-372-3 |page=44 |ref=((harvid|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009))))</ref>

====Establishment by Sultan Bolkiah and the Sultanate of Brunei (((circa)) 1500) ====
According to Bruneian oral tradition,<ref name="Scott1994" /> a city with the Malay name of [[Kota Seludong|Selurong]],<ref name="GuerreroNakpil2003">((Citation |author=Carmen Guerrero Nakpil |title=CARMEN NAKPIL: MANILA UNDER THE MUSLIMS |date=October 29, 2003 |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/ht/ht003845.htm |access-date=December 5, 2008 |publisher=Malaya))</ref> which would later become the city of [[Manila|Maynila]])<ref name="GuerreroNakpil2003" /><ref>((cite web |last=del Mundo |first=Clodualdo |author-link=Clodualdo del Mundo Sr |date=September 20, 1999 |title=Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam) |url=http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Coast/7446/Ragam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018195028/http://geocities.com/TheTropics/Coast/7446/Ragam.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2009 |access-date=September 30, 2008 |work=Diwang Kayumanggi))</ref> was formed around the year 1500.<ref name="Scott1994" /> This oral tradition claims that [[Sultan Bolkiah]] (1485–1521)<ref name="GuerreroNakpil2003" /> of the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]] attacked Tondo and established the polity of ''Seludong'' (Maynila) as a [[satellite state]] of the Sultanate of Brunei.<ref name="GuerreroNakpil2003" /> This is narrated through [[Tausūg people|Tausug]] and [[Malay people|Malay]] royal histories, where the names ''Seludong'', ''Saludong'' or ''Selurong'' are used to denote Manila prior to colonisation.<ref>[https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/abstract/book/9781447315797/ch005.xml Women of Power Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide By Torild Skard]"She descends from Lakandula, the last reigning Rajah of Saludong. Her father, Diosdado Macapagal, was president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965,"</ref>

The traditional rajahs of Tondo,<ref name="Santiago1990" /> the [[Lakandula]],((verify source|reason=Check on the grammatical usage of the term is needed|date=June 2017)) retained their titles and property<ref name="Santiago1990" /> but the real political power<ref name="Santiago1990" /> came to reside in the House of Soliman,((verify source|reason=Check on the actual use of the term "House of Soliman" in this specific context is needed|date=June 2017)) the rajahs of Maynila.

===Portuguese accounts of Luções (1511 – early 1570s)===
((Main|Luções))

During the early 16th century, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] sailors in Malaysia<ref name="Scott1994" /> referred to the Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay ("''Lusong''", [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Luçon'')<ref name="Pires">((Cite book |last=Pires |first=Tomé |title=A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512 – 1515] |publisher=Hakluyt Society |year=1944 |place=Cambridge |language=pt |translator=Armando Cortesao |author-link=Tomé Pires))</ref><ref name="Lach">((cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald Frederick |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-226-46732-0 |location=Chicago |chapter=Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands |author-link=Donald Lach))</ref><ref name="Reid">((cite book |last=Reid |first=Anthony |url=http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=458826 |title=The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives |publisher=Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University |year=1995 |isbn=9780731521326 |editor=Peter Bellwood |location=Canberra |chapter=Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity |doi=10.22459/A.09.2006 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015051647942 |author-link=Anthony Reid (academic) |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=[[Darrell Tryon]] |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html |doi-access=free))</ref><ref name="Scott1994" /> using the [[demonym]]<ref name="Alfonso2016" /> Luções (((IPA-pt|luˈsõjʃ)), [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]]: ''Luzones'').

Surviving primary documents referring to these Luções include the accounts of [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]] (1614);<ref name="Scott1994" /> [[Tomé Pires]] (whose written documents were published in 1944);<ref name="Scott1994" /> and the survivors of [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition, including expedition members Gines de Mafra<ref name="Scott1994" /> and Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" /><ref name="Scott1994" /> and the Italian scholar [[Antonio Pigafetta]]<ref name="Pigafetta1524b" /> who served as the expedition's primary scribe, and published his account in 1524.<ref name="Scott1984" />

=== Territorial conflicts with Tondo (before 1521) ===
((Original research section|date=June 2019))

According to the account of Rajah Matanda as recalled by Magellan expedition members Gines de Mafra, Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, and expedition scribe Antonio Pigafetta,<ref name="Scott1994" />((Request quotation|date=June 2019)) Rajah Matanda's father (whose name was not mentioned in the accounts)<ref name="Scott1994" />((Request quotation|date=June 2019)) died when he was still very young.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" />((Primary source inline|date=June 2019)) Rajah Matanda's mother (also unnamed in the Spanish accounts) then became the paramount ruler of the Maynila polity.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" />((Primary source inline|date=June 2019)) In the meantime, Rajah Matanda, then simply known as the "Young Prince" Ache,<ref name="Dery2001" />((Primary source inline|date=June 2019)) was raised alongside his cousin,<ref name="Dery2001" /> who was ruler of Tondo<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" />((Primary source inline|date=June 2019)) - presumed by some((who|date=June 2019))<ref name="Dery2001" />((Request quotation|date=June 2019)) to be a young Bunao Lakandula, although not specifically named in the Spanish accounts.<ref name="Scott1994" />((Full citation needed|date=June 2019))

During this time, Ache realized that his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo, was "slyly"<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" />((Request quotation|date=June 2019))
taking advantage of Ache's mother, by taking over territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address the matter, his mother refused, encouraging the young prince to keep his peace instead.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" />((Primary source inline|date=June 2019))

Prince Ache could not accept this and thus left Maynila with some of his father's trusted men, to go to his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, to ask for assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache a position as commander of his naval force.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" />((Primary source inline|date=June 2019))((Full citation needed|date=June 2019))

Pigaffetta noted that Ache was "''much feared in these parts''", but especially the non-Muslim locals, who considered the Sultan of Brunei an enemy.<ref name="Pigafetta1524b" />((Primary source inline|date=June 2019))((Full citation needed|date=June 2019))

=== Capture of Prince Ache by the Elcano expedition (1521) ===
In 1521, Ache was coming fresh from a military victory at the helm of the Bruneian navy as he just razed the Buddhist city of Laoue in Southwest Borneo to the ground, under orders from his grandfather, the Bruneian Sultan,<ref>Tom Harrisson, Brunei's Two (or More) Capitals, Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1976), p. 77 sq.</ref> and was supposedly on his way to Maynila with the intent of confronting his cousin when he came upon and attacked the remnants of the Magellan expedition, then under the command of [[Sebastian Elcano]]. Some historians<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="RizalAche">Jose Rizal, as cited by Dery, 2001</ref><ref name="Scott1994" /> suggest that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by a desire to expand his fleet even further as he made his way back to Lusong and Maynila,<ref name="Dery2001" /> where he could use the size of his fleet as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo.<ref name="Dery2001" />

Ache was eventually released,<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" /><ref name="Scott1994" /> supposedly after the payment of a large ransom.<ref name="Scott1994" /> One of Ache's slaves, who was not included in the ransom payment, then became a translator for the Elcano expedition.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882" />

=== Spanish advent (1570s) ===
In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were governed by native rajahs. [[Rajah Matanda]] (whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, [[Rajah Sulayman]] "Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the [[Pasig River]], including Maynila while [[Lakan Dula]] ruled non-Muslim Tondo north of the river.<ref name="JoaquinManila">((cite book |last=Joaqiun |first=Nick |title=Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc. |year=1990 |isbn=978-971-569-313-4 |location=City of Manila |author-link=Nick Joaqiun))</ref><ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Dery2001" /> These settlements held ties with the sultanates of [[Brunei]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], and [[Ternate]], [[Indonesia]] (not to be confused with [[Ternate, Cavite|Ternate]] in present-day [[Cavite]]). Maynila was centered on a fortress (''kota'') along the Pasig delta. When the Spanish came and invaded Manila they described the bayan as Kota Selurong, or "The City of Selurong" of Maynila, as a settlement with a fortress of [[rammed earth]] with [[stockade]]s lined with [[Lantaka|cannons]] (''lantaka'') between [[battlement]]s.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616-h/13616-h.htm#d0e4243 Letter from Juan Pacheco Maldonado to Felipe II, Manila, 1575.]</ref> The cannons were locally manufactured and forged by Panday Piray. When the Spanish invaded and burned the kota to the ground, they built up the Christian walled city of [[Intramuros]] on the ruins of Islamic Manila.

== Austronesian origins of Maynila ==
[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|320px|thumb|A map showing the extent of the Austronesian expansion.]]

Like the majority of peoples of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], the Tagalog people who established the fortified polity of Maynila were [[Austronesian people|Austronesians]].<ref name="Scott1994" />((rp|page=12))<ref name="Alvina2011">((cite book |title=Foreword |last=Alvina |first=Corazon S. |date=September 16, 2011 |work=Paths Of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage In The Collections Of The National Museum Of The Philippines, The Museum Nasional Of Indonesia, And The Netherlands Rijksmuseum Voor Volkenkunde |publisher=Artpostasia Pte Ltd | isbn=9789719429203 |editor-last=Benitez-Johannot |editor-first=Purissima |location=Makati City, Philippines |pages=9))</ref><ref name="Osborne2004" /> They had a rich, complex culture, with its own expressions of language and writing, religion, art, and music.<ref name="BenitezJohannot2011" /><ref name="Osborne2004" /> This Austronesian culture was already in place before the cultural influences of China, the southern thassalocracatic mandalas of Srivijaya and Majapahit, and Brunei, and eventually, the western colonial powers.<ref name="Osborne2004" /><ref name="BenitezJohannot2011" /> The core elements of this Austronesian culture also persisted despite the introductions of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and, later, Christianity.<ref name="Osborne2004" /><ref name="Maggay1999">((cite book |last= Maggay |first= Melba Padilla |author-link = Melba Padilla Maggay |title= Filipino Religious Consciousness |publisher= Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture |date= 1999 |location= Quezon City |isbn= 978-971-8743-07-2))</ref> Elements of these belief systems were syncretized by the Tagalogs to enrich their already-existing worldviews,<ref name="Osborne2004" /> elements of which still persist today in the syncretic forms of folk Catholicism and folk Islam.<ref name="Maggay1999"/><ref name="Soulbook">((cite book |title=The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion | last1 =Demetrio | first1 = Francisco R. | last2 = Cordero-Fernando | first2 = Gilda | last3 =  Nakpil-Zialcita | first4 = Fernando| last4 =Feleo | first3 = Roberto B. |date= 1991 |publisher=GCF Books, Quezon City |asin=B007FR4S8G |author-link2=Gilda Cordero-Fernando))</ref><ref name="BenitezJohannot2011" />

These Austronesian cultures are defined by their languages, and by a number of key technologies including the cultural prominence of boats, the construction of thatched houses on piles, the cultivation of tubers and rice, and a characteristic social organization typically led by a “big man” or “man of power”.<ref name="Osborne2004" /><ref name="BenitezJohannot2011" />

== Government and politics ==
===Class structure===
The precolonial Tagalog barangays of [[Manila]], [[Pampanga]] and [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] had a more complex social structure than the Visayans (except for lowland Panay), directly participating in commerce elsewhere with the rest of Southeast and East Asia through their Bornean political contacts and proximity to the South China Sea tradewinds, and engaging in widespread [[Paddy field|wet rice agriculture]] provided by the [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical savanna]] landscape. The Tagalogs were thus described by the Spanish Augustinian friar [[Martin de Rada]] as more traders than warriors.<ref>Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124–125.</ref>

In his seminal 1994 work "''Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society''" (further simplified in the briefer by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office in 2015), historian [[William Henry Scott (historian)|William Henry Scott]] delineates the three classes of Tagalog society during the 1500s:<ref name="PCDSPO2015" />
:* the '''''maginoo'''''<ref name="PCDSPO2015" /> (ruling class), which included the Lakan or Rajah and the Datus under him;
:* A class described as "Freemen"<ref name="PCDSPO2015" /> consisting of '''''timawa''''' and '''''maharlika'''''; and
:* '''''Alipin''''' (slaves),<ref name="PCDSPO2015" /> which could further be subcategorized as '''''aliping namamahay''''' or '''''alipin sa gigilid'''''.

==== Leadership and governance ====
((main|Paramount rulers in early Philippine history))
One of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago, Maynila was led by [[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount rulers]] who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja," which is in turn derived from the Sanskrit language.<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Scott1994" /> In popular literature, Maynila is often referred to as a "kingdom", and its Rajas as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a [[monopoly on violence|"monopoly on the legitimate use of force"]].<ref name="Junker1998"/><ref name="Rafael2005"/>

Because population density throughout the archipelago was very low<ref name="ScottSlavery">((cite book |last1=Scott |first1=William Henry |title=Slavery in Spanish Philippines |year=1991 |publisher=De La Salle University Press |isbn=9789711181024))</ref> and agricultural practices involved regularly changing planting locations every season and year to maximize the fertility value of the soil,<ref name="Scott1994" /> rulership was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations rather than clearly defined territorial dominion.<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/><ref name="ScottSlavery"/>

These leaders butressed their right to rule by gaining prestige, notably by establishing trade and family relations with other regional powers.<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/> This was manifested in these leaders taking on foreign symbols of prestige such as the sanskrit title raja and nominaly claiming Islamic beliefs, although early chroniclers noted that the population at large did not seem to hold on to Islamic beliefs and practices and continued, for example, to retain pork as an important part of their diet.<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/>

=== Diplomacy ===

== Culture and society ==
=== Clothing and accoutrements ===
Early Spanish accounts describe the Tagalogs as using local plants to dye their cotton clothing.<ref name="Scott1994" />  This included ''tayum'' or ''tagum'', which produced a blue dye, and ''dilao'', which produced a yellow dye.<ref name="Scott1994" />

Unlike the Bicolanos and Visayans to the east and south and the peoples of the northern Luzon highlands, the Tagalogs did not practice tattooing.<ref name="Scott1994" />  In fact, [[Rajah Sulayman]] used tattooedness as a pejorative description when the Spanish forces first met him; Sulayman said that Tagalogs were unlike the "painted" Visayans, and thus would not allow themselves to be taken advantage of as easily.<ref name="Scott1994" />

===Religion===
((Main|Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people))
Historical accounts,<ref name="SoulBook1991">((cite book |title=The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion | last1 =  Demetrio | first1 = Francisco R. | last2 =  Cordero-Fernando | first2 = Gilda | last3 = Nakpil-Zialcita | first4 = Fernando| last4 =  Feleo | first3 = Roberto B.  |date= 1991 |publisher=  GCF Books, Quezon City |author-link2= Gilda Cordero-Fernando |asin=B007FR4S8G))</ref><ref name="Scott1994" /> supported by archeological and linguistic evidence<ref name="SoulBook1991"/><ref name="Odal2000"/><ref name="Scott1994" /> and corroborated by anthropological studies,<ref name="SoulBook1991"/><ref name="Scott1994" /> show that the Tagalog people, including those in Tondo and Maynila, practiced a set of Austronesian beliefs and practices which date back to the arrival of Austronesian peoples,<ref name="Almocera2005"/><ref name="BenitezJohannot2011" /><ref name="Scott1994" /> although various elements were later syncretized from Hinduism, [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], and Islam.<ref name="Osborne2004" /><ref name="Scott1994" />

The Tagalogs did not have a specific name for this set of religious beliefs and practices, although later scholars and popular writers refer to it as ''Anitism'',<ref name="Almocera2005">Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98</ref> or, less accurately, using the general term ''animism''.<ref name="SoulBook1991"/>

==== Coexistence with and syncretistic adaptation from other beliefs ====
One specific exception to the predominance of Anitism in early Tondo and Maynila was that the [[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|apex-level leaders]] of these polities identified themselves as Muslims,<ref name="Scott1994" /> as did the migrant sailor [[Luzones]] who were encountered by early 15th century chroniclers in [[Portuguese Malacca]].<ref name="Osborne2004" /> However, the various ethnographic reports of the period indicate that this seemed to only be a nominal identification ("Muslim by name") because there was only a surface level acknowledgement of Muslim norms (avoidance of pork, non-consumption of blood, etc.) without an "understanding of Mohammedan teachings."<ref name="B&R3Anonymous1572">((cite book|title=Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon|work=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898|publisher=Arthur H. Clark Company|year=1903|editor-last=Blair|editor-first=Emma Helen|editor-link=Emma Helen Blair|volume=3|location=Ohio, Cleveland|pages=145|editor-last2=Robertson|editor-first2=James Alexander|editor-link2=James Alexander Robertson))</ref> Scholars generally believe that this nominal practice of Islam actually represented the early stages of Islamization, which would have seen a much more extensive practice of Muslim beliefs<ref name="Scott1994" /> had the Spanish not arrived and introduced their brand of Iberian Catholicism.<ref name="Maggay1999"/><ref name="Scott1994" />

Osborne (2004) describes a similar process of "adaptation" happening in connection with Hindu and Buddhist influences in the various cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia,<ref name="Osborne2004" /> and emphasizes that this "indianization" of Southeast Asia did not per-se overwrite existing indigenous patterns, cultures, and beliefs: <blockquote>"''Because Indian culture “came” to Southeast Asia, one must not think that Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. Indeed, the generally accepted view is that Indian culture made such an impact on Southeast Asia because it fitted easily with the existing cultural patterns and religious beliefs of populations that had already moved a considerable distance along the path of civilization.[…] Southeast Asians, to summarize the point, borrowed but they also adapted. In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all.''<ref name="Osborne2004" />((rp|page=24))"</blockquote>

==== Tagalog religious cosmology ====
The Tagalog belief system was more or less anchored on the idea that the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be accorded to them through worship.<ref>https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10771 Philippine Folklore Stories by John Maurice Miller</ref>

According to the early Spanish  missionary-ethnographers, the Tagalog people believed in a creator-god named ''Bathala'',<ref name="SoulBook1991"/> whom they referred to both as ''maylicha'' (creator; lit. "actor of creation") and ''maycapal'' (lord, or almighty; lit. "actor of power").<ref name="Scott1994" />  Loarca and Chirino also report that in some places, they were  "Molayri" (Molaiari) or "Diwata" (Dioata)."

However, these early missionary-ethnographers also noted that the Tagalogs did not include Bathala in their daily acts of worship (''pagaanito'').((citation needed|date=July 2023))  Buenaventura was informed that this was because the Tagalogs believed Bathala was too mighty and distant to be bothered with the concerns of mortal man, and so the Tagalogs focused their acts of appeasement to "lesser" deities and powers,<ref name="SoulBook1991"/> immediate spirits which they believed had control over their day-to-day life.<ref name="Maggay1999"/>

Because the Tagalogs did not have a collective word to describe all these spirits together, Spanish missionaries eventually decided to call them "anito," since they were the subject of the Tagalog's act of ''pagaanito'' (worship).<ref name="Scott1994" /> According to Scott, accounts and early dictionaries describe them as intermediaries ("Bathala's agents"), and the dictionaries "used the word abogado (advocate) when defining their realms."  These sources also show, however, that in practice, they were addressed directly: "''in actual prayers, they were petitioned directly, not as intermediaries.''" Modern day writers divide these spirits are broadly into the categories of "Ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and guardian spirits," although they also note that the dividing line between these categories is often blurred.<ref name="SoulBook1991"/>

Demetrio, Cordero-Fernando, and Nakpil Zialcita<ref name="SoulBook1991"/> observe that the Luzon Tagalogs and Kapampangans' use of the word ''anito'', instead of the word ''diwata'' which was more predominant in the Visayan regions, indicated that these peoples of Luzon were less influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs of the Madjapahit empire than the Visayans were.<ref name="SoulBook1991"/>  They also observed that the words were used alternately amongst the peoples in the southernmost portions of Luzon - the Bicol Region, Marinduque, Mindoro, etc.  They suggested that this have represented transitional area, the front lines of an increased "Indianized" Madjapahit influence which was making its way north<ref name="SoulBook1991"/> the same way Islam was making its way north from Mindanao.<ref name="Scott1994" />

== Foreign cultural influences==
=== Trade and cultural influences from China, India, and Maritime Southeast Asia ===
((see also|Hinduism in the Philippines|Religion in pre-colonial Philippines|Indosphere|Indianisation))
The early inhabitants of the present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbours as well as with the [[greater India|Hindu empires]] of [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]],<ref name="JocanoJr2012">((Cite book |title=A Question of Origins |last=Jocano |first=Felipe Jr. |date=August 7, 2012 |work=Arnis: Reflections on the History and Development of Filipino Martial Arts |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0742-7 |editor-last=Wiley |editor-first=Mark |language=en))</ref> as confirmed by archaeological findings. Trade ties with [[China]] became extensive by the 10th century, while contact with [[Arab people|Arab]] merchants reached its peak in the 12th century.<ref name="lonelyplanet">[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/philippines/manila/history History of Manila]. Accessed September 8, 2008.</ref>

===Beginnings of Islamization in Luzon (1175 – 1500s)===
Archeological findings provide evidence that followers of Islam had reached the Pasig River area by 1175;<ref name="AyalaMuseum2004">((cite book  | last1 = Ileto  | first1 = Reynaldo C.  | author-link = Reynaldo Ileto  | last2 = Ocampo  | first2 = Ambeth R.  | author-link2 =Ambeth Ocampo  | last3 =  Peralta  | first3 = Jesus T.  | author-link3 = Jesus T. Peralta  | last4 = Rodriguez  | first4 = Felice Noelle M.   | author-link4 = Felice Noelle Rodriguez  | title = The Diorama Experience  | publisher = Ayala Museum  | date = 2004  | location = Makati))</ref> among the graves found on the Sta. Ana burial site were a number of Muslim burials.<ref name="AyalaMuseum2004"/>

Islamization was a slow process which occurred with the steady conversion of the citizenry of Tondo and Manila created Muslim domains. The Bruneians installed the Muslim rajahs, [[Rajah Sulaiman I|Rajah Salalila]] and [[Rajah Matanda]] in the south (now the [[Intramuros]] district) and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement was ruled under [[Lakan Dula]] in northern Tundun (now [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]]).<ref>Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p. 22</ref> Islamization of [[Luzon]] began in the sixteenth century when traders from Brunei settled in the Manila area and married locals while maintaining kinship and trade links with Brunei and thus other Muslim centres in Southeast Asia. The Muslims were called "[[Moros]]" by the Spanish who assumed they occupied the whole coast. There is no evidence that Islam had become a major political or religious force in the region, with Father Diego de Herrera recording that the Moros lived only in some villages and were Muslim in name only.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_UgEGu0dEC&pg=PA118|title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines|first=Linda|last=A. Newson|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824832728|year=2009))</ref>

==Economy==
Historians widely agree that the larger coastal polities which flourished throughout the Philippine archipelago in the period immediately prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers (including Tondo and Maynila) were "organizationally complex", demonstrating both economic specialization and a level of social stratification which would have led to a local demand for "prestige goods".<ref name="Jocano2001">((cite book|last = Jocano|first = F. Landa|author-link = F. Landa Jocano|title = Filipino Worldview: Ethnography of Local Knowledge|publisher = Punlad Research House, Inc.|year = 2001|location = Quezon City|isbn = 971-622-005-7))</ref>

Specialized industries in the Tagalog and Kapampangan regions, including Tondo and Maynila, included [[agriculture]], [[Weaving|textile weaving]], [[Basket weaving|basketry]], [[metallurgy]], [[carpentry]], [[hunting]], among others.<ref name="Scott1994" /> The social stratification which gave birth to the ''maginoo'' class created a demand for prestige products including [[Tradeware ceramics in the Philippines|ceramics]], silk textiles, and precious stones.<ref name="Junker1990"/> This demand, in turn, served as the impetus for both internal and external trade.

Junker notes that significant work still needs to be done in analyzing the internal/local supply and demand dynamics in pre-Spanish era polities, because much of the prior research has tended to focus on their external trading activities.<ref name="Junker1990"/> Scott notes that early Spanish lexicons are particularly useful for this analysis, because these early dictionaries captured many words which demonstrate the varied nuances of these local economic activities.<ref name="Scott1994" />

=== Trade ===
Junker describes coastal polities of Tondo and Maynila's size as "administrative and commercial centers functioning as important nodes in networks of external and internal trade."<ref name="Junker1990"/> While the basic model for the movement of trade goods in early Philippine history saw coastal settlements at the mouth of large rivers (in this case, the Pasig river delta) controlling the flow of goods to and from settlements further upriver (in this case, the upland lakeside barangays of [[Laguna de Bay]]),<ref name="Junker1990"/> Tondo and Maynila had trade arrangements which allowed them to control trade throughout the rest of the archipelago.<ref name="Scott1994" /> Scott observes that while the port of Tondo had the monopoly on arriving Chinese merchant ships, it was Maynila's fleet of trading vessels which in turn retailed them to settlements throughout the rest of the archipelago, so much so that Maynila's vessels, alongside Bornean, came to be known as "Chinese" (''sinina'').<ref name="Scott1994" />

==== Redistribution of Chinese and Japanese goods ====
The most lucrative of Tondo's economic activities involved the redistribution of Chinese goods, which would arrive in Manila bay through Tondo's port and be  distributed throughout the rest of the archipelago, mostly through Maynila's extensive shipping activities.<ref name="Scott1994" />

The Chinese and Japanese migrations to [[Malaysia|Malaya]] and the [[Philippines]] shore began in the 7th century and reached their peak after 1644 owing to the [[Manchu]] conquest of [[Ancient China|China]]. These Chinese and Japanese immigrants settled in [[Manila]], [[Pasig]] included, and in the other ports, which were annually visited by their trade [[junks]], they have cargoes of [[silk]], [[tea]], [[ceramics]], and their precious [[jade]] stones.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://beta.pasigcity.gov.ph/subpages/aboutpasig/timeline-pc.aspx |title=Pasig City |access-date=July 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707161454/http://beta.pasigcity.gov.ph/subpages/aboutpasig/timeline-pc.aspx |archive-date=July 7, 2017 |url-status=dead))</ref>

According to William Henry Scott (1982), when ships from China and Japan came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year.  In the interim, these goods would be traded throughout the rest of the archipelago. The result was that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese and Japanese directly, but from Tondo<ref name="Scott1984"/> and Maynila,<ref name="Scott1994" /> who made a tidy profit as a result.

Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says that the Tagalogs were "''more traders than warriors''",<ref name="Scott1984"/> and Scott notes in a later book (1994)<ref name="Scott1994" /> that Maynila's ships got their goods from Tondo and then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago.  People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese"  or "Japanese' (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese and Japanese goods.

=== Agriculture ===
The people of Maynila engaged in agriculture.<ref name="Scott1994" /> A report((citation needed|date=May 2017)) during the time of [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] noted of the great abundance of [[rice]], [[fowl]]s, [[wine]] as well as great numbers of [[carabao]]s, [[deer]], wild [[boar]]  and [[goat]] husbandry in Luzon. In addition, there were also great quantities of [[cotton]] and colored clothes, [[wax]], [[wine]], [[honey]] and [[date palm]]s produced by the native peoples, [[rice]], [[cotton]], [[swine]], fowls, wax and [[honey]] abound.

==== Crop production ====
Rice was the staple food of the Tagalogs and Kapampangans, and its ready availability in Luzon despite variations in annual rainfall was one of the reasons Legaspi wanted to locate his colonial headquarters on Manila bay.<ref name="Scott1994" /> Scott's study of early Tagalog lexicons revealed that the Tagalogs had words for at least 22 different varieties of rice.<ref name="Scott1994" />

In most other places in the archipelago, rootcrops served as an alternate staple in seasons when rice was not readily available.<ref name="Scott1994" /> These were also available in Luzon, but they were desired more as vegetables, rather than as a staple.<ref name="Scott1994" />  Ubi, tugi, gabi and a local root crop which the Spanish called kamoti (apparently not the same as the sweet potato, [[sweet potato]], Ipomoea batatas) were farmed in swiddens, while "laksa" and "nami" grew wild.<ref name="Scott1994" /> Sweet potatoes (now called camote) were later introduced by the Spanish.<ref name="Scott1994" />

Millet was common enough that the Tagalogs had a word which meant "milletlike": "''dawa-dawa''".((Pre-hispanic History of the Philippines))

==Notable rulers of Maynila==
===Historical rulers of Maynila===
A number of rulers of Maynila are specifically identified in historical documents, which include: 
* the epistolary firsthand accounts of the members of the Magellan and Legaspi expeditions, referred to in Spanish as "''relaciones''";<ref name="Scott1984">((Cite book | title       = Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History | last1       = Scott | first1      = William Henry | publisher   = New Day Publishers | date        = 1984 | location    = Quezon City | isbn        = 978-9711002268))</ref>  These include the Sulu and Maguindanao tarsilas, and the Batu Tarsila of Brunei.<ref name="Scott1984"/>
* various notarized genealogical records kept by the early Spanish colonial government,<ref name="Scott1994" /> mostly in the form of last wills and testaments of descendants of said rulers<ref name="Dery2001" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Name
! width=27%  | Description
! Dates
! Primary source(s)
! width=28%  | Academic reception of primary source(s)
|-
|Rajah
|| '''[[Rajah Salalila|Salalila]]'''
|| Sometimes referred to as "Rajah (Si) Lela",<ref name="Majul1973" /> and sometimes as "Rajah Sulaiman I",((Citation needed|date=June 2017)) paramount ruler of Maynila.
|| ((circa)) late 1400s and&thinsp;/&thinsp;or early 1500s <br />(died earlier than 1521) 
|| Identified as "Salalila"<ref name="Dery2001" /> in Spanish genealogical documents
|| The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures<ref name="Dery2001" /> in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Junker1998"/><br /><br /> Key scholarly works referencing Salalila include Henson (1955),<ref name="Henson1955" /> Majul (1973),<ref name="Majul1973" /> Luciano PR Santiago (1990),<ref name="Santiago1990"/> W.H. Scott (1994),<ref name="Scott1994" /> and Dery (2001).<ref name="Dery2001" /> 
|-
|| "Queen"<sup>((ref|QUEEN|[†]))</sup>
|| '''Unnamed'''<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/><br /><small>(Mother of [[Rajah Matanda|Rajah Ache]])</small>
|| Served as paramount ruler of Maynila after the death of her husband;<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/><ref name="Scott1994" /> her period of reign covered the youth of Rajah Matanda,<ref name="Scott1994" /> including the time Ache spent as commander of the Bruneian navy.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/><ref name="Scott1994" />
|| ((circa)) late 1400s and&thinsp;/&thinsp;or early 1500s<ref name="Scott1994" /> <br />(reigned ((circa)) 1521)<ref name="Scott1994" /> 
|| Identified as the mother of Prince Ache<ref name="Dery2001" /> in the accounts of Magellan expedition members ''Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz'',<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/> ''Gines de Mafra'', and ''Antonio Pigafetta''<ref name="Pigafetta1524b"/><ref name="Scott1994" />
|| Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to [[scholarly peer review]].<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/> <br /><br />The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)<ref name="Scott1984"/> genealogical documents also remains subject to scholarly peer review.<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Junker1998"/>
|-
|| Rajah
|| '''[[Rajah Matanda|Ache]]<br />(''Matanda'')'''
|| Shared the role of paramount ruler of Maynila with Rajah Sulayman, as of the Spanish advent in the early 1570s.
|| (b.) before 1521<ref name="Scott1994" /> – (d.) August 1572<ref name="Scott1994" /> 
|| Multiple firsthand accounts from the Magellan (1521) and Legaspi Expeditions (late 1560s to early 1570s);<ref name="Scott1994" /> Spanish genealogical documents<ref name="Dery2001" />
|| Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to [[scholarly peer review]].<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/> <br /><br />The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures<ref name="Dery2001" /> in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Junker1998"/>
|-
|Rajah
|| '''[[Rajah Sulayman|Sulayman]]'''
|| Shared the role of paramount ruler of Maynila with Rajah Matanda, as of the Spanish advent in the early 1570s.
|| ((circa)) 1571
|| Multiple accounts from the Legaspi Expedition (early 1570s); Spanish genealogical documents<ref name="Dery2001" />
|| Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to [[scholarly peer review]].<ref name="Scott1994" /><ref name="Junker1998"/> <br /><br />The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures<ref name="Dery2001" /> in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Junker1998"/>
|}
((note|QUEEN))<sup>[†]</sup> Term used by original [[Ethnocentrism|Hispanocentric]] text); the exact local term used by the individual was not recorded in the historical account.<ref name="AganduruMoriz1882"/>

===Legendary rulers===
A number of rulers of Maynila are known only through '''''oral histories''''', which in turn have been recorded by various documentary sources, ranging from historical documents describing oral histories, to contemporary descriptions of modern (post-colonial/national-era) oral accounts. These include:
* orally transmitted genealogical traditions, such as the Batu Tarsila, which have since been recorded and cited by scholarly accounts; 
* legends and folk traditions documented by anthropologists, local government units, the [[National Historical Institute of the Philippines]], and other official sources; and 
* recently published genealogical accounts based on contemporary research.

Academic acceptance of the details recounted in these accounts vary from case to case, and are subject to [[scholarly peer review]].

{| class="wikitable"
! title
! Name
! width=27%  | Description
! Dates
! Primary source(/s)
! width=28%  | Academic notes on primary source(/s)
|-
|| Rajah
|| '''Avirjirkaya'''
|| According to Henson (1955),<ref name="Henson1955" /> he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila<ref name="Henson1955" /> before he was defeated in 1258*<ref name="Henson1955" /> by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad,<ref name="Henson1955" /> who then established Manila as a Muslim principality.<ref name="Henson1955" /> *probably actually in the 15th century when Brunei was already Muslim and Majapahit still prominent. Majapahit did not exist yet in 1258 (it was still Singhasari) and Brunei was not yet Muslim in 1258.
|| before 1258<ref name="Majul1973" /> 
|| Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955<ref name="Henson1955" />
|| Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "''Muslims in the Philippines''",<ref name="Majul1973" /> published by the [[University of the Philippines Diliman#Colleges and Institutes|UP Asian Center]] and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts.<br /><br />The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)<ref name="Scott1984"/> genealogical documents remains subject to [[scholarly peer review]].<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Junker1998"/>
|-
|| Rajah
|| '''Ahmad'''
|| According to Henson (1955),<ref name="Henson1955" /> he established Manila as a Muslim<ref name="Henson1955" /> principality in 1258<ref name="Henson1955" /> by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.<ref name="Henson1955" />
|| ((circa)) 1258<ref name="Majul1973" /> 
|| Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955<ref name="Henson1955" />
|| Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "''Muslims in the Philippines''",<ref name="Majul1973" /> published by the [[University of the Philippines Diliman#Colleges and Institutes|UP Asian Center]] and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts.<br /><br />The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)<ref name="Scott1984"/> genealogical documents remains subject to [[scholarly peer review]].<ref name="Dery2001" /><ref name="Junker1998"/>
|}

==See also==
((div col|colwidth=))
*[[Luções]]
* [[Rajah Sulayman]]
* [[Battle of Bangkusay Channel]]
* [[History of Manila]]
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
* [[History of the Philippines (Before 1521)]]
* [[Hinduism in the Philippines]]
* [[Namayan]]
* [[Cainta (historical polity)]]
* [[Tondo (historical polity)]]
((col div end))

== Footnotes ==
((reflist|group=Notes))

==References==
((reflist|refs=

<ref name="BenitezJohannot2011">((cite book |title=Paths Of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage In The Collections Of The National Museum Of The Philippines, The Museum Nasional Of Indonesia, And The Netherlands Rijksmuseum Voor Volkenkunde |date=September 16, 2011 |publisher=Artpostasia Pte Ltd |isbn=9789719429203 |editor-last=Benitez-Johannot |editor-first=Purissima |location=Makati City, Philippines))</ref>

<ref name="Dery2001">((cite book |last=Dery |first=Luis Camara |title=A History of the Inarticulate |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=2001 |location=Quezon City |isbn=978-971-10-1069-0))</ref>

<ref name="Henson1955">((cite book |author=Henson, Mariano A |title=The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon |publisher=Villanueva Books |year=1955 |location=Manila))</ref>

<ref name="Majul1973">((cite book |author=Majul, César Adib |title=Muslims in the Philippines |publisher=University of the Philippines Asian Center |year=1973 |location=Diliman))</ref>

<ref name="Osborne2004">((cite book |last=Osborne |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Osborne |title=Southeast Asia: An Introductory History |publisher=Allen & Unwin |date=2004 |location=Australia |edition=Ninth |isbn=1-74114-448-5))</ref>

<ref name="Scott1994">((cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |title=Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=1994 |location=Quezon City |isbn=978-971-550-135-4))</ref>

))

==Further reading==
* Nick Joaquin's Almanac for Manileños
* The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal
((Existing and defunct kingdoms in the Philippines))
((Asia in topic|Islam in))
((India-related topics in Philippines))
((Asia in topic|History of))

((coord missing|Philippines))

((DEFAULTSORT:Maynila, Kingdom of))
[[Category:1571 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1500]]
[[Category:Precolonial barangays]]
[[Category:Former countries in Bruneian history]]
[[Category:Former countries in Philippine history]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:History of the Philippines (900–1565)]]
[[Category:History of Manila]]
[[Category:History of Luzon]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 1500s]]
[[Category:1500 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:City-states]]
[[Category:Former monarchies]]

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Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Native name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Resolve category redirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Maynila (historical polity).

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)"