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((Use dmy dates|date=September 2023))
((Short description|none))
((Refimprove|date=August 2018))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Piracy on Lake Nicaragua
| partof            = the [[Golden Age of Piracy]] and [[Piracy in the Caribbean]]
| image             = Pg 014 - Henry Morgan Recruiting for the Attack (bw).jpg
| image_size        = 300
| caption           = "''Henry Morgan Recruiting for the Attack", by [[Howard Pyle]].''
| date              = 1665–1857
| place             = [[Lake Nicaragua]], [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River, Nicaragua]]
| result            = Piracy and filibustering suppressed by 1857.
| combatant1        = ((flag|Spain|1785))<br>((flag|Nicaragua|1839))<br>((flag|Costa Rica|1839))<br>((flag|El Salvador|1839))<br>((flag|Guatemala|1839))
| combatant2        = [[Piracy in the Caribbean|West Indies Pirates]]<br>[[filibuster (military)|American Filibusters]]
| commander1        = ((flagicon|Spain|1785)) [[Fernando Francisco de Escobedo]]<br>((flagicon|Spain|1785)) [[Rafaela Herrera]]<br>((flagicon|Nicaragua|1839)) [[Fruto Chamorro]]<br>((flagicon|Nicaragua|1839)) [[Laureano Pineda]]<br>((flagicon|Costa Rica|1839)) [[José María Cañas]]
| commander2        = [[Henry Morgan]]<br>[[William Dampier]]<br>[[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]]<br>[[Charles Frederick Henningsen|Charles Henningsen]]
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| casualties1       = 
| casualties2       = 
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = ((Campaignbox Golden Age of Piracy))
))
((History of Nicaragua))

Between 1665 and 1857, Caribbean [[Pirate|pirates]] and [[filibuster (military)|filibuster]]s operated in [[Lake Nicaragua]] and the surrounding shores. The Spanish city of [[Granada, Nicaragua|Granada]], located on the lake, was an important trading centre for much of its early history so it was a prime target for pirates such as Welshman [[Henry Morgan]] and freebooters like [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.granadanicaragua.net/en/history.html|title=Granada Nicaragua - History|website=Granadanicaragua.net|access-date=1 September 2018))</ref>

==History==
===17th century===
[[File:Dampier Mosquito.gif|200px|left|thumb|A map from the book ''A New Voyage Round the World'', published in 1697 by the pirate William Dampier.]]
[[Lake Nicaragua]], then called the Sweet Sea, is the largest freshwater lake in Central America and is connected to the Caribbean Sea by the [[San Juan River (Nicaragua)|San Juan River]]. Due to the destruction of [[León, Nicaragua|León]] in 1610, by a [[volcano]], the port of Granada became a main centre of commercial activity and was considered the "jewel" of Spanish [[colony|colonies]] in the [[New World]].((fact|date=March 2019)) By 1650 the [[Golden Age of Piracy]] had begun in which [[buccaneer]]s from several races and nations infested the [[West Indies]]. The lake is known to have been controlled by pirates as early as 1665 when Henry Morgan led six shallow draft [[canoe]]s up the San Juan for an attack on Granada. The canoes were twelve metres long and acquired during an attack on [[Villahermosa]], Mexico, after which Morgan's sailing ships were captured by the Spanish. In June Morgan led his band up the river by night while hiding in the day and when they reached the lake the pirates stealthily crossed it and landed outside town. A general assault was then made on Granada and the Spanish were found completely off guard.  After the hostilities had ceased Morgan went after the city's treasury of silver and his men set fire to the buildings and sank all of the Spanish boats found in port.((cn|reason='http://www.paigerpenland.com/travel/ca/nicaragua/pirates.html' isn't a reliable source|date=September 2023))

The pirates escaped with an estimated 500,000 sterling silver pounds before sailing up the [[Coco River]] where Morgan allied himself with the [[Miskito people|Miskito]] [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native American]]s who participated in the sacking of several Spanish settlements in the area. Pirates also founded their own towns at the same time, among them [[Pueblo Viejo, Nicaragua|Pueblo Viejo]] and [[Bluefields]], the latter named after the Dutch pirate [[Abraham Blauvelt]]. Soon after Morgan left, the pirate [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[Gallardito]] began operating on Lake Nicaragua and in 1670 he successfully overwhelmed the [[garrison]] of Granada. Following that incident the Spanish resorted to [[Fortification|fortifying]] their territory. At one area southeast of Granada the Spanish Army [[Captain (land)|Captain]] [[Fernando Francisco de Escobedo]] began building the [[Fortress of the Immaculate Conception]] in 1673 next to a rapid in the San Juan River. The structure, made of stone, was completed in 1675 and it eventually became an important asset in keeping pirates out of the lake, even though it failed in its first test in 1685 when the English buccaneer [[William Dampier]] bypassed the fort by landing on Nicaragua's Pacific coast. Dampier then went on to attack Granada after marching overland and he burnt the colony down again on September 8. Soon after, the city of Leon, was attacked and destroyed by Dampier as well.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.naturelandings.com/pirates-of-the-rio-san-juan.aspx |title=Pirates of the Rio San Juan |access-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628215306/http://www.naturelandings.com/pirates-of-the-rio-san-juan.aspx |archive-date=2011-06-28 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

===18th century===
[[File:El Castillo-Fortaleza.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''The Fortress of the Immaculate Conception in February 2011.'']]

Since the establishment of [[British West Indies|British colonies in the West Indies]], most notably [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]], the constant conflict between Britain and Spain created a haven for pirates who also served as [[privateer]]s in war time. Pirates and [[Miskito Sambu]] filibusters attacked the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception repeatedly during the 18th century. Perhaps the most famous [[Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua|battle]] occurred in 1762 during the [[Seven Years' War]]. In the 1740s, the British had allied themselves with the Miskito Sambus, who were an ethnic group who were descended from escaped African slaves from Spanish settlements who intermarried with Native Americans; when war broke out in 1762 with Spain, the British and the Miskito began attacking Spanish settlements throughout [[Central America]]. Eventually a force of 2,000 Britons and Sambus sailed up the San Juan in more than fifty boats and canoes where they laid siege to about 100 Spaniards in the fortress on July 26. The garrison commander had died only recently leaving his daughter, the nineteen-year-old [[Rafaela Herrera]] and a [[lieutenant]], to lead the defense. Herrera shot the British commander herself on the first day of the battle and for six days afterward the two sides duelled with [[cannon]]s. Occasionally the British and Sambus would charge forward for a close quarters engagement though they were beaten back every time with heavy losses. A second [[San Juan Expedition|British expedition]] was launched in 1780 and it successfully captured the fort.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.enlaceacademico.org/uploads/media/rtn34.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726214302/http://www.enlaceacademico.org/uploads/media/rtn34.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-26 ))</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Second Battle of Rivas 1856.jpg|200px|left|thumb|''A sketch of the 1856 Costa Rican attack at the port of [[Rivas, Nicaragua|Rivas]] on Lake Nicaragua.'']]
Filibustering became popular in the 19th century, primarily in [[Latin America]] (the term originated from the Spanish word ''filibustero'' which meant pirate or buccaneer). Perhaps the most famous filibustering expedition was William Walker's [[William Walker (filibuster)#Invasion of Nicaragua|Conquest of Nicaragua]] in 1855, by which time the country was independent from Spanish rule. A civil war had broken out in 1854 between liberal and conservative forces; the conservatives, or Legitimists, held Granada while the liberals held Leon. Initially Walker had been commissioned by the liberal government of President General [[Francisco Castellón]] to bring 300 men to aid in the war against the Legitimists, but his real intentions were to take over the country, as he had in [[Baja California]] and [[Sonora]], Mexico. Walker sailed from [[San Francisco]] in May 1855 with sixty men and when he arrived in Nicaragua his small army of filibusters was increased by about 300 Americans and locals, including the pirate [[Charles Frederick Henningsen]]. After a series of [[First Battle of Rivas|battles]] against both the Legitimists and the liberals, Walker established himself as the ruler of Nicaragua and even received recognition from the American President [[Franklin Pierce]]. Recognition didn't last long though, when Walker seized property belonging to [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]'s Accessory Transit Company, the United States government withdrew their support.<ref name="about.com">((cite web|url=http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/historyofcentralamerica/a/wwalker.htm|title=Who Was William Walker? The Ultimate Yankee Imperialist|website=Latinamericanhistory.about.com|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017012910/http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/historyofcentralamerica/a/wwalker.htm|url-status=dead))</ref>

Soon after that the filibusters engaged in a [[Campaign of 1856–1857|campaign]] which ended when 4,000 [[El Salvador|Salvador]] and [[Guatemala]]n troops besieged Granada. Charles Frederick Henningsen was in command of the city at the time and he only had a few hundred men so there was no choice but to retreat to Lake Nicaragua after burning Granada for a final time. When the city was in flames, Henningsen began his retreat on December 14, 1856, leaving behind a message on a [[lance]] which read "''Here was Granada''". William Walker surrendered to the United States Navy commander [[Charles Henry Davis]] in the [[sloop-of-war]] ((USS|St. Mary's|1844|6)) on May 1, 1857 and he was later executed for piracy by the government of [[Honduras]].<ref name="about.com"/>

==See also==
*[[Republic of Baja California]]
*[[Republic of Sonora]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((Pirates))

[[Category:Colonial Central America]]
[[Category:History of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:River and lake piracy|Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Lake Nicaragua]]

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