United States Army Futures Command
AFC's shoulder sleeve insignia[1]
Founded24 August 2018[2]
Country United States
Branch United States Army
TypeArmy command
Garrison/HQAustin, Texas
Motto(s)"Forge the future"[1]
Websitewww.army.mil/futures
Commanders
Commanding general[5]GEN James E. Rainey[3]
Deputy Commanding Generals[5]LTG Richard R. Coffman
LTG David M. Hodne[4]
Command Sergeant Major[5]CSM Brian A. Hester
Deputy to the Commander[5]SES William "Willie" Nelson[6]
Insignia
Distinctive unit insignia[1]
Beret flash

The United States Army Futures Command (AFC) is a United States Army command that runs modernization projects.[a] It is headquartered in Austin, Texas.

The AFC began initial operations on 1 July 2018.[7] It was created as a peer of Forces Command (FORSCOM), Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), and Army Materiel Command (AMC).[8][9] While the other commands focus on readiness to "fight tonight", AFC aims to improve future readiness for competition with near-peers.[10][11][12] The AFC commander functions as the Army's chief modernization investment officer.[13][14]: Section 4 [Note 1][15]

It is supported by the United States Army Reserve Innovation Command (75th Innovation Command).[16]

History

See also: Transformation of the United States Army § Four Army commands

2018

Army Futures Command was established by Secretary of the Army Mark Esper to improve Army acquisition by creating better requirements and reducing the time to develop a system to meet them. [17] [18][19] [20]Between 1995 and 2009, the Army spent $32 billion on programs such as the Future Combat System[21] that were later cancelled with no harvestable content.[22] As of 2021, the Army had not fielded a new combat system in decades.[23][24][25][26][27][28]

General Mark Milley, then Army Chief of Staff, helped establish the Army Futures Command.[29] Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy played a major role in its development. Its first commander was General John Murray,[30] formerly the Army's G-8.[a]

Over his tenure as Army Secretary, Esper led a process known as "night court", working with other top service officials, to free up and shift billions of dollars into modernization programs and based the new command in Austin, Texas, an area known for its innovative, technology-focused workforce.[31] [32][33][34]The Army gave the command's chief and the leaders of new groups, dubbed "§ cross-functional teams", the authority to manage requirements and the leeway to direct dollars.

At its founding, Futures Command was focused on six priorities:[Note 2] Long-range precision fires, Next Generation Combat Vehicle, Future Vertical Lift platforms, a mobile & expeditionary Army network, air and missile defense capabilities,[35] and soldier lethality.

Murray announced plans to stand up an Army Applications Lab[Note 1] to accelerate acquisition and deployment of materiel to the soldiers, including by using artificial intelligence (AI). [36][37]

Murray also said he would hire a chief technology officer for AFC.[13][38]

A fundamental strategy was formulated, involving simultaneous integrated operations across domains.[39][40] This strategy involves pushing adversaries to standoff,[b] [43][42] by presenting them with multiple simultaneous dilemmas.[44][45][c] A goal is that by 2028, the ability to project rapid, responsive power across domains will have become apparent to potential adversaries.[46][47][d]

In 2018, Army Secretary Ryan McCarthy said Futures Command would have three areas of focus:[48]

  1. Futures and Concepts: assess gaps (needs versus opportunities,[15] given a threat).[48] Concepts for realizable future systems (with readily harvestable content)[49][50]: for definitions of terms, such as '6.3'  will flow into TRADOC doctrine, manuals, and training programs.[a]
  2. Combat Development: stabilized concepts.[49][50] Balance the current state of technology and the cash-flow requirements of the defense contractors providing the technology, that they become deliverable experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes, in an iterative process of acquisition.[51][e][f] (See Value stream)
  3. Combat Systems: experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes.[52] Transition to the acquisition, production, and sustainment programs of AMC.[53][g][h]

Army Secretary Mark Esper said that the 2018 administrative infrastructure for the Futures and Concepts Center (formerly ARCIC) and United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC, now called DEVCOM, (formerly RDECOM)) remains in place at their existing locations.[57] What has changed or will change is the layers of command (operational control, or OPCON)[58] needed to make a decision.[57]

2019

AFC declared its full operational capability in July 2019,[59][60] after an initial one-year period.[61] The FY2020 military budget allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over next five years.[62] The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.[62][63] More than 30 projects[64][65] were envisioned to become the materiel basis needed for overmatching any potential competitors in the 'continuum of conflict' over the next ten years[27][66] in multi-domain operations (MDO).[67]

From an initial 12 people at its headquarters in 2018, AFC grew to more than 17,000 people[68] across 25 states and 15 countries in 2019.[69] research facilities and personnel (including ARCIC and RDECOM) moved from other commands and parts of the Army such as the United States Army Research Laboratory.[70]

2020

ASA(ALT) Bruce Jette started xTechsearch to reward private innovators.[71][i] The COVID-19 pandemic led the Army to run an xTechsearch Ventilator Challenge.[73] TRX Systems won an xTechsearch award for technology that allows navigation in a GPS-denied environment.

2021

On 13 October 2021, Army officials said most of AFC's 31 signature systems,[74] and the four rapid capability projects of the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office would be fielded by fiscal year 2023.[75][e][f]

2022

In 2022, Army leaders projected that 24 of the top-35 priority modernization programs would be deployed by fiscal 2023.[92]

Army Secretary Christine Wormuth announced the top six areas for the Army of 2030:[93][94]: minute 43:30  1) improved intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; 2) "Coordination at greater speed";[c] 3) "Win the Fires fight"; 4) concealment[95][96] via improved mobility and reduced signature; 5) "talk often and quickly";[97][j] and 6) logistics.[93][98][46][47] [99][100] [101] [102]

By 2022, Futures Command was conducting the third annual iteration of Project Convergence: experiments and joint tests of 300 technologies by the Defense Department and its allies and partners.[103][104][105][106][107]

In October 2022, Wormuth assigned AFC to work on "Army of 2040" concepts.[a][108][94]: minute 51:00 [98][109][110] Two months later, Futures Command hosted a conference with representatives from AMC, TRADOC, FORSCOM, and Headquarters Department of the Army.[111][112][113][114] AFC is leading the development of a new Army Operating Concept (v. 1.0) for the Army of 2030 to 2040.[115][116][a]

2024

The 'All-domain sensing cross-functional team' (CFT) is standing up to support the plethora of data coming from data sources across the joint and combined services, allies, and partners.[117] This CFT is built from the existing PNT (positioning, navigation, and tracking) CFT.[117] See Combined JADC2. The contested logistics CFT was stood up in 2023.[118][101]

Organization

The commanding general is assisted by three deputy commanders.

Multi-domain operations (MDO): Friendly forces (denoted in black)[145] operating in multi-domains (gray, yellow, light blue, dark gray, and dark blue)—Space, Cyber, Air, Land, and Maritime respectively—cooperate across domains,[h] working as an integrated force against adversaries (denoted in red). These operations will disrupt these adversaries, and present them multiple simultaneous dilemmas,[c] to encourage adversaries to return to competition rather than continue a conflict.[67][146][147]

Cross-functional teams

When AFC was created in 2018, it was given eight cross-functional teams, or CFTs: one for each of the Army's six modernization priorities, and two others for broader capabilities. These teams are Long-Range Precision Fires, Next-Generation Combat Vehicles, Future Vertical Lift, the Network to include Precision Navigation and Timing, Air-and-Missile Defense, Soldier Lethality and Synthetic Training Environment.

In 2023, the Army announced that it would create a ninth team, for Contested Logistics.[148][101][149] The 2023 exercises for IndoPacom will test its prepositioned stocks.[150] The CG of Army Materiel Command is taking the lead for contested logistics.[151]

In 2018, McCarthy characterized a CFT as a team of teams, led by a requirements leader, program manager, sustainer and tester.[152] Some CFTs also have representatives of U.S. allies.[153][60] Each CFT lead is mentored by a 4-star general.[154] Each CFT can have a Capability Development Integration Directorate.[Note 2] For example, the Aviation Center of Excellence at Fort Rucker, in coordination with the Aviation Program Executive Officer (PEO), contains the Vertical Lift CFT and the Aviation CDID. "We were never above probably a total of eight people", the Aviation CFT's Brigadier General Wally Rugen said in 2018.[154] Four of the eight CFT leads have now shifted from dual-hat jobs to full-time status.

Each CFT must strike a balance amid constraints—the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment—to produce a realizable concept before a competitor achieves it.[155]

The Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC) itself serves as a kind of CFT,[a] operating at a higher level[156][157][139][158][159][160] as response to Congressional oversight, budgeting, funding, policy, and authorization for action.[49][50][161][140][162][163][164]

AFC and the CFTs are expected to unify control of the Army' s $30 billion modernization budget.[165][60]

Multi-domain operations (MDO)[h] span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.[166]: minute 17:45 [167][168][169] Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict. —This illustration is from The MDO Concept, TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1.[l]

Partners

Project Convergence is a campaign of learning to aggressively pursue an Artificial Intelligence and machine learning-enabled battlefield management system.[j]

AFC has given research funding to more than 300 colleges and universities[60] with one-year program cycles.[172] "We will come to you. You don't have to come to us," Murray said on 24 August 2018"[61]: minute 6:07 ,[173]

Multiple incubator tech hubs are available in Austin,[174] especially Capital Factory, with offices of Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) and AFWERX (USAF tech hub).[130]

AFC will work with other organizations such as Defense Innovation Unit Experimental (DIUx) as needed.[121][175]

Locations

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AFC's headquarters is based in Austin, Texas where it spreads across three locations totaling 75,000 ft2;[173] One location is a University of Texas System building at 210 W. Seventh St. in downtown Austin, on the 15th and 19th floors; UT Regents did not charge rent to AFC through December 2019.[176][177]

AFC personnel also operate in and from dozens of military installations around the country, including:

A simulation used to put leadership teams in a situation akin to a Combat Training Center rotation, "an intellectually and emotionally challenging environment that forgives the mistakes of the participants"[178][179] In a role-playing session; a trainer (not seen) must tell the virtual Soldier what the Soldier is not doing correctly. Trainers using this program show a 40% increase in their knowledge of the Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention policy.[180] These simulations are created at Army Research Laboratory (ARL) West, and ICT, Playa Vista, CA
CCDC Army Research Laboratory Neuroscience Big Data: over ten years of EEG data, comprising over 1,000 recording sessions (The Cognition and Neuroergonomics Collaborative Technology Alliance)[181]

Work

AI

In 2018, the Army secretary ordered AFC to draft an execution order to create an Army AI Task Force (A-AI TF) to support the DoD Joint AI center.[228][229][36][230] The Army AI task force establish scalable machine learning projects at Carnegie Mellon University.[231][232]

That same year, the Army Applications Laboratory was established along with AFC to help connect Army-future efforts and commercial products and ideas.[Note 1]

In 2019, the Army CIO/G-6 was ordered to create an Identity, Credential, and Access Management system to efficiently issue and verify credentials to non-person entities (AI agents and machines)[233] As well, DCS G-2 will coordinate with CG AFC, and director of A-AI TF, to provide intelligence for Long-Range Precision Fires. CG AMC will provide functional expertise and systems for maintenance of materiel with AI. AFC and A-AI TF will establish an AI test bed for experimentation, training, deployment, and testing of machine learning capabilities and workflows.[234][235][236][237]

In 2022, DEVCOM Analysis Center (DAC) signed a cooperative agreement with Northeastern University's Kostas Research Institute (KRI) to build on KRI's analytic framework, with six other universities on artificial intelligence and assistive automation (AI/AA), to further Army sub-goals ("mission effectiveness analysis, ontology for decision making, automatic target recognition, human systems integration, cyber resilience/electronic warfare threat defense, and assessing autonomous maneuver/mobility").[238]

Software

Futures Command was to stand up Army Software Factory in August 2021, to immerse soldiers and Army civilians of all ranks in modern software development, in Austin.[239][240][241][242][243] Like the Training with Industry program, participants are expected to take these practices back with them, to influence other Army people in their future assignments, and to build up the Army's capability in software development. The training program lasts three years, and will produce skill sets for trainees as product managers, user experience and user interface designers, software engineers, or platform engineers.[239] The Al Work Force Development program and this Software Factory will complement the Artificial Intelligence Task Force.[240][244] The Army has identified soldiers who can already code at Ph.D.-level, but who are in unexpected MOSs.[245] In March 2023 the Marine Corps moved its software factory to the Army's software factory in Austin, Texas.[246]

Data

The Army looks for ideas from defense contractors In 2018, for example, the Network CFT and the Program Executive Office Command, Control, Communications—Tactical (PEO C3T) hosted a forum so vendors could learn what products might soon work as testable or deployable systems.[197][247][248][249] Vendors submitted hundreds of white papers; ones with "very mature ideas" were passed to the Army's acquisition community and to the Communications-Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Center (CERDEC).[250]

The Army is interested in ways to accelerate acquisition programs. For example, this was an explicit request in the 2019 solicitation for requests for information about Future Vertical Lift.[89] In January 2020, the optionally manned fighting vehicle solicitation was cancelled when its requirements added up to an unobtainable project;[251]

Robotic combat vehicles
Robotic combat vehicle (RCV)
Project Origin unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), at Joint Multinational Readiness Center, Hohenfels, Germany[252][253][254]

By October 2021, experiments with a company-sized tele-operated / unmanned formation were underway at Camp Grayling, Michigan.[255][254][256][257] The 18 light and medium robotic combat vehicles (RCV), in concert with surrogate heavy RCVs (modified M113 armored personnel carriers), proxy manned control vehicles (MET-Ds), and drones for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), were to complete ATEC (Army Test and Evaluation Command) safety testing in May 2022[257] and live-fire drills in August 2022.[257][258]

By June 2022, Army RCVs had demonstrated some disruptive capabilities,[252] in preparation for Project Convergence 2022. At PC22, resupply by unmanned helicopters and other autonomous capabilities were demonstrated by systems from the US, Australia, and UK.[259]: min 25:30 [260][261][262]

In May 2023, Army Futures Command disclosed concepts for robotic combat platoons,[263] akin to the collaborative combat aircraft (CCA) of the Air Force.[264]

Acquisition

Futures Command works with the ASA(ALT),[265][266] who as Army Acquisition Executive (AAE),[14] has milestone decision authority (MDA)[52][28] at multiple points in a materiel development decision (MDD).[267] AFC consolidates expertise into the relevant CFT, which balances the constraints needed to realize a prototype, beginning with requirements, science and technology, test, etc., then enters the acquisition process (typically the Army prototypes on its own and, as of 2019, initiates acquisition at Milestone B in order to have the Acquisition Executive, with the concurrence of the Army Chief of Staff, decide on production as a Program of Record at Milestone C).[268] Next, refine the prototype to address the factors needed to pass the Milestone decisions A, B, and C which require Milestone decision authority (MDA) in an acquisition process.[268] This consolidation of expertise thus reduces the risks in a Materiel development decision (MDD), for the Army to admit a prototype into a program of record.) The existing processes (as of April 2018) for a Materiel development decision (MDD) have been updated to clarify their place in the Life Cycle of a program of record:[14][267][49] over 1,200 programs/projects were reviewed;[269] by October 2019, over 600 programs of record had been moved from the acquisition phase to the sustainment phase.[269] An additional life cycle management action is underway, to re-examine which of these projects or programs should be cancelled.[269]

Futures Command picks which programs to develop.[269][270][271][15] Each CFT works with the Army Acquisition Corps,[272][273][274][275][276][277] U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC), and Army Contracting Command.[267] The Principal Military Deputy to the ASA(ALT) is also deputy commanding general for Combat Systems, Army Futures Command,[14] and leads the Program Executive Officers (PEO); he has directed each PEO who does not have a CFT to coordinate with, to immediately form one, at least informally.[137]

The current acquisition system has pieces all throughout the Army. ... There's chunks of it in TRADOC and chunks of it in AMC and then other pieces. So really all we're trying to do is get them all lined up under a single command…..from concept, S&T, RDT&E, through the requirements process, through the beginnings of the acquisition system—Milestone A, B, and C.[48]

— Defense Secretary Mark Esper

The PEOs work closely with their respective CFTs.[272] Operationally, the CFTs reduce degrees of separation between Army echelons,[154] and provide a point of contact for Army reformers.[15][154]

Prototyping and experimentation

The development process will consist of one or more cycles (prototype, demonstration/testing, and evaluation,[54][278]) meant to find and discard unrealistic requirements before a project becomes a program.[60][28] "Our new approach is really to prototype as much as we can to help us identify requirements, so our reach doesn't exceed our grasp. ... A good example is Future Vertical Lift: The prototyping has been exceptional," Esper said in 2019.[279][f]

AFC activities include at least one cross-functional team, its capability development integration directorate (CDID),[280]: Para. 2b  and the associated Battle Lab,[280]: Para. 2b  for each Army Center of Excellence. Each CDID and associated Battle Lab work with their CFT to develop operational experiments and prototypes to test.[132]

ASA(ALT), in coordination with AFC, has dotted-line relationships between its PEOs and the CFTs. In particular, the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office of ASA(ALT) has a PEO to develop experimental prototype "units of action" for rapid fielding. In June 2019, the prototypes were for long-range hypersonic weapons, high-energy laser defense, and space,[281][282][283] The Army tripled its spending on speed and range capabilities from 2017 to 2019.[284][209][285][286][287]

CFTs and PEOs order up tests run by JMC and White Sands Missile Range, which hosts United States Army Test and Evaluation Command.[182][9][288][132][289] Test results are analyzed by the Research and Analysis Center at Fort Leavenworth.[132]

CCDC, now called DEVCOM (formerly RDECOM, at APG) includes the several Army research laboratory locations,[290] as well as research, development and engineering centers listed:[280][132][291]

CCDC is focusing on long-range precision fires the six RDECs and the Army Research Laboratory. As of September 2018, RDECOM's "concept of operation" is first to support the LRPF CFT,[221] with ARDEC. AMRDEC is looking to improve the energetics and efficiency of projectiles. TARDEC Ground Vehicle Center is working on high-voltage components for extended range cannon artillery that save on size and weight.[221] Two dedicated RDECOM people support the LRPF CFT, with reachback support from two dozen more at RDECOM.[292] In January 2019, RDECOM was renamed CCDC; General Murray noted that CCDC will have to support more soldier feedback, and that prototyping and testing will have to begin before a project ever becomes a program of record.[133][291]

Acquisition specialists are being encouraged to accept lateral transfers to RDECs where their skills are needed: Ground Vehicle Systems Center (formerly TARDEC, at Detroit Arsenal. Michigan), Aviation and Missile Center (formerly AMRDEC, at Redstone Arsenal), C5ISR Center (formerly CERDEC, at Aberdeen Proving Ground), Soldier Center (formerly NSRDEC, Natick, Massachusetts), and Armaments Center (formerly ARDEC, at Picatinny Arsenal) listed below.[293]

Esper said AFC will reduce the time needed to define requirements for a new program from 60 to 12 months.[294][10][58] Requirements may be reduced to "a simple statement of a problem."[295]: minute 41:50 [296][61]: minute 11:00 [122][297][291][49] The development process will consist of repeated prototyping, demonstration/testing, and evaluation, designed to find and eliminated unrealistic requirements. ASA(ALT) Bruce Jette says the acquisition community should seek to fail and find a new solution rather than commit a program to a drawn-out failure.[298][299][272]

Esper scrubbed through 800[300] modernization programs to reprioritize funding[301] for the top six modernization priorities,[165] which will consume 80% of the modernization funding,[302] of 18 systems.[302] His "night court" budget review process shifted $2.4 billion for modernization from programs that were not tied to modernization or to the 2018 National Defense Strategy.[303]

Budgets will likely restrict the fielding of new materiel to one Armor BCT per year;[304] at that rate, updates would take decades.[304][305]

In 2019, the CIO/G6 piloted "enterprise IT-as-a-service"-style service contracts at AFC. In July 2019, such a contract set up a sensitive compartmented information facility at AFC headquarters.[59]

In February 2020, the Army vice chief of staff said Army modernization was perceptibly speeding up.[306]

This Life Cycle Management (formulated in 2004)[307][308] was intended to exert the kind of operational control (OPCON)[58] needed just for the sustainment function (AMC's need for Readiness today),[298] rather than for its relevance to modernization for the future. AFC now serves as the deciding authority when moving a project in its Life Cycle, out of the Acquisition phase and into the Sustainment phase.[269][28][a]

During to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Acquisition Executive and the AFC commander created a COVID-19 task force to try to project supplier problems 30, 60, and 90 days out. In 2020, they tracked 800 programs and 35 priorities.[309]

The CFTs must balance requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment.[155][152][Note 2]

Some modernization work will be done via the Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and education, Personnel and Facilities (DOTMLPF) framework.[10][310]

The plan is to have an MDO-capable Army by 2028[d] and an MDO-ready Army by 2035.[310][311]

In 2018, McConville said TRADOC, ASA (ALT), and AFC are tied together.[312] The ASA(ALT) will coordinate the acquisition reform with AFC.[280]: Para. 1c [266][28] He also said AFC will have to be "a little bit disruptive" to institute reforms within budget in a timely way.[313]

Congress has given the Army Other Transaction Authority (OTA),[314][Note 1] which allows the PEOs to enter into Full Rate Production quicker by permitting the services to control their own programs of record, rather than DoD.[137] This strips out one layer of bureaucracy.[137][315][316] Middle tier acquisition authority is another tool.[317][318]

There is now a PEO for Rapid Capabilities (RCO) with two program managers, one for rapid prototyping, and one for rapid acquisition, of a capability.[319] Requirements are developed by the Cross-functional team (CFT).[320] In 2019 RCO became the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (RCCTO).[321]

In 2019, Futures Command was formulating multiyear enterprise campaign plans.[322][185] The planning process includes Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC), AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs), Futures and Concepts (FCC), Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC), and Army Reserve's Houston-based 75th Innovation Command. Pne goal is to formulate the plans in simple, coherent language which nests within the national security strategic documents.[322][97][323][262][324][325] By October 2022 Field Manual 3-0 said "Multi-domain Operations are at the root of all Army operations".[326]: § 1-11, p.1-3 [327]: minute 28:09 to 36:00 

A goal of AFC is overmatch of the capability of a competitor or adversary, particularly the imposition of multiple simultaneous dilemmas upon a competitor or adversary.[11] By 2021, Army leaders recognized that the multi-domain operations task force[328] could do so.[329]: min 30:45 [c]

Planning for the Army of 2040 is underway.[115][a][330]

Futures

XM1113 extended range artillery round, shown here at a range demonstration, uses a rocket-assist motor

In February 2024 the department of the Air Force announced its intention to create the Space Futures Command.[410][411]

List of commanding generals

LTG James E. Rainey assumes command of AFC from LTG James M. Richardson on 4 October 2022.

Lieutenant General John M. Murray became Army Futures Command's first commanding general upon its activation on 24 August 2018.[173][412][413][414][161][140][141][162][163][164] Lieutenant General James E. Rainey (promoted to general on 7 October 2022)[415] became AFC's second commanding general on 4 October 2022.[a]

No. Portrait Name and rank Took office Left office Term length
1
John M. Murray
General
John M. Murray		24 August 20183 December 20213 years, 101 days
-
James M. Richardson
Lieutenant General
James M. Richardson
Acting		3 December 20214 October 2022305 days
2
James E. Rainey
General
James E. Rainey		4 October 2022Incumbent1 year, 190 days

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j The CG,AFC is responsible for Force design (in the style of TRADOC's G357,[416] but applied to Force modernization, rather than training).[156] The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.[417] The AROC serves as a discussion forum of these factors.[156]
    • The Army G-8 and G-3/5/7 sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), chaired by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).[418]: diagram on p.559 [156][417]
    • The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership to guide Army staff.[418]
    • The resources are "dictated by Congress".[417]
    • A DOTMLPF analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.[419]
    • A JCIDS/ACIDS[420] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
    • A Force design to meet the materiel gaps is underway.
    • An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.
      • AR 5-22(pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a CoE or Branch proponent leader.
      • Staff uses Synchronization meetings[421]: minute 8:29  before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".[418]: p.3-1 
    • A budget request is submitted to Congress.
    • Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the combatant commanders.
  2. ^
    In standoff,[41] adversaries attempt to project protected areas against each other.[42] Within these protected areas, friends are deemed safe, but foes who attempt penetration are endangered by the capabilities of the allies arrayed against them. Outside these protected areas, adversaries compete for control, by projecting their power.
  3. ^ a b c d e Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018).
    Multi-domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: cislunar space, land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.
    • In September 2020 an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the 5 red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
    1. Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
    2. Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
    3. Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
    4. Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
    5. Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)
  4. ^ a b As informed by lessons learned in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
  5. ^ a b Andrew Eversden (17 Dec 2021) Here's the Army's 24 programs in soldiers' hands by 2023
    1. Precision Strike Missile (§ PrSM)
    2. Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA)
    3. Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) will not deploy by 1 Oct 2023.[76]
    4. Mid-range capability (§ MRC) missile, also called Strategic Mid-Range Fires (SMRF)[77]
    5. Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV)
    6. Robotic Combat Vehicle (§ RCV)
    7. Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF)
    8. Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems/ Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft System (FUAS)/(FTUAS)[78][79]
    9. Integrated Tactical Network (§ ITN) unified with § echelons above brigade, and the multi-domain task forces
    10. Common Operating Environment: Command Post Computing Environment[80]/Mounted Computed Environment (CPCE)/(MCE) See Common operational picture
    11. Command Post Integrated Infrastructure (CPI2)
    12. Mounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (MAPS)[81][82]
    13. Dismounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (DAPS)[81]
    14. Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) using high-energy lasers
    15. Indirect Fires Protection Capability: Iron Dome
    16. Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (§ LTAMDS)[83] - Patriot radar replacement
    17. Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (§ IBCS)
    18. Directed Energy Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (DE M-SHORAD)[84] High energy lasers
    19. Next Generation Squad Weapon (NGSW)
    20. Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS)
    21. Enhanced Night Vision Goggle – Binocular (ENVG-B)
    22. Reconfigurable Virtual Collective Trainer (RVCT) - Synthetic training environment
    23. IVAS Squad Immersive Virtual Trainer (SiVT) - Synthetic training environment
    24. One World Terrain/ Training Management Tools/ Training Simulation Software (OWT) / (TMT) / (TSS) - Synthetic training environment,[85]
    [74][75][86] [87] [88]
  6. ^ a b c In Future Vertical Lift, FARA and FLRAA are projected to be prototyped by 2028, with fielding by 2030.[89][90] The OMFV prototype is projected for 2025.[91]
  7. ^ a b c d e f ASA(ALT) (2018) Weapon Systems Handbook update Page 32 lists how the Weapon Systems Handbook is organized. 440 pages.
    • By Modernization priority
    • By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely—°Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
    • ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404.[52][27][54][55][41]
  8. ^ a b c The Army's unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during competition, crisis, and armed conflict".[56]
  9. ^ The 2020 xTechSearch top ten semifinalists (who will each receive $120,000) are:[72]
    • Bounce Imaging, for a tactical throwable camera (self-orienting, pointable camera)
    • GeneCapture, for deployable medical tests
    • Inductive Ventures, for magnetic braking of helicopters
    • IoT/AI, for hardware IoT AI devices
    • LynQ Technologies, for a GPS beacon
    • KeriCure, for wound care
    • MEI Micro, for Micro Electronic-Mechanical System Inertial Measurement Unit (assured position, navigation, and timing—A-PNT)
    • Multiscale Systems, for meta-material
    • Novaa, for single-aperture antennas ( multi-band rather than 1 dedicated antenna per application)
    • Vita Inclinata, stabilized anti-spin hoisting for pulling injured people on a stretcher into a hovering helicopter
    [71]
  10. ^ a b c Colin Clark (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations (ADO)
    • "A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
      • "forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
    • "it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
      • All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
  11. ^ The Combat Systems Directorate[128] was to be led by the ASA(ALT)'s Principal Military Deputy [135][136] (Principal Military Deputy (PMILDEP) to the ASA(ALT)) [14]: AD2018-15, 6b:PMILDEP will additionally be AFC director, Combat Systems [137] who will produce those developed solutions and seek feedback.[52][138] In 2022, AD2018-15 was rescinded by Army Directive AD2022-07,[139] which in turn is subject to rescission 180 days after passage of FY2023 NDAA.[140][141]
  12. ^ Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a continuum of conflict.[j] [c][170]: minute 17:45 [171]
  13. ^ Munitions such as PrSM will need to fire and then move, at targets on the move.[331][332]
  1. ^ a b c d Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. Army Applications Lab Archived 9 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine: (23 October 2018) Army Futures Command Wants YOU (To Innovate) Archived 24 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
    • —Adam Jay Harrison's list for types of Funding Authority
  2. ^ a b c d The capabilities as prioritized by the Chief of Staff, will use subject-matter experts (SMEs) in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using CFTs for:
    1. Improved long-range precision fires (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty ... PEO Ammunition (AMMO)
    2. Next Generation Combat Vehicle—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: BG Geoffrey Norman Archived 1 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine ... PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)
    3. Vertical lift platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... PEO Aviation (AVN)
    4. Mobile and expeditionary (usable in ground combat) communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
      1. Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence—Lead: BG Jeth Rey ... PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)
      2. Assured Position Navigation and Timing—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
    5. Air and missile defense—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)
    6. Soldier lethality
      1. Soldier Lethality—(Fort Moore, Georgia) Lead: BG Larry Q. Burris, Jr. ... PEO Soldier
      2. Synthetic Training Environment—(Orlando, Florida) Lead: BG William Glaser ... PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)
    7. Contested logistics—(Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: Army Materiel Command (AMC) stood up in 2023
    • Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '
  3. ^ As an example, any number of effects can be weaponized (see p.1 The New York Times 2 September 2018 "Invisible strikes may be cause of envoy's ills", describing the Microwave auditory effect), or else countered. Hypersonic vehicles are a countermeasure to ballistic missiles.

References

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    1. 'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
    2. Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
    3. Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
    4. '6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
    5. Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
      • All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
      • No new requirements once an increment is started.
    6. Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
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    • Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21
    • preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23
    • first flight in the third quarter of FY24
    • critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24
    • fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30
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  274. ^ Jacqueline M. Hames, U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center (31 January 2020) TWI: worth it Archived 21 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Training with Industry: a work-experience program for Army Acquisition officers (from captain to lieutenant colonel). "After their TWI rotation, officers are expected to identify industry best practices and implement them at their next duty station"
  275. ^ A sample career path here: Aviation Engineering director to SES Archived 12 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  276. ^ "(1 Aug 2018) Military (Officer) Corner: Army Acquisition Centralized Selection List". Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  277. ^ "(29 Apr 2015) Army Acquisition Corps Recognized". 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  278. ^ a b Jr, Sydney J. Freedberg (6 June 2019). "Army Fields Anti-Jam GPS In Germany This Fall". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  279. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 January 2019) Bell V-280 Flies 322 MPH: Army Secretary Praises Program Archived 25 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  280. ^ a b c d Secretary of the Army, Mark T. Esper, ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED STATES ARMY FUTURES COMMAND Army General order G.O.2018-10 Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
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  283. ^ Jen Judson (13 March 2019) Army Rapid Capabilities Office is getting a new name and mission Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
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  285. ^ Judson, Jen (5 June 2019). "Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons". C4ISRNet. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  286. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (19 March 2019) Army Sets 2023 Hypersonic Flight Test; Strategic Cannon Advances
  287. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (2 Oct 2020) Army Tripled OTA Prototyping To $4.8B In Just 3 Years: GAO Archived 5 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  288. ^ For example,
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  295. ^ AUSA 2018 CMF #1: Army Futures Command Unifies Force Modernization Archived 11 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine DVIDS video of panelists Gen. Murray, Sec. McCarthy, Dr. Jette, and Trae Stephens
  296. ^ Trae Stephens (6 Jun 2022) Rebooting the arsenal of democracy Archived 6 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine 4 principles for the new defense companies
  297. ^ Association of the United States Army (AUSA): Scott R. Gourley (Friday, 13 January 2017) CLOSING THE CAPABILITIES GAP: SEVEN THINGS THE ARMY NEEDS FOR A WINNING FUTURE Archived 15 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
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  301. ^ Jen Judson (17 July 2018) US Army asks Congress to shift millions in FY18 dollars. What's behind the request? Archived 7 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  302. ^ a b David Vergun (5 September 2018) Richardson confirmed as Futures Command deputy commander Archived 31 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  303. ^ FY2021 budget request: Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (13 February 2020) Army budget request eyes $2B boost for modernization Archived 13 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
    • $10.6 billion for modernization in 2021 request, up from $8.5 billion in 2020
      • LRPF: $1700 million
      • FVL: $514 million
      • OMFV: $328 million
      • MPF: $135 million
      • LTAMDS: $376 million
      • IFPC $236 million
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  305. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 January 2020) Army To Navy: Hey, We Already Get Less $$ Than You Archived 16 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Army: 26.6%; Navy: 28.7%; Air Force: 28.5%; Other: 16.3%
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  307. ^ Kern Life Cycle Management Command (LCMC) 2004 Archived 30 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  308. ^ Ed Worley (1 October 2018) Two contracting centers achieve full operational capability Archived 10 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  309. ^ Jon Harper (3 April 2020) COVID-19 NEWS: Army Trying to Mitigate Disruptions for Top Modernization Programs Archived 7 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
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  313. ^ Sydney Freeberg (6 September 2018) 'A Little Bit Disruptive': Murray & McCarthy On Army Futures Command
  314. ^ Acqnote AcqNotes (17 Jan 2017) Other Transaction Authority (OTA) Guide – 17 Jan 2017
  315. ^ Paul McCleary (31 December 2018) Amidst Turmoil, Pentagon Persists On Acquisition Reform: Ellen Lord
  316. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
  317. ^ Mr. Kinsey Kiriakos (ASA (ALT)) (20 November 2019) Army Acquisition Leaders Must "Speak Truth To Power" MTA and OTA
  318. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (27 Feb 2023) Rapid updates, flexible authorities key for modern combat, says Army acquisition chief Use DOD Instruction 5000.87 for Software Pathway (SWP) acquisition process, under middle tier acquisition authority.
  319. ^ Jen Judson (26 March 2018) The next Army program executive office will be the Rapid Capabilities Office
  320. ^ Jen Judson (7 Oct 2018) Army Rapid Capabilities Office realigned to focus on top modernization priorities
  321. ^ RCO RCCTO (2019) Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office
  322. ^ a b Phil Fountain, U.S. Army Futures Command (7 August 2019) Army Futures Command charts a campaign plan No uniforms
  323. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (14 Oct 2020) Army Seeks Open Architecture For All Air & Ground Systems: Jette In the spirit of MOSA, JADC2, & Project convergence:
    • Army Common Operating Environment (COE)
    • C5ISR/EW Modular Open Suite of Standards (CMOSS)
    • Future Air-Borne Capability Environment (FACE)
    • Integrated Sensor Architecture (ISA)
    • Sensor Open Systems Architecture (SOSA)
    • Vehicle Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY)
  324. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (13 Nov 2020) QinetiQ Delivers Armed Scout Robot To Army: RCV-L uses UGV Interoperability Profile
  325. ^ Katherine Spivey and Wendy Wagner-Smith (19 May 2021) Positioning Yourself as a Plain Language Editor
  326. ^ Headquarters, Department of the Army (1 October 2022) FM 3-0 OPERATIONS 280 pages
  327. ^ AUSA 2022 (10 Oct 2022) AUSA Contemporary Military Forum: Army 2030 - Preparing Today for Tomorrow's Fight Office of the Chief of Public Affairs
  328. ^ Andrew Feickert, Specialist in Military Ground Forces, Congressional Research Service (CRS) (31 May 2022) The Army's Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF) report IF11797
  329. ^ Christine Wormuth (10.11.2021) AUSA 2021
  330. ^ U.S. Department of Defense (28 Aug 2023) Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks Keynote Address: 'The Urgency to Innovate' (As Delivered) Replicator, introduced at the "NDIA Emerging Technologies for Defense Conference"— Replicator is meant to overcome PRC's mass with AI en masse
  331. ^ Todd South (20 Sep 2022) Army missile teams will add robots and multi-payload rockets —Hunter Blackwell, CCDC Aviation and Missile Center (AvMC)
  332. ^ US Army AvMC (16 Jun 2021) Video: Autonomous missile launcher destroys enemy threats AvMC concept video —autonomous multi-domain launcher (AML): Jen Judson (16 Jun 2021) US Army fires autonomous launcher in Pacific-focused demo AML demo at Fort Sill utilized a HIMARS launcher and the AML
  333. ^ Breaking Defense A series on: Army Strategic Fires
  334. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (28 May 2019) Beyond INF: An Affordable Arsenal Of Long-Range Missiles? INF Treaty likely to expire in August 2019
  335. ^ Loren Thompson (7 Aug 2020) Army breakthroughs in Long-range fires raise novel questions about targeting, organization, and command about SLRC, a long-barrelled cannon which uses GPS-guided munitions
  336. ^ Matthew Cox (14 September 2018) The Army is developing a new strategic cannon to devastate targets over 1,000 miles away
  337. ^ a b Sean Gallagher (10/15/2019) Bringing in the big gun: Army paves way for "strategic cannon"
  338. ^ Judson, Jen (15 October 2019). "Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle". Defense News. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  339. ^ Jen Judson (23 Mar 2022) US Army terminates science and technology effort for strategic long-range cannon
  340. ^ Eric Kowal (August 27, 2020) By Improving Artillery Shells, Picatinny Engineers Seek to Greatly Extend Range of Cannon Artillery
  341. ^ Richard P. Hansen, Scranton Army Ammunition Plant (August 19, 2020) Scranton Army Ammunition Plant Manufactures and Ships Large-Caliber Ammunition Metal Parts
  342. ^ Ashley Rocque (11 Mar 2024) Army’s $186B budget request shuffles artillery, aviation plans
  343. ^ Ashley Rocque (26 Mar 2024) Towed artillery has reached 'end of the effectiveness', Army four-star declares Rainey
  344. ^ a b c Lacdan, Joe (19 June 2019). "Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense" (PDF). Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2023. (Fyi: the "original" link at "fortblissbugle.com" is now a gaming site. Only use the archive link.)
  345. ^ a b c Jason Cutshaw (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-domain operations
  346. ^ Monica K. Guthrie, LRPF communications director (9 October 2019) Army Futures Command gains new general
  347. ^ Daniel Cebul (8 Oct 2018) Army looks to a future of integrated fire
  348. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (24 October 2019) TITAN system being developed to tie 'deep sensing' to long-range fires For use in I2CEWS battalion of a Multi-domain task force
  349. ^ Sandra Erwin (19 April 2021) U.S. Army approves plans for a future 'tactical space layer' "tactical space layer will be integrated with an existing ground station called Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN)"
  350. ^ ARL Public Affairs (16 October 2018) Researchers develop technique to locate robots, Soldiers in GPS-challenged environments
  351. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (10 June 2019) Army leaders: Space tech crucial to future combat
  352. ^ "Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing Cross Functional Team Assessment Exercise, 1-16 Aug 2019, WSMR". rfpdb.com.
  353. ^ Positioning, Navigation and Timing Assessment Exercise (PNTAX)
  354. ^ a b Koester, Jonathan (4 September 2019). "Army, JMC assess new navigation, positioning systems. Wearable A-PN". fortissbugle.com. Joint Modernization Command Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2023. (Fyi: the "original" link at "fortblissbugle.com" is now a gaming site. Only use the archive link.)
  355. ^ Mark Pomerleau (28 March 2019) If GPS goes out, the Army now has a requirement for that
  356. ^ Caitlin O'Neill, APNT CFT Public Affairs (23 August 2019) APNT CFT Hosts First Annual Assessment Exercise
  357. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (7 October 2019) Army fields anti-jam GPS, plans for thousands more by 2028
  358. ^ Dan Lafontaine, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (17 June 2019) Futures Command looks to enable plug-and-play PNT across Army platforms
  359. ^ Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
  360. ^ Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (10 March 2020) Army looks to leverage 'low Earth orbit' satellites: LEO satellites orbit 100-1200 miles above Earth
  361. ^ CCDC Army Research Laboratory (29 August 2019) Army scientists discover a new way for robots to exchange directed messages
  362. ^ Kim, M., Pallecchi, E., Ge, R. et al. (2020) Analogue switches made from boron nitride monolayers for application in 5G and terahertz communication systems. Nature Electron https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0416-x
  363. ^ Todd South (20 Nov 2020) New Army research breakthrough could lead to more powerful lasers
    • David J. Pine is investigator for ARO, using colloids of microscopic spheres which can assemble bottom-up into promising structures.
    • Mingxin He, Johnathon P. Gales, Étienne Ducrot, Zhe Gong, Gi-Ra Yi, Stefano Sacanna, & David J. Pine (23 Sep 2020) Colloidal diamond
  364. ^ Michael Howard (11 September 2020) Technology Providing Navigation in GPS-Denied Environment wins Grand Prize in xTechSearch Competition
  365. ^ Sydney J Freedberg Jr.Iron Dome Doesn't Work For Army: Gen. Murray: Interoperability with IBCS is critical, breakingdefense.com, 5 March 2020
  366. ^ Jen Judson (27 March 2019) Army debuts missile defense framework in move to counter drones, hypersonic threats
  367. ^ Paul McLeary (17 January 2019) Missile Defense Review a Multi-Billion IOU to White House
  368. ^ Miles Brown (5 July 2019) Aviation, missile commander addresses workforce CG Todd Royar's statement of his expectations
  369. ^ PROGRAM EXECUTIVE OFFICE MISSILES AND SPACE (2018) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Program Overview Archived 23 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  370. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (1 October 2018) Army Awards Northrop $289M For IBCS Missile Defense Network
  371. ^ Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (13 March 2019) FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense
  372. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service "Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year". www.army.mil. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  373. ^ Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (9 September 2019) Smart sensor network helps redirect missile The GBU-69 was redirected; FARA is slated to replace AH-64 in subsequent A3I experiments
  374. ^ Dan Gouré (20 Mar 2020) SOCOM Has Solved the Military's 'Tower of Babel' Problem
  375. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 February 2020) Future Vertical Lift: Army's Aerial Vanguard LRPF will be the prime customer for the AI targeting data provided via FVL. The Joint force is also a consumer of this data, provided by FVL's manned or unmanned missions.
  376. ^ Claire Heininger (9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-domain battle
  377. ^ Mark Pomerleau (11 April 2018) In the move to multi-domain operations, what gets lost? The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs
  378. ^ Dan Gouré (2 August 2019) Army Futures Command's Report Card After Its First Year Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability
  379. ^ ARL (24 September 2018) New Army technology guides Soldiers in complete darkness
  380. ^ Andrew Eversden (18 Oct 2021) Army Says Next-Gen AR Goggles Delayed Over Field Of View Issues
  381. ^ Joe Lacdan (13 May 2019) Augmented reality training on the horizon to give Soldiers edge in combat allows repetition, for training
  382. ^ Tom McKay (6 April 2019) The Army Just Gave a Press Demo of Microsoft's HoloLens 2 Military Prototype
  383. ^ Bridgett Siter (19 November 2019) Soldiers test new IVAS technology, capabilities with hand-on exercises IVAS: 1 Soldier Touchpoint (STP) STP is becoming rapid acquisitions methodology for AFC
  384. ^ Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (19 November 2019) The Army's tactical network empowers advanced goggle platform IVAS is under STP 2-- "In July 2020, STP 3 will fully integrate the ITN with IVAS"
  385. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 December 2019) Soldiers, Coders Surprise Army Brass By Changing IVAS Goggles FOV is turning out to be more important to the infantrymen than the range of the goggles
  386. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (9 December 2019) Third IVAS evaluation slated for July Soldier Touchpoint successfully increased IVAS FOV to 80 degrees while range of the goggles was still at 900 meters, from thermal nightsight capability
  387. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (10 February 2020) New technology recognizes faces in the dark, far away Combines night vision with facial recognition
  388. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 October 2020) From 'Frankengoggle' To Battle-Ready: Army IVAS waterproof IVAS
  389. ^ Adam Stone (30 Sep 2021) US Army makes headway on Synthetic Training Environment
  390. ^ Andrew Eversden (1 Dec 2021) Wormuth: Here's the Army's role in a Pacific fight
  391. ^ Immersive Ops (15 Nov 2021) Immersive Wisdom briefs Secretary of the Army at Project Convergence '21 on future of Army operations centers 3D Virtual Operations Center software platform
  392. ^ Caitlin M Kenney (1 Dec 2021) Army Would Have 5 'Core Tasks' in a Pacific Conflict
  393. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (6 February 2020) Army scientists on verge of nearly unbreakable battery First announced in 2015
  394. ^ U.S. Army CCDC Research Laboratory Public Affairs (5 February 2020) Army scientists look inside batteries with a molecular eye CCDC ARL "teamed with researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory" (PNNL)
  395. ^ CCDC Army Research Laboratory March 2020) Researchers imagine devices without cords or batteries[permanent dead link] Molybdenum disulphide
  396. ^ Dan Lafontaine, C5ISR Center Public Affairs (4 May 2020) In modernization push, Army researches integrated power cables for Soldiers uses technology from Foreign Comparative Testing program (FCT)
  397. ^ Dan Lafontaine, C5ISR Center Public Affairs (17 Jan 2020) Army boosts Soldier battery power for greater lethality, mobility by using silicon-based anodes
  398. ^ U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs (25 February 2020) Additive manufacturing to provide Soldiers with cutting-edge munitions They "printed the world's first 3-D hybrid microcontroller circuit on a hemisphere that survived high G environments".
  399. ^ NSRDEC Public Affairs (15 October 2018) Natick's exoskeleton work is a powerful step toward the future of Soldier lethality
  400. ^ RDECOM Soldier Center, Public Affairs Office (23 January 2019) Soldier Center partners with industry experts to advance exoskeleton technologies
  401. ^ Harvard (17 Sep 2018) Multi-joint Personalized Exosuit Breaks New Ground video clip
  402. ^ David Roza (26 Aug 2022) The Army wants exoskeletons so soldiers can defeat their worst enemy: Lower back pain Assistive technology adds 3 pounds of equipment, but stabilizes lower back
  403. ^ Jerilyn Coleman (28 Apr 2022) DEVCOM teams explore low-cost, lightweight sensors for warfighter use Chem Bio Center (CBC) sensors to detect possible hazardous contamination
  404. ^ Thomas Brading, Army News Service (29 August 2019) Army closer to delivering new infantry squad vehicle (ISV)
    • 9 Soldiers of an infantry squad will maneuver in an ISV
    • Plans to purchase 649 prototypes were approved in February 2019
    • 3 industry leaders have been named (23 Aug. 2019), to deliver ISV prototypes
      1. Oshkosh Defense/Flyer,
      2. GM Defense, and
      3. SAIC/Polaris
    • Prototypes are due for initial assessment at Aberdeen Test Center 13 November 2019 through December 2019
    • At Fort Bragg a second round of operational testing by Soldiers will be performed on the candidate ISV prototypes
    • Downselect to one vendor is expected 2nd Quarter of FY2020
  405. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (8 October 2019) Who Will Build 651 Parachuting Trucks For The Army? 2 air-drop-able prototypes from each vendor due 13 November 2019,
  406. ^ Kyle Mizokami (13 Oct 2019) Meet the Army's New Airborne Trucks
  407. ^ GM Defense LLC (8 Aug 2020) US Army Selects GM Design for Infantry Squad Vehicle
  408. ^ Ashley Roque (5 Apr 2023) US Army waves green flag for Infantry Squad Vehicle full-rate production
  409. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 December 2019) AI & Robots Crush Foes In Army Wargame
  410. ^ Michael Marrow and Theresa Hitchens (12 February 2024) Air Force launches reorganization, as Kendall warns 'We are out of time' to match China
  411. ^ Unshin Lee Harpley (12 February 2024) Saltzman Announces Fourth Space Force Field Command: Space Futures Command
  412. ^ Austin gets its general; Army Futures Command leader confirmed
  413. ^ "PN2622—Lt. Gen. John M. Murray—Army". U.S. Congress. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  414. ^ Jen Judson (12 Jul 2021) Army Futures Command chief on what his team got right — and wrong — since its founding
  415. ^ "Promotion Ceremony iho LTG James E. Rainey". DVIDS. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  416. ^ TRADOC Regulation 10-5-1 G357
  417. ^ a b c James Kennedy (2019) Force Management Model - Complete
  418. ^ a b c United States Army War College and Army Force Management School (2019-2020) How the Army Runs HTAR: A senior leader reference handbook which synthesizes "existing and developing National, Defense, Joint, and Army systems, processes, and procedures currently practiced"
  419. ^ Army Futures Command (28 Dec 2023) Army coordinates across disciplines to advance future readiness
  420. ^ James Kennedy (Aug 2022) JCIDS (ACIDS)
  421. ^ James Kennedy, CGSC (Jun 2022) AY22 Force Integration CGSC Weekly meetings on Change, Crisis, Competition, or Conflict. 50:31

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