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((Short description|Military engagement))
((About|combat|other uses|))
((more citations needed|date=April 2021))

[[File:Battle of Waterloo map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|[[British Army|British]] (red) and [[French Army|French]] (blue) armies begin engagement of the decisive [[Battle of Waterloo]], with [[Prussia]]n forces (gray) arriving from the northeast |alt=Overhead diagram of movement of forces at Battle of Waterloo]]
A '''battle''' is an occurrence of [[combat]] in [[warfare]] between opposing [[military units]] of any number or size. A [[war]] usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a [[military engagement]] that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment.<ref>p.65, Dupuy</ref> An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a [[skirmish]].

The word "battle" can also be used infrequently to refer to an entire operational campaign, although this usage greatly diverges from its conventional or customary meaning. Generally, the word "battle" is used for such campaigns if referring to a protracted combat encounter in which either one or both of the combatants had the same methods, resources, and strategic objectives throughout  the encounter. Some prominent examples of this would be the [[Battle of the Atlantic]], [[Battle of Britain]], and the [[Battle of France]], all in World War II.

[[War]]s and [[military campaign]]s are guided by [[military strategy]], whereas battles take place on a level of planning and execution known as [[operational mobility]].<ref>p.10, Glantz</ref> German strategist [[Carl von Clausewitz]] stated that "the employment of battles ... to achieve the object of war"<ref>translation of part quote from p.77, Clausewitz</ref> was the essence of [[strategy]].

== Etymology ==
Battle is a [[loanword]] from the [[Old French]] ((lang|fr|bataille)), first attested in 1297, from [[Late Latin]] ((lang|la|battualia)), meaning "exercise of soldiers and gladiators in fighting and fencing", from [[Late Latin]] (taken from Germanic) ((lang|la|battuere)) "beat", from which the English word battery is also derived via [[Middle English]] ((lang|enm|batri)).<ref>p.33, Tucker</ref><ref>See also: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/battle] Merriam-Webster Dictionary; [https://www.dictionary.com/browse/battle] Dictionary.com; and [https://www.etymonline.com/word/battle] etymonline.com.</ref>

== Characteristics ==
((history of war))

The defining characteristic of the fight as a concept in [[military science]] has changed with the variations in the organisation, employment and technology of military forces. The English [[military historian]] [[John Keegan]] suggested an ideal definition of battle as "something which happens between two [[army|armies]] leading to the moral then physical disintegration of one or the other of them" but the origins and outcomes of battles can rarely be summarized so neatly.<ref>p.302, Keegan</ref> Battle in the 20th and 21st centuries is defined as the combat between large components of the forces in a [[military campaign]], used to achieve [[military objective]]s.<ref>pp. 65–71, Dupuy</ref> Where the duration of the battle is longer than a week, it is often for reasons of [[Operations (military staff)|planning]] called an operation. Battles can be planned, [[meeting engagement|encountered]] or forced by one side when the other is unable to [[Withdrawal (military)|withdraw]] from combat.

A battle always has as its purpose the reaching of a [[mission goal]] by use of military force.<ref name = "lbcdnv">p.67, Dupuy</ref> A victory in the battle is achieved when one of the opposing sides forces the other to abandon its mission and [[surrender (military)|surrender]] its forces, [[rout]]s the other (i.e., forces it to retreat or renders it militarily ineffective for further [[combat operation]]s) or [[Battle of annihilation|annihilates]] the latter, resulting in their deaths or capture. A battle may end in a [[Pyrrhic victory]], which ultimately favors the defeated party. If no resolution is reached in a battle, it can result in a [[No-win situation|stalemate]]. A conflict in which one side is unwilling to reach a decision by a direct battle using [[conventional warfare]] often becomes an [[insurgency]].

Until the 19th century the majority of battles were of short duration, many lasting a part of a day. (The [[Battle of Preston (1648)]], the [[Battle of Nations]] (1813) and the [[Battle of Gettysburg]] (1863) were exceptional in lasting three days.) This was mainly due to the difficulty of supplying [[Army|armies]] in the field or conducting [[night combat|night operations]]. The means of prolonging a battle was typically with [[siege warfare]]. Improvements in [[transport]] and the sudden evolving of [[trench warfare]], with its siege-like nature during the [[First World War]] in the 20th century, lengthened the duration of battles to days and weeks.<ref name = "lbcdnv"/> This created the requirement for [[Tour of duty|unit rotation]] to prevent [[combat fatigue]], with troops preferably not remaining in a combat area of operations for more than a month.

[[File:Marching to Raate-road.jpg|thumb|Finnish soldiers on the [[Raate Road]]<ref>((cite book |last1=Kulju |first1=Mika |title= Raatteen tie : Talvisodan pohjoinen sankaritarina |year=2007 |publisher=Ajatus kirjat |location=Helsinki |language=fi |isbn=978-951-20-7218-7 |ref=Kulju2007))</ref><ref>((cite book |last1=Karttimo |first1=Leo |last2=Salminen|first2=K. E.|title=Rannikolta Raatteen tielle : sotaveteraanien haastatteluihin, sotapäiväkirjoihin sekä moniin muihin lähteisiin perustuva teos |year=1992 |publisher=Karttimo-Salminen yhteistyöryhmä |language=fi |isbn=952-90-3809-7|ref=Karttimo1992))</ref> during the [[Winter War]]]]
The use of the term "battle" in military history has led to its misuse when referring to almost any scale of combat, notably by strategic forces involving hundreds of thousands of troops that may be engaged in either one battle at a time ([[Battle of Leipzig]]) or operations ([[Battle of Wuhan]]). The space a battle occupies depends on the range of the [[weapon]]s of the combatants.  A "battle" in this broader sense may be of long duration and take place over a large area, as in the case of the [[Battle of Britain]] or the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]. Until the advent of [[artillery]] and [[aircraft]], battles were fought with the two sides within sight, if not reach, of each other. The depth of the battlefield has also increased in [[modern warfare]] with inclusion of the supporting units in the rear areas; supply, artillery, medical personnel etc. often outnumber the front-line combat troops.

Battles are made up of a multitude of individual combats, [[skirmish]]es and small [[engagement (military)|engagements]] and the combatants will usually only experience a small part of the battle. To the [[infantry]]man, there may be little to distinguish between combat as part of a minor raid or a big offensive, nor is it likely that he anticipates the future course of the battle; few of the British infantry who went over the top on the [[first day on the Somme]], 1 July 1916, would have anticipated that the battle would last five months. Some of the Allied infantry who had just dealt a crushing defeat to the French at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] fully expected to have to fight again the next day (at the [[Battle of Wavre]]).

==Battlespace==
((Main|Battlespace))
Battlespace is a unified strategic concept to integrate and combine [[armed forces]] for the [[military]] [[Theater (warfare)|theatre of operations]], including [[Atmosphere of Earth|air]], [[information]], [[Earth|land]], [[sea]] and [[space]]. It includes the environment, factors and conditions that must be understood to apply combat power, protect the force or complete the mission, comprising enemy and friendly [[armed forces]]; facilities; weather; terrain; and the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].

== Factors ==
Battles are decided by various factors, the number and quality of combatants and equipment, the skill of [[commanders]] and terrain are among the most prominent. Weapons and armour can be decisive; on many occasions armies have achieved victory through more advanced weapons than those of their opponents. An extreme example was in the [[Battle of Omdurman]], in which a large army of Sudanese [[Ansar (Sudan)|Mahdists]] armed in a traditional manner were destroyed by an Anglo-Egyptian force equipped with [[Maxim machine gun]]s and artillery.

On some occasions, simple weapons employed in an unorthodox fashion have proven advantageous; [[Swiss pikemen]] gained many victories through their ability to transform a traditionally defensive weapon into an offensive one. [[Zulus]] in the early 19th century were victorious in battles against their rivals in part because they adopted a new kind of spear, the [[iklwa]]. Forces with inferior weapons have still emerged victorious at times, for example in the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]]. Disciplined troops are often of greater importance; at the [[Battle of Alesia]], the Romans were greatly outnumbered but won because of superior training.

Battles can also be determined by terrain. Capturing high ground has been the main tactic in innumerable battles. An army that holds the high ground forces the enemy to climb and thus wear themselves down. Areas of jungle and forest, with dense vegetation act as force-multipliers, of benefit to inferior armies. Terrain may have lost importance in modern warfare, due to the advent of aircraft, though the terrain is still vital for camouflage, especially for [[guerrilla warfare]].

Generals and commanders also play an important role, [[Hannibal]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Khalid ibn Walid]], [[Subutai]] and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] were all skilled generals and their armies were extremely successful at times. An army that can trust the commands of their leaders with conviction in its success invariably has a higher morale than an army that doubts its every move. The British in the naval [[Battle of Trafalgar]] owed its success to the reputation of Admiral [[Lord Nelson]].

== Types ==

[[File:Marten's Poltava.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Poltava]] between Russia and Sweden, by [[Denis Martens the Younger]]]]
Battles can be fought on land, at sea, and in the air. [[Naval battle]]s have occurred since before the 5th century BC. Air battles have been far less common, due to their late conception, the most prominent being the [[Battle of Britain]] in 1940. Since the Second World War, land or sea battles have come to rely on air support. During the [[Battle of Midway]], five [[aircraft carrier]]s were sunk without either fleet coming into direct contact.

[[File:Battle Scene.jpg|thumb|Battle Scene-Detail from Deccan miniature painting, c. 19th century]]

* A [[pitched battle]] is an encounter where opposing sides agree on the time and place of combat.
* A ''battle of encounter'' (or ''encounter battle'') is a [[meeting engagement]] where the opposing sides collide in the field without either having prepared their attack or defence.
* A ''[[battle of attrition]]'' aims to inflict losses on an enemy that are less sustainable compared to one's own losses.  These need not be greater numerical losses – if one side is much more numerous than the other then pursuing a strategy based on attrition can work even if casualties on both sides are about equal.  Many battles of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in the First World War were intentionally ([[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]]) or unintentionally ([[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Somme]]) attrition battles.
* A ''battle of [[breakthrough (military)|breakthrough]]'' aims to pierce the enemy's defences, thereby exposing the vulnerable flanks which can be turned.
* A ''battle of [[encirclement]]''—the ((interlanguage link|Kesselschlacht|de)) of the German battle of manoeuvre (((lang|de|[[bewegungskrieg]])))—surrounds the enemy in a [[Pocket (military)|pocket]].
* A ''battle of [[envelopment]]'' involves an attack on one or both [[Flanking maneuver|flanks]]; the classic example being the [[double envelopment]] of the [[Battle of Cannae]].
* A ''[[battle of annihilation]]'' is one in which the defeated party is destroyed in the field, such as the French fleet at the [[Battle of the Nile]].

Battles are usually hybrids of different types listed above.

A ''[[decisive battle]]'' is one with [[political]] effects, determining the course of the war such as the [[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|Battle of Smolensk]] or bringing hostilities to an end, such as the [[Battle of Hastings]] or the [[Battle of Hattin]]. A decisive battle can change the balance of power or boundaries between countries. The concept of the ''decisive battle'' became popular with the publication in 1851 of [[Edward Shepherd Creasy|Edward Creasy]]'s ''[[The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World]]''. British [[military historian]]s [[J.F.C. Fuller]] (''The Decisive Battles of the Western World'') and [[B.H. Liddell Hart]] (''Decisive Wars of History''), among many others, have written books in the style of Creasy's work.

=== Land ===
There is an obvious difference in the way battles have been fought. Early battles were probably fought between rival hunting bands as unorganized crowds. During the [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]], the first reliably documented battle in the fifteenth century BC, both armies were organised and disciplined; during the many wars of the [[Roman Empire]], [[barbarians]] continued to use [[mob tactics]].

As the [[Age of Enlightenment]] dawned, armies began to fight in highly disciplined lines. Each would follow the orders from their officers and fight as a unit instead of individuals. Armies were divided into [[regiment]]s, [[battalion]]s, [[Company (military unit)|companies]] and [[platoon]]s. These armies would march, line up and fire in divisions.

[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], on the other hand, did not fight in lines, using guerrilla tactics. American colonists and European forces continued using disciplined lines into the [[American Civil War]].

A new style arose from the 1850s to the First World War, known as [[trench warfare]], which also led to tactical [[radio]]. [[Chemical warfare]] also began in 1915.

By the Second World War, the use of the smaller divisions, platoons and companies became much more important as precise operations became vital. Instead of the trench stalemate of 1915–1917, in the Second World War, battles developed where small groups encountered other platoons. As a result, elite squads became much more recognized and distinguishable. [[Maneuver warfare]] also returned with an astonishing pace with the advent of the [[tank]], replacing the cannon of the Enlightenment Age. Artillery has since gradually replaced the use of frontal troops. Modern battles resemble those of the Second World War, along with indirect combat through the use of aircraft and missiles which has come to constitute a large portion of wars in place of battles, where battles are now mostly reserved for capturing cities.((Citation needed|date=July 2008))

=== Naval ===
[[File:De slag bij Terheide - The Battle of Schevening - August 10 1653 (Willem van de Velde I, 1657).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Battle of Scheveningen]]'' of 1653: episode from the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]].]]
One significant difference of modern naval battles, as opposed to earlier forms of combat is the use of [[marine (military)|marines]], which introduced amphibious warfare. Today, a marine is actually an infantry regiment that sometimes fights solely on land and is no longer tied to the navy. A good example of an ancient naval battle is the [[Battle of Salamis]]. Most ancient naval battles were fought by fast ships using the [[battering ram]] to sink opposing fleets or steer close enough for boarding in hand-to-hand combat. Troops were often used to storm enemy ships as used by [[ancient Rome|Romans]] and [[piracy|pirates]]. This tactic was usually used by civilizations that could not beat the enemy with ranged weaponry. Another invention in the late [[Middle Ages]] was the use of [[Greek fire]] by the Byzantines, which was used to set enemy fleets on fire. Empty demolition ships utilized the tactic to crash into opposing ships and set it afire with an explosion. After the invention of cannons, naval warfare became useful as support units for land warfare. During the 19th century, the development of mines led to a new type of naval warfare. The [[ironclad]], first used in the [[American Civil War]], resistant to cannons, soon made the wooden ship obsolete. The invention of military [[submarine]]s, during [[World War I]], brought naval warfare to both above and below the surface. With the development of military aircraft during [[World War II]], battles were fought in the sky as well as below the ocean. [[Aircraft carriers]] have since become the central unit in naval warfare, acting as a mobile base for lethal aircraft.

=== Aerial ===
[[File:Heinkel He 111 during the Battle of Britain.jpg|thumb|[[Heinkel He 111]] bombers during the [[Battle of Britain]]]]
Although the use of aircraft has for the most part always been used as a supplement to land or naval engagements, since their first major military use in World War I aircraft have increasingly taken on larger roles in warfare. During World War I, the primary use was for reconnaissance, and small-scale bombardment. Aircraft began becoming much more prominent in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and especially World War II. Aircraft design began specializing, primarily into two types: bombers, which carried explosive payloads to bomb land targets or ships; and fighter-interceptors, which were used to either intercept incoming aircraft or to escort and protect bombers (engagements between fighter aircraft were known as [[dog fights]]). Some of the more notable aerial battles in this period include the [[Battle of Britain]] and the [[Battle of Midway]]. Another important use of aircraft came with the development of the [[helicopter]], which first became heavily used during the Vietnam War, and still continues to be widely used today to transport and augment ground forces. Today, direct engagements between aircraft are rare – the most modern fighter-interceptors carry much more extensive bombing payloads, and are used to bomb precision land targets, rather than to fight other aircraft. Anti-aircraft batteries are used much more extensively to defend against incoming aircraft than interceptors. Despite this, aircraft today are much more extensively used as the primary tools for both army and navy, as evidenced by the prominent use of helicopters to transport and support troops, the use of aerial bombardment as the "first strike" in many engagements, and the replacement of the battleship with the aircraft carrier as the center of most modern navies.

== Naming ==
[[File:Battle of Gibraltar 1607.jpg|thumb|left|[[Battle of Gibraltar (1607)|Battle of Gibraltar of 1607]], [[Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom]]]]

Battles are usually named after some feature of the battlefield [[geography]], such as a town, forest or river, commonly prefixed "Battle of...". Occasionally battles are named after the date on which they took place, such as [[The Glorious First of June]]. In the [[Middle Ages]] it was considered important to settle on a suitable name for a battle which could be used by the [[chronicler]]s. After [[Henry V of England]] defeated a French army on October 25, 1415, he met with the senior French [[herald]] and they agreed to name the battle after the nearby [[castle]] and so it was called the [[Battle of Agincourt]]. In other cases, the sides adopted different names for the same battle, such as the [[Battle of Gallipoli]] which is known in Turkey as the [[Battle of Çanakkale]]. During the American Civil War, the Union tended to name the battles after the nearest watercourse, such as the Battle of Wilsons Creek and the Battle of Stones River, whereas the Confederates favoured the nearby towns, as in the Battles of Chancellorsville and Murfreesboro. Occasionally both names for the same battle entered the popular culture, such as the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] and the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]], which are also referred to as the First and Second Battles of Manassas.

Sometimes in desert warfare, there is no nearby town name to use; map coordinates gave the name to the [[Battle of 73 Easting]] in the [[First Gulf War]]. Some place names have become [[synonymous]] with battles, such as the [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]], [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]], [[Battle of the Alamo|the Alamo]], [[Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]] and [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]. [[Military operation]]s, many of which result in battle, are given [[codename]]s, which are not necessarily meaningful or indicative of the type or the location of the battle. [[Operation Market Garden]] and [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] are examples of battles known by their military codenames. When a battleground is the site of more than one battle in the same conflict, the instances are distinguished by [[ordinal number]], such as the First and Second Battles of Bull Run. An extreme case are the twelve [[Battles of the Isonzo]]—[[First Battle of the Isonzo|First]] to [[Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo|Twelfth]]—between Italy and [[Austria-Hungary]] during the First World War.

Some battles are named for the convenience of [[military historian]]s so that periods of combat can be neatly distinguished from one another. Following the First World War, the British Battles Nomenclature Committee was formed to decide on standard names for all battles and subsidiary actions. To the soldiers who did the fighting, the distinction was usually academic; a soldier fighting at [[Beaumont Hamel]] on November 13, 1916, was probably unaware he was taking part in what the committee named the [[Battle of the Ancre]]. Many combats are too small to be battles; terms such as "action", "affair", "skirmish", "firefight", "raid", or "offensive patrol" are used to describe small military encounters. These combats often take place within the time and space of a battle and while they may have an objective, they are not necessarily "decisive". Sometimes the soldiers are unable to immediately gauge the significance of the combat; in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Waterloo]], some British officers were in doubt as to whether the day's events merited the title of "battle" or would be called an "action".((citation needed|date=February 2012))

== Effects ==
Battles affect the individuals who take part, as well as the political actors. Personal effects of battle range from mild psychological issues to permanent and crippling injuries. Some battle-survivors have nightmares about the conditions they encountered or abnormal reactions to certain sights or sounds and some experience [[Flashback (psychology)|flashbacks]]. Physical effects of battle can include scars, amputations, lesions, loss of bodily functions, blindness, paralysis and death. Battles affect [[politics]]; a decisive battle can cause the losing side to surrender, while a [[Pyrrhic victory]] such as the [[Battle of Asculum]] can cause the winning side to reconsider its goals. Battles in [[civil war]]s have often decided the fate of monarchs or political factions. Famous examples include the [[Wars of the Roses]], as well as the [[Jacobite risings]]. Battles affect the commitment of one side or the other to the continuance of a war, for example the [[Battle of Inchon]] and the [[Battle of Huế]] during the [[Tet Offensive]].

==See also==
* [[List of battles]]
* [[Military strategy]]
* [[Military tactics]]
* [[Naval battle]]
* [[Pitched battle]]
* [[Skirmisher]]
* [[War]]

== Further reading ==

* [[doi:10.1177/0022343320913305|Interstate War Battle dataset (1823–2003)]]

== References ==
((Reflist|20em))

;Sources
((refbegin))
* ((cite book |author-link=Carl von Clausewitz |last=von Clausewitz |first=Carl |title=Bemerkungen über die reine und angewandte Strategie des Herrn von Bülow oder Kritik der darin enthaltenen Ansichten |trans-title=Remarks on the Pure and Applied Strategy of Mr von Bülow or Criticism of the Views contained Therein |publisher=Verstreute [[kleine Schriften]] |editor-last=Hahlweg |editor-first=Werner |language=de |edition=repr. Biblio Verlag |location=Osnabrück |year=1979)) no isbn
* ((cite book |author-link=Trevor N. Dupuy |last=Dupuy |first=Trevor Nevitt |title=Understanding War: History and Theory of Combat |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=London |year=1992 |isbn=0-85052-293-5))
* ((cite book |author-link1=David Glantz |last1=Glantz |first1=David M. |last2=Vuono |first2=Carl E.|title=Soviet Military Operational Art: In Pursuit of Deep Battle |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1991 |isbn=0-7146-4077-8))
* ((cite book |title=The Face of Battle |author-link=John Keegan |last=Keegan |first=John |year=1976 |publisher=Pimlico |location=London |title-link=The Face of Battle |isbn=1-84413-748-1))
* ((cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Official Names of the Battles and Other Engagements Fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War, 1919 (Cmd 1138) |year=1993 |orig-year=1922 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=The Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=1-897632-06-1))
* ((cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=F. M. |last2=Hunt |first2=Sir Peter (Foreword) |title=Fighting Spirit: A Study of Psychological Factors in War |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=London |year=1978 |isbn=0-85052-236-6))
* ((cite book |last=Tucker |first=T. G. |title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin |publisher=Ares |location=Chicago |year=1976 |isbn=0-89005-172-0))
((refend))

==External links==
((Commons category|Battles))


((Military and war))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Military operations by type]]

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Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template link general (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle"