[1] Soviet Union and Soviet-aligned countries against the United States . In some cases accusations are considered well-supported or were otherwise confirmed or admitted, but other cases are controversial or contested.
For more information, see:
[ edit ] Marion Davis Berdecio , friend of Judith Coplon and Flora Wovschin (stepdaughter of Enos Wicher ) who all became involved in Soviet espionage at Columbia University Engelbert Broda , Austrian physicist, a main Soviet source of information on UK and U.S. nuclear research; ex-wife married Alan Nunn May [2] [3] [4] Guy Burgess , recruited by Soviets at Cambridge ; BBC producer; colleague of Kim Philby at UK embassy in D.C. before fleeing with Donald Maclean to USSR; led to major breach in "Special Relationship" ;[5] Boris Bukov , head of apparatus connected to Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss .Samuel Dickstein (congressman) , paid informant for Soviet NKVD Frederick Vanderbilt Field , scion of wealthy family , president of The Harvard Crimson ,Great Purge stating "... because Comrade Stalin says so, we have to believe the trials are just. He has never let us down."[6] Isaac Folkoff , senior founding member of the California Communist Party and West Coast liaison between Soviet intelligence and the Communist Party USA (CPUSA)[7] [8] Grigory Kheifets , San Francisco NKVD station chief or Rezident [9] [10] George Koval , Iowa-born agent received the Hero of Russia award from President Putin for Manhattan Project infiltration that "drastically reduced the amount of time it took for Russia to develop nuclear weapons"; died in Moscow[11] [12] [13] [14] Samuel Krafsur , TASS reporter who was mentioned prominently in the Venona filesWalter Krivitsky , close friend of Ignace Reiss ; defected to U.S. to escape Great Purge , associate of Chambers , shot dead in D.C.Rudy Lambert , head of California Communist Party, figured prominently in AEC revocation of Oppenheimer 's security clearance[8] Maxim Lieber , prominent NYC agent named by Chambers ; pled the Fifth , fled to Mexico, PolandLudwig Lore , socialist journalist for New Yorker Volkszeitung New York Post Donald Maclean , joined Soviet NKVD at Cambridge , diplomat for UK in D.C., main source of info about U.S. energy policy that helped USSR evaluate nuclear arsenal, died in MoscowAlan Nunn May , UK physicist , contemporary of Maclean at Cambridge ; confessed to giving Manhattan Project secrets to USSR which led to McMahon Act restricting sharing with UK; served 6½ of 10-year hard-labor sentence[15] [16] Isaiah Oggins , friend of Whittaker Chambers at Columbia ; NKVD agent then accused of "treason " by Soviets and summarily executed by Stalin Alexander Orlov , NKVD rezident Republican government during Spanish Civil War , defected to U.S. to escape Stalin's Great Purge Kim Philby , OBE , recruited by USSR at Cambridge , UK intelligence rep in D.C. where he covered for Guy Burgess at UK embassy; won Order of Lenin , died in MoscowJuliet Poyntz , taught at Columbia , co-founded Communist Party USA , visited Moscow during Stalin's Great Purge , returned disillusioned, disappeared in NYCVladimir Pravdin , a.k.a. Roland Lyudvigovich Abbiate, UK-born senior NKVD assassin during Great Purge , killed defector Ignace Reiss ; stationed in U.S. as head of TASS news agency; contacts included Judith Coplon and Joseph Katz Fred Rose (politician) , Canadian Member of Parliament , led Soviet spies targeting Manhattan Project exposed by Igor Gouzenko 's defection; died in PolandDavid A. Salmon , operative in State Dept. and War Dept. Marion Schultz , asset of the New York NKVD working within immigrant community during World War II Pavel Sudoplatov , top Soviet spy who accused Oppenheimer [17] William Weisband , U.S. Army signals intelligence staffer and NKVD agent handler Aldrich Ames , CIA officer, started spying for USSR as walk-in to old Soviet embassy in D.C. , sentenced to lifeFelix Bloch , U.S. State Dept. economic officer; Soviets were warned about U.S. investigation into his activities by Robert Hanssen [18] [19] David Sheldon Boone , signals Intelligence analyst at NSA , sentenced to 24 years for selling info to USSR Christopher John Boyce , one of 2 walk-in spies for USSR known as the Falcon and the Snowman , sentenced to 40 years before escape, then 28 moreJames Hall III , served 22 of 40-year sentence for espionage committed at NSA station in GermanyRobert P. Hanssen , FBI agent given 15 consecutive life sentences; betrayed existence of tunnel under Soviet embassy in D.C.; may have done most damage since Kim Philby of Cambridge Five Reino Häyhänen , Finn who spied in U.S. handled by Rudolf Abel , used the VIC cipher , defected to U.S.[20] Clarence Hiskey , CPUSA member whose association with J. Robert Oppenheimer contributed to loss of security clearance [21] Edward Lee Howard , ex-CIA officer who sold info, subtitled book The Only CIA Operative To Seek Asylum In Russia Daulton Lee , one of 2 walk-in spies for USSR known as the Falcon and the Snowman , sentenced to lifeClayton J. Lonetree , U.S. Marine , Moscow embassy guard suborned by female KGB agent; sentenced to lifeJames Walter Miller , one of Isaac Folkoff 's most valuable assets at San Francisco KGB as government censor Harold James Nicholson , former CIA officer twice convicted of espionage , sentenced to total of 33½ years in Florence supermax prisonRonald Pelton , NSA analyst, walk-in to old Soviet embassy in D.C. , sentenced to 3 concurrent life termsEarl Edwin Pitts , former FBI special agent arrested at FBI Academy in Quantico, Va. , sentenced to 27 yearsNorman J. Rees , oil engineer, Soviet agent, then double agent for FBI ; committed suicide after exposure by newspaper[22] George Trofimoff , most senior U.S. military officer ever charged with espionage, sentenced to lifeArthur Walker , brother of John Walker , sentenced to 3 life terms + 40 yearsJohn Anthony Walker , U.S. Navy senior enlisted man , spied for USSR for decades, recruited family and friends, sentenced to 3 life termsMichael Walker, son of John Walker , sentenced to life
Joseph Weinberg , KGB contact for Byron Darling; student of J. Robert Oppenheimer at Berkeley [23] [24] Jerry Whitworth , sentenced to 365 years for role in Walker spy ring ,[25] [26] Louis F. Budenz , Central Committee of Communist Party USA , editor of Daily Worker Fordham , then renounced communismRobert Menaker , operative whose father was imprisoned as a Russian revolutionary and whose niece married Victor Perlo Salmond Franklin , a communications "signaler" (sviazist ), married Sylvia Callen , worked with Morris Cohen and Milton Wolff Sylvia Caldwell , technical secretary for a Trotskyist group in NYCLona Cohen , served 8 of 20-year sentence; died in Moscow ; subject of Hugh Whitemore 's drama for stage and TV Pack of Lies Morris Cohen , served 8 of 25-year sentence; died in Moscow ; subject of Hugh Whitemore 's drama for stage and TV Pack of Lies Judith Coplon , NKGB counter-intelligence operative in U.S. Justice Dept. ; two convictions overturned on Constitutional technicalitiesEugene Dennis , senior member of Communist Party USA leadership, sentenced to 5 years for advocating overthrow of U.S. governmentDieter Gerhardt , South African Navy commodore who was convicted of spying for USSR ; alleged that Vela incident was a joint Israeli–South African nuclear test Theodore Hall , physicist who supplied high-level info from Los Alamos during Manhattan Project , a NYC walk-in, never prosecuted, fled to Cambridge, UK where he admitted guilt in media interviews[27] Clarence Hiskey , CPUSA member whose association with J. Robert Oppenheimer led to loss of security clearance Boris Morros , Hollywood producerJack Soble , sentenced to 7 years, brother of Robert Soblen Myra Soble , sentenced to 5½ yearsRobert Soblen , sentenced to life for spying at Sandia Lab , etc., but escaped to Israel , then committed suicideJane Foster Zlatovski , allegedly became member (with husband) of a Soviet espionage ring run by Jack Soble [28] Mark Zborowski , NKVD's most valuable mole inside the Trotskyist organization in Paris and NYC; served 47-month sentence for perjury[29] Victor Perlo , joined Communist Party USA at Columbia , then joined series of gov't agencies including U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Brookings Institution Harold Glasser , Director, Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA); War Production Board ; Adviser on North African Affairs Committee; U.S. Treasury Representative to the Allied High Commission in Italy Alger Hiss , Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs, U.S. State Dept. , served 3½ years for perjuryCharles Kramer , Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization; Office of Price Administration ; National Labor Relations Board ; Senate Subcommittee on Wartime Health and Education; Agricultural Adjustment Administration ; Senate Subcommittee on Civil Liberties ; Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee; Democratic National Committee (DNC)Harry Magdoff , Statistical Division of War Production Board and Office of Emergency Management ; Bureau of Research and Statistics, Works Progress Administration ; Tools Division, War Production Board ; Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U.S. Commerce Dept. Allen Rosenberg , Board of Economic Warfare ; Chief of the Economic Institution Staff, Foreign Economic Administration ; Senate Subcommittee on Civil Liberties; Senate Committee on Education and Labor; Railroad Retirement Board ; Counsel to the Secretary of the NLRB Joel Barr , met Julius Rosenberg at City College of New York (CCNY ), later spied with him and Al Sarant at Army Signal Corps lab in New Jersey ; escaped prosecution by fleeing to Soviet blocAbraham Brothman, served 2 years for conspiring to obstruct justice along with Miriam Moskowitz ; Brothman gave secret info to Elizabeth Bentley who turned it over to USSR [30] [31]
Klaus Fuchs , physicist who supplied info on UK and U.S. atomic bomb research to USSR ; served 9 of 14-year sentence in UK; died in East Germany Vivian Glassman, fiancée of Joel Barr [32]
Harry Gold , courier sentenced to 30 yearsDavid Greenglass , draftsman at Los Alamos in World War II, gave atomic bomb documents to his sister Ethel Rosenberg ; sentenced to 15 yearsRuth Greenglass , escaped prosecution in exchange for her husband's testimony against his sister and brother-in-law, the Rosenbergs Miriam Moskowitz , convicted of obstruction of justice for helping Harry Gold ; served 2 years in prison,[33] [34] [35] Harry Gold and Elizabeth Bentley [36] William Perl , active in Young Communist League at CCNY , then met Al Sarant at Columbia ; served 5 years for perjuryMorton Sobell , involved with Barr, Perl and Julius Rosenberg at CCNY ; sentenced to 30 years at Alcatraz Ethel Rosenberg , executed at Sing Sing prison for conspiracy to commit espionageJulius Rosenberg , executed at Sing Sing prison for conspiracy to commit espionageAl Sarant , stole radar secrets at Army Signal Corps lab in New Jersey , then he and his mistress abandoned their families for Soviet blocAndrew Roth , ONI liaison officer with U.S. State Dept. Saville Sax , friend of Theodore Hall at Harvard , assisted with Hall's giveaway of atomic bomb secrets from Los Alamos to Soviet mission in NYC[37] [38] Nathan Gregory Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician, Procurement Division, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Chief Economist, War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division, Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation , U.S. Commerce Dept. Helen Silvermaster (wife)Solomon Adler , U.S. Treasury Dept. official with Harry Dexter White ; returned to his native UK to teach at Cambridge ; joined Mao 's government ; died in ChinaNorman Chandler Bursler, Justice Dept. Antitrust Division [39] [40]
Frank Coe , associate of Harry Dexter White and Solomon Adler , named by Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley as a source of information for Silvermaster and Ware Group ; Coe took the Fifth many times; later joined Mao's government for the Great Leap Forward , died in red China Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to FDR ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to ChinaBela Gold , Assistant Head of Program Surveys, Bureau of Agricultural Economics , USDA ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration; U.S. Bureau of Employment SecurityIrving Kaplan , Foreign Funds Control and Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. , Foreign Economic Administration ; chief adviser to the Occupation Government in Germany George Silverman , civilian Chief Production Specialist, Material Division, U.S. Army Air Forces Air Staff, Department of War , Pentagon William Henry Taylor , Assistant Director of the Middle East Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. William Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Material and Services Division, Air Corps Headquarters, PentagonAnatole Volkov , courier for the Silvermaster group Harry Dexter White , U.S. Treasury official , collaborated with Solomon Adler , Frank Coe and Harold Glasser on failed loan program for Nationalist government of China ;[41] IMF which he helped create along with UN and World Bank [42] [43] Sound and Myrna groups [ edit ] Solomon Adler , U.S. Treasury Dept. official with Harry Dexter White ;[44] Cambridge ; joined Mao 's government ; died in ChinaCedric Belfrage , journalist; referenced as a Soviet agent in Venona project , although he may have been working as a double-agent for British Security Coordination Elizabeth Bentley courier messenger for Communist spy rings on the East Coast , testified about her activities in hearingsFrank Coe , Assistant Director, Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Special Assistant to the U.S. Ambassador in London; Assistant to the Executive Director, Board of Economic Warfare ; Assistant Administrator, Foreign Economic Administration Lauchlin Currie , Administrative Assistant to President Roosevelt ; Deputy Administrator of Foreign Economic Administration ; Special Representative to ChinaRae Elson , courier of Communist Party USA underground, was chosen by Joseph Katz to replace Elizabeth Bentley at the Soviet front organization, U.S. Shipping & Service Corp.Edward Fitzgerald , War Production Board Charles Flato , Board of Economic Warfare ; Civil Liberties Subcommittee, Senate Committee on Education and LaborBela Gold , Bureau of Intelligence, Assistant Head of Program Surveys, Bureau of Agricultural Economics , USDA ; Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization; Office of Economic Programs in Foreign Economic Administration Sonia Steinman Gold , Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Interstate Migration; U.S. Bureau of Employment SecurityIrving Goldman , Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs Jacob Golos , "main pillar" of the NKVD intelligence network in U.S., died in the arms of Elizabeth Bentley Gerald Graze , United States Civil Service Commission ; Dept. of Defense , U.S. Navy officialMaurice Halperin , Chief of Latin American Division, Research and Analysis section, OSS ; U.S. State Dept. Julius Joseph , Far Eastern section (Japanese Intelligence) OSS Irving Kaplan , U.S. Treasury Dept. Foreign Economic Administration ; UN Division of Economic Stability and Development; Chief Adviser to the Military Government of Germany Joseph Katz , part of NKGB mission recruiting members of Communist Party USA .Duncan Lee , counsel to General William Donovan , head of OSS Helen Lowry , Soviet citizen born and raised in U.S., niece of Earl Browder ; wife of Iskhak Akhmerov Harry Magdoff , Chief of the Control Records Section of War Production Board and Office of Emergency Management ; Bureau of Research and Statistics, Works Progress Administration ; Tools Division, War Production Board ; Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce , U.S. Commerce Dept. ; Statistics Division WPA Jenny Levy Miller , Chinese Government Purchasing CommissionRobert Miller , Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs; Near Eastern Division, State Dept. Willard Park , Assistant Chief of the Economic Analysis Section, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs ; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Victor Perlo , chief of the Aviation Section of the War Production Board ; head of branch in Research Section, Office of Price Administration , Dept. of Commerce ; Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Brookings Institution , head of Perlo group Mary Price , stenographer for Walter Lippmann of the New York Herald William Remington , War Production Board ; Office of Emergency Management , convicted for perjury, killed in prisonRuth Rivkin , United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration , a source for Golos-Bentley network of spiesAllan Rosenberg , Board of Economic Warfare ; Chief of the Economic Institution Staff, Foreign Economic Administration ; Civil Liberties Subcommittee, Senate Committee on Education and Labor; Railroad Retirement Board ; Counsel to the Secretary of the NLRB Bernard Schuster[45]
Greg Silvermaster , Chief Planning Technician, Procurement Division, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Chief Economist, War Assets Administration ; Director of the Labor Division, Farm Security Administration ; Board of Economic Warfare ; Reconstruction Finance Corporation , U.S. Commerce Dept. John Spivak , journalist, exposé in the New Masses charged McCormack -Dickstein Committee with suppressing evidence in Business Plot hearingsWilliam Taylor , Assistant Director of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. Helen Tenney , OSS Lud Ullman , delegate to United Nations Charter meeting and Bretton Woods conference ; Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Material and Services Division, U.S. Army Air Corps Headquarters, PentagonDavid Weintraub , U.S. State Dept. ; head of the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations ; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA); United Nations Division of Economic Stability and DevelopmentDonald Wheeler , OSS Research and Analysis divisionAnatoly Gorsky , (Anatoly Veniaminovich Gorsky, A. V. Gorsky), "Vadim", former rezident of the MGB USSR in WashingtonOlga Pravdina, former employee of the Ministry of Trade, wife of "Sergei," the rezident in New York; author of Gorsky Memo (see Vladimir Pravdin )[46]
Vladimir Pravdin , "Sergei", TASS , former rezident of the MGB USSR in New YorkMikhail A. Shaliapin [Shalyapin], "Stock" ["Shtok"][47]
Gaik Badelovich Ovakimian , former rezident of the MGB USSR in New YorkIskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov , "Albert" – former Illegal Rezident of the MGB USSR in New YorkMichael Straight , speechwriter for FDR Whittaker Chambers , U.S. State Dept. , testified against Alger Hiss Henry Collins , NRA ; USDA John Herrmann , Communist Party USA operative and courier, eventually drank himself to death in Jalisco, Mexico Alger Hiss , U.S. State Dept. , sentenced to 5 years for perjury Donald Hiss , U.S. State Dept. , younger brother of Alger Hiss Victor Perlo , became spymaster of Perlo group during World War II George Silverman , Harvard -educated statistician who gave secret Pentagon documents to Nathan Silvermaster group during World War II Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury , head of the IMF which he helped establish along with the World Bank ; highest placed Soviet asset in U.S. government[48] Bill Weisband , U.S. Army Signals Security Agency Nathaniel Weyl , joined Communist Party USA with Perlo at Columbia , confessed to espionage in Senate hearingsEnos Wicher , professor at Columbia University who also worked at Columbia's Division of War Research; stepfather of Columbia recruiter and State Department spy Flora Wovschin [ edit ] GRU (Soviet military intelligence)[ edit ] Noel Field , entered State Dept. from Harvard , associate of Paul Massing , exposed by Whittaker Chambers testimony, arrested and tortured 5 years on Soviet orders, died in HungaryHarold Glasser , Director, Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration ; War Production Board ; Adviser on North African Affairs Committee; U.S. Treasury Representative to the Allied High Commission in Italy Alger Hiss , U.S. State Dept. ; sentenced to 5 years for perjuryDonald Hiss , State Dept. ; Labor Dept. ; Interior Dept. , convicted of perjuryVictor Perlo , chief of the Aviation Section of the War Production Board ; head of branch in Research Section, Office of Price Administration , Commerce Dept. ; Division of Monetary Research, U.S. Treasury Dept. ; Brookings Institution , head of Perlo group J. Peters , a.k.a. Sándor Goldberger, leading figure of the Hungarian language section of the Communist Party USA in the 1920s and 1930s.William Ward Pigman , National Bureau of Standards ; Labor and Public Welfare CommitteeVincent Reno , mathematician at U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground George Silverman , Director of the Bureau of Research and Information Services, U.S. Railroad Retirement Board ; Economic Adviser and Chief of Analysis and Plans, Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Material and Services, War Dept. Julian Wadleigh , U.S. State Dept. , passed documents to Soviets via Whittaker Chambers in D.C.Harry Dexter White , Assistant Secretary of the Treasury with Solomon Adler and Frank Coe , head of IMF ; considered highest USSR agent in U.S. gov'tViktor Vasilevish Sveshchnikov , U.S. War Dept. Chen Han-seng , spied for Moscow, mistreated in native China during Cultural Revolution Hotsumi Ozaki , journalist, only Japanese person hanged for treason during WW2 Agnes Smedley , journalist, friend of Richard Sorge Lydia Stahl , photographer, sentenced to 4 years in FranceJoseph Benjamin Stenbuck , leading Manhattan surgeon, accused of being a dead dropIrving Charles Velson , Brooklyn Navy Yard ; American Labor Party candidate for New York State Senate Flora Wovschin , NKVD operative in U.S. State Dept. , stepdaughter of Enos Wicher , friend of Marion Davis Berdecio and Judith Coplon from Columbia Vasily Zarubin , husband of Elizabeth Zubilin Elizabeth Zubilin , recruiter in U.S. of whom Pavel Sudoplatov , head of NKVD Fourth Directorate said, "In developing J. Robert Oppenheimer as a source, Elizabeth Zubilin was essential."Moishe Stern , gained fame under his nom de guerre International Brigade during Spanish Civil War .Alfred Tilton , Latvian head of GRU in U.S., arrested by Soviets during Great Purge , sentenced to 15 years, died in Gulag Alexander Ulanovsky , a.k.a. Bill Berman, Felik, Long Man, Nathan Sherman, chief Illegal rezident GRU in U.S., then prisoner in Soviet Gulag with his familyIgnacy Witczak , GRU Illegal World War II [50] Arthur Adams , Swedish-born Hero of Russia , gave Manhattan Project information to the USSR , died in Moscow.Arvid Jacobson , Detroit teacher vetted by Whittaker Chambers , sentenced to 6 years in Finland, returned to the United States.George Koval , previously unknown Soviet agent whose infiltration of the Manhattan Project "drastically reduced the amount of time it took for Russia to develop nuclear weapons";[11] Russian President Vladimir Putin .[51] Irving Lerner , GRU agent handled by Arthur Adams , caught spying at the University of California, Berkeley .[citation needed Alexander Orlov , a.k.a. Leiba Lazarevich Feldbin, NKVD rezident Republican government during the Spanish Civil War , defected to the United States.Milton Schwartz , American who spied for Soviet military intelligence (GRU ).
^ Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America ISBN 978-0-300-08462-7 ^ Leonard Doyle (10 May 2009), "New spy book names Engelbert Broda as KGB atomic spy in Britain" , Daily Telegraph
^ Ben Macintyre (10 June 2009), "The spy who started the Cold War" , The Times
^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr; Alexander Vassiliev (2009). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 54 . ISBN 978-0-300-15572-3 Broda. ^ Andrew Lownie (2016). Stalin's Englishman: Guy Burgess, the Cold War, and the Cambridge Spy Ring ISBN 978-1-250-10099-3 ^ Sherrill, Robert (16 Oct 1983). "A Life Devoted To A Lost Cause" . New York Times . Retrieved 25 Sep 2018 . ^ John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr (1999), Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America ISBN 0300077718
^ a b Richard Polenberg (2002). In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing ISBN 978-0-8014-8661-6 ^ Rober L. Benson, The Venona Story
^ John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr (1999), Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America ISBN 0300077718
^ a b Bruno Navasky. "Koval, George Abramovich (1913-2006)" . DocumentsTalk.com . Retrieved 9 Sep 2010 . [Koval] drastically reduced the amount of time it took for Russia to develop nuclear weapons. ^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr; Alexander Vassiliev (2010). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America ISBN 978-0-300-15572-3 ^ Agence France-Presse (Nov. 3, 2007), "Russia: Award for a Soviet Spy" . The New York Times p. A11
^ William J. Broad (Nov. 12, 2007), "A Spy’s Path: Iowa to A-Bomb to Kremlin Honor" , The New York Times
^ A.P. (Jan. 25, 2003), "Alan Nunn May, 91, Pioneer In Atomic Spying for Soviets" , The New York Times
^ Jeevan Vasagar (27 Jan 2003), "Spy's deathbed confession: Atom physicist tells how secrets given to Soviet Union" , The Guardian
^ David Stout (26 Sep 1996), "Pavel Sudoplatov, 89, Dies; Top Soviet Spy Who Accused Oppenheimer" , The New York Times
^ Victor Cherkashin (Author), Gregory Feifer (2005), Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer , Basic Books ISBN 0-465-00968-9 , pp. 246–247.
^ Elliston, John (7 Mar 2001). "Spy Like Us?" . Indy Week . Durham. Retrieved 23 Sep 2018 . ^ "Reino Häyhänen" . FBI History - Famous Cases . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 25 Sep 2018 .^ Richard Polenberg (2002). In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing ISBN 978-0-8014-8661-6 ^ Special to NYTimes front page (March 2, 1976), "Spy Said He'd Kill Himself If Exposed, Then Did So" , The New York Times, p. 1
^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr; Alexander Vassiliev (2010). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America ISBN 978-0-300-15572-3 ^ Richard Polenberg (2002). In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing ISBN 978-0-8014-8661-6 ^ Jeff Stein (8 Dec 2010), "Spy Talk — Ex-intelligence official blasts Pollard lobbying" , The Washington Post
^ Nancy Skelton (9 June 1985), "Jerry Whitworth, Accused in Espionage Ring: No One Really Knew Fourth Spy Suspect" , Los Angeles Times
^ Alan Cowell (Nov. 10, 1999), "Theodore Hall, Prodigy and Atomic Spy, Dies at 74" , The New York Times, p. C31
^ Romerstein, Herbert; Breindel, Eric (2001). The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors ISBN 978-0-89526-225-7 . Retrieved 15 Oct 2011 . ^
Price, David (1998). "Obituary for Mark Zborowski" . Anthropology Newsletter (39(6):31). Retrieved 21 Sep 2018 .
^ "More Cold War Espionage Transcripts Unsealed" . National Security Archive . Retrieved 25 Sep 2018 .^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr; Alexander Vassiliev (2010). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America ISBN 978-0-300-15572-3 ^ Sibley, Katherine A. S. (2003). "Soviet Military-Industrial Espionage In the U.S.". American Communist History . 2 : 21–51. doi :10.1080/1474389032000112582 . S2CID 159949524 . ^ "Guilty" . Time . 4 Dec 1950. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 25 Sep 2018 .^ Mead, Rebecca (29 Nov 2010). "Setting It Straight" . The New Yorker . Retrieved 25 Sep 2018 . ^ "More Cold War Espionage Transcripts Unsealed" . National Security Archive . Retrieved 25 Sep 2018 .^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr (2006). "The Red Bomb and the Postwar Trials" . Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics . Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–56. ISBN 978-1-139-46024-8 . Retrieved 25 Sep 2018 . ^ NOVA (2002). "Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies — Read Venona Intercepts" . PBS.org . Retrieved 23 Sep 2018 . ^ National Counterintelligence Center. "A Counterintelligence Reader" (PDF) . Federation of American Scientists . Vol. 4, Ch. 2. p. 83. Retrieved 23 Sep 2018 . ((cite web )): CS1 maint: location (link )^ Underground Soviet Espionage (NKVD) in Agencies of the U.S. Government Archived February 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America ISBN 978-0-300-12987-8 ^
John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr (2000). "Harry Dexter White: A Most Highly Placed Spy" . Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12987-8 . Retrieved 23 Sep 2018 .
^
Steil, Benn (2013). The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order 4, 23 . ISBN 9780691149097
^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr; Alexander Vassiliev (2010). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America ISBN 978-0-300-15572-3 ^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr (2000). "Harry Dexter White: A Most Highly Placed Spy" . Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America . Yale University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-300-12987-8 . Retrieved 23 Sep 2018 . ^ Earl M. Hyde, Bernard Schuster and Joseph Katz: KGB Master Spies in the United States, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume 12, Issue 1 March 1999.
^ Underground Soviet Espionage (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government, FBI Silvermaster file, Vol. 82, pg. 327 Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine pdf, October 21, 1946.
^ *Alexander Vassiliev, Notes on A. Gorsky's Report to Savchenko S.R., 23 December 1949. "Return to Responses, Reflections and Occasional Papers" . Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2006-09-23 .
^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr; Alexander Vassiliev (2010). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America ISBN 978-0-300-15572-3 ^ Haynes, John Earl (February 2007), Cover Name, Cryptonym, CPUSA Party Name, Pseudonym, and Real Name Index: A Research Historian's Working Reference , retrieved 2007-04-29 ^ Mike Gruntman (2010). Enemy amongst Trojans : a Soviet spy at USC . Figueroa Press. ISBN 9781932800746 ^ John Earl Haynes; Harvey Klehr; Alexander Vassiliev (2010). Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America Yale University Press . ISBN 978-0-300-15572-3
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