Sovereign states

A

• Abazinia – Abazinia
• Aceh – Aceh Sultanate
  Capital: Kutaraja
• Adal – Adal Sultanate
  Capital: Dakkar
• Ahmadnagar – Ahmadnagar Sultanate
  Capital: Ahmadnagar
• Ahom – Ahom Kingdom
•  Airgíalla
•  Ailech
•  Aïr – Terene Sultanate of Aïr (to 1500)
  Capital: Agadez
• Ajuran – Ajuran Sultanate
  Capital: Mareeg
• Ağ Qoyunlu – Ağ Qoyunlu Confederation
  Capital: Tabriz
•  Alodia – Alodia
  Capital: Soba
• Andorra – Principality of Andorra
  Capital: Andorra la Vella
• Aragon – Kingdom of Aragon
  Capital: Zaragoza
• Astrakhan – Khanate of Astrakhan
  Capital: Xacitarxan
•  Ava – Kingdom of Ava
  Capital: Ava
•  Avar – Avar Khanate
  Capital: Khunzah
•  Ayutthaya – Ayutthaya Kingdom
  Capital: Ayutthaya (city)
• Aztec – Aztec Empire
  Capital: Tenochtitlan
  • Tenochtitlan
  • Texcoco
  • Tlacopan

B

•  Bamum – Kingdom of Bamum
  Capital: Fumban
•  Banu Sulaym
•  Bahmani – Bahmani Sultanate (undergoing breakup)
  Capital: Bidar
•  Bastar – Bastar State
  Capital: Jagdalpur
•  Benin – Benin Empire
  Capital: Edo
• Bengal – Sultanate of Bengal
  Capital: Gaur
•  Berar – Berar Sultanate
  Capital: Ellichpur
•  Bidar – Bidar Sultanate
  Capital: Bidar
•  Bijapur – Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate
  Capital: Bijapur
•  Bikaner
  Capital: Bikaner
•  Bonoman
  Capital: Begho
•  Borgu – Kingdom of Borgu
  Capital: New Bussa
• Bornu – Bornu Empire
  Capital: Ngazargamu
• Brunei – Bruneian Sultanate
  Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
•  Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
  Capital: Mengo
•  Bundi – Bundi State
•  Butua – Kingdom of Butua
  Capital: Khami
• Butuan – Rajahnate of Butuan
  Capital: Butuan
•  Bunyoro – Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara

C

•  Caboloan
  Capital: Binalatongan
• Cambodia
  Capital: Chaktomuk
•  Chamba – Chamba State
  Capital: Chamba
•  Champa – Chăm Pa
  Capital: Panduranga
•  China – Empire of the Great Ming
  Capital: Nanjing
  Capital: Jingshi
•  Chutiya – Chutiya Kingdom
  Capital: Sadiya
•  Circassia
  Capital: Sochi
• Clandeboye
• Cospaia - Republic of Cospaia
  Capital: Cospaia
•  Cutch – Cutch State
  Capital: Lakhiarviro

D

•  Damot – Kingdom of Damot
•  Đại Việt
  Capital: Dong Kinh
•  Dawro – Kingdom of Dawro
• Delhi – Delhi Sultanate
  Capital: Delhi
•  Demak – Sultanate of Demak
  Capital: Bintara
•  Denkyira
  Capital: Dunkwa-on-Offin
•  Desmond – Kingdom of Desmond
  Capital: Cahersiveen
• Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
  Capital: Copenhagen
•  Dizak – Principality of Dizak
•  Dulkadirids – Beylik of Dulkadir
  Capital: Maraş

E

•  England – Kingdom of England
  Capital: London
•  Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire

F

• Fermanagh
  Capital: Lisnaskea
•  France – Kingdom of France
  Capital: Paris

G

•  Gajapati – Gajapati dynasty, Odisha
  Capital: Cuttack
•  Garhwal – Kingdom of Garhwal
  Capital: Devalgarh
•  Genoa – Republic of Genoa
  Capital: Genoa
•  Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
  Capital: Sungguminasa
•  Great Fulo – Empire of Great Fulo
  Capital: Anyam-Godo
• Golden Horde – Golden Horde
  Capital: Sarai Batu
• Gujarat – Gujarat Sultanate
  Capital: Muhammadabad

H

• Hanthawaddy – Hanthawaddy Kingdom
  Capital: Hanthawaddy
•  Hausa Kingdoms
•  Hawwara
•  Holy Roman Empire (high decentralized limited elective monarchy)
• Hungary – Kingdom of Hungary
  Capital: Buda

I

•  Igala – Kingdom of Igala
  Capital: Idah
• Imereti – Kingdom of Imereti
  Capital: Kutaisi
• Inca – Inca Empire
  Capital: Cusco
•  Iroquois – Iroquois Confederacy
  Capital: Onondaga

J

•  Jaffna – Kingdom of Jaffna
  Capital: Nallur
•  Jailolo – Sultanate of Jailolo
  Capital: Jailolo
•  Jaintia – Kingdom of Jaintia
  Capital: Jaintia Rajbari
•  Jaisalmer – Kingdom of Jaisalmer
  Capital: Jaisalmer
•  Janjero – Kingdom of Janjero
  Capital: Fofa
• Japan – Ashikaga Shogunate
  Capital: Kyoto
•  Jolof – Jolof Empire
  Capital: Linguère
•  Joseon – Kingdom of Great Joseon
  Capital: Hanseong
•  Jumla – Kingdom of Jumla

K

• Kabardia – Princedom of Kabardia
  Capital: Nalchik
•  Kachari – Kingdom of Kachari
  Capital: Maibang
•  Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
  Capital: Anderaccha
• Kakheti – Kingdom of Kakheti
  Capital: Gremi
•  Kakongo – Kingdom of Kakongo
  Capital: Kinguele
•  Kalahandi – Kalahandi State
  Capital: Bhawanipatna
•  Kamata – Kingdom of Kamata
•  Kandy – Kingdom of Kandy
  Capital: Kandy
• Kangleipak – Kangleipak State
•  Kangra – Kingdom of Kangra
•  Kanker – Kanker State
  Capital: Kanker
•  Kartli – Kingdom of Kartli
  Capital: Tbilisi
•  Kashmir – Shah Mir Dynasty of Kashmir
•  Kazakh – Kazakh Khanate
  Capital: Turkistan
• Kazan – Khanate of Kazan
  Capital: Kazan
•  Khachen – Principality of Khachen
  Capital: Haterk
•  Kilwa – Kilwa Sultanate
• Knights Hospitaller – Order of Saint John
  Capital: Rhodes
•  Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
  Capital: M'banza-Kongo
•  Kotte – Kingdom of Kotte
  Capital: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
•  Kumaon – Kingdom of Kumaon
  Capital: Champawat
•  Kutai – Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate
  Capital: Pemarangan
•  Kwararafa – Kwararafa Confederacy
  Capital: Wukari

L

•  Ladakh – Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh
•  Lan Na – Lanna Kingdom
  Capital: Chiang Mai
•  Lan Xang
  Capital: Luang Prabang
• Lithuania – Grand Duchy of Lithuania
  Capital: Vilnius
•  Luwu – Kingdom of Luwu
  Capital: Wara

M

•  Madja-as – Confederation of Madja-as
  Capital: Irong-Irong
•  Magh Luirg
• Majapahit – Majapahit Empire
  Capital: Majapahit
•  Malacca – The Malay Sultanate of Malacca
  Capital: Malacca
• Maldives – Sultanate of the Maldives
  Capital: Malé
•  Mali – Mali Empire
  Capital: Niani village
•  Malwa – Malwa Sultanate
  Capital: Mandu
• Mamluk – Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo
  Capital: Cairo
•  Mandara – Kingdom of Mandara
•  Mankessim – Kingdom of Mankessim
  Capital: Mankessim
•  Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi
  Capital: Manthimba
•  Marwar – Kingdom of Marwar
  Capital: Jodhpur
•  Mayas – Maya civilization
•  Maynila – Kingdom of Maynila
•  Medri Bahri – Land of the Sea
  Capital: Debarwa
•  Mewar – Mewar Kingdom
  Capital: Chittor
•  Mewat – Mewat State
  Capital: Alwar
•  Moghulistan
  Capital: Almaliq
• Morocco – Wattasid dynasty of Morocco
  Capital: Fes
•  Mossi Kingdoms
•  Mrauk U – Kingdom of Mrauk U
  Capital: Mrauk U
•  Muisca Confederation
• Muscovy – Grand Duchy of Muscovy
  Capital: Moscow
•  Mustang – Kingdom of Mustang
  Capital: Lo Manthang
•  Mutapa – Kingdom of Mutapa
  Capital: Zvongombe

N

•  Namayan - Kingdom of Namayan
  Capital: Sapa
•  Naples – Kingdom of Naples
  Capital: Naples
• Navarre – Kingdom of Navarre
  Capital: Pamplona
•  Nepal – Malla dynasty of Nepal (divided into three kingdoms since 1482)
• Nogai – Nogai Horde
  Capital: Saray-Jük
• Noli – Republic of Noli
  Capital: Noli
•  Nri – Kingdom of Nri
  Capital: Igbo-Ukwu
•  Nupe – Kingdom of Nupe
  Capital: Bida

O

•  Oirat – Four Oirat
• Oman – Imamate of Oman
  Capital: Nizwa
• Osraige
  Capital: Kilkenny
• Ottoman Empire
  Capital: Constantinople
•  Oyo – Oyo Empire
  Capital: Oyo-Ile

P

•  Pagaruyung – Kingdom of Pagaruyung
  Capital: Pagaruyung
•  Papal States
  Capital: Rome
•  Patna – Patna State
  Capital: Balangir
• Poland – Kingdom of Poland
  Capital: Kraków
•  Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
  Capital: Lisbon
•  Prome – Kingdom of Prome
  Capital: Pyay
• Pskov – Republic of Pskov
  Capital: Pskov

R

•  Ragusa – Republic of Ragusa
  Capital: Ragusa
•  Ramazanids – Emirate of Ramadan
  Capital: Adana
•  Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
  Capital: Te Peu
•  Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
  Capital: Nyanza
• Ryazan – Principality of Ryazan
  Capital: Ryazan
• Ryukyu – Ryukyu Kingdom
  Capital: Shuri

S

•  Saloum – Kingdom of Saloum
  Capital: Kahone
• Samtskhe – Samtskhe Atabegate
  Capital: Akhaltsikhe
•  Samudera Pasai – Samudera Pasai Sultanate
  Capital: Pasai
• San Marino – Republic of San Marino
  Capital: City of San Marino
•  Saudeleur – Saudeleur dynasty
  Capital: Nan Madol
• Scotland – Kingdom of Scotland
  Capital: Edinburgh
• Senarica – Senarica Republic
  Capital: Senarica
•   Shan States (minor kingdoms of Burma)
•  Shewa – Sultanate of Shewa
  Capital: Tegulat
• Shaybanid Uzbek State (Khanate of Bukhara)
  Capital: Samarkand
•  Shilluk – Shilluk Kingdom
•  Sibir – Khanate of Sibir
  Capital: Qashliq
• Sindh – Samma dynasty of Sindh
  Capital: Thatta
•  Songhai – Songhai Empire
  Capital: Gao
•  Suket – Suket State
  Capital: Sundar Nagar
•  Sunda – Kingdom of Sunda
  Capital: Pakuan Pajajaran
• Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
  Capital: Stockholm

T

•  Tarascan state
  Capital: Tzintzuntzan (Mesoamerican site)
•   Ternate – Sultanate of Ternate
  Capital: Ternate
• Teutonic Knights – State of the Teutonic Order
  Capital: Königsberg
• Thomond – Kingdom of Thomond
•  Tibet, Phagmodrupa – Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet
  Capital: Nêdong
•  Tibet, Rinpungpa – Rinpungpa dynasty of Tibet
  Capital: Shigatse
•   Tidore – Sultanate of Tidore
  Capital: Tidore
• Timurid Empire
  Capital: Herat
• Tlaxcala – Confederacy of Tlaxcala
  Capital: Tlaxcala
• Tlemcen – Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen
  Capital: Tlemcen
•  Tondo – Tundun
  Capital: Tondo
•  Tonga – Tu'i Tonga Empire
  Capital: Mu'a (Tongatapu)
•  Tunjurs – Tunjur Kingdom
  Capital: Uri
• Tunis – Sultanate of Tunis
  Capital: Tunis
• Tyrconnell
  Capital: Kilmacrennan
  Capital: Donegal Castle
• Tyrone
•   Twipra – Kingdom of Twipra
  Capital: Khorongma

U

• Uí Maine
•  Usfurids – Usfurid dynasty

V

• Venice – Most Serene Republic of Venice
  Capital: Venice
• Vijayanagara – Vijayanagara Empire
  Capital: Vijayanagara

W

•  Warsangali – Warsangali Sultanate
  Capital: Las Khorey
•  Wehali – Sultanate of Wehali
•  Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta

Y

•  Yemen – Tahirid dynasty of Yemen
  Capital: Zabid
•  Yuan – Northern Yuan

Z

•  Zapotec – Zapotec Empire
  Capital: Mitla

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a highly decentralized collection of polities.^[1] A comprehensive list of all of its anachronistic components has been made at List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, and would be much too large to fit here.

• Austria – Archduchy of Austria
  Capital: Vienna
• Bavaria – Duchy of Bavaria
  Capital: Regensburg
• Bohemia – Kingdom of Bohemia
  Capital: Prague
• Brandenburg – Margraviate of Brandenburg
  Capital: Berlin
• Electoral Palatinate – County Palatine of the Rhine
  Capital: Heidelberg
•  Florence – Republic of Florence
  Capital: Florence
• Lorraine – Duchy of Lorraine
  Capital: Nancy
•  Savoy – Duchy of Savoy
  Capital: Chambéry
• Saxony – Electorate of Saxony
  Capital: Wittenberg
• Switzerland – Swiss Confederacy

Crowns and Unions

Crowns were composite monarchies composed of multiple countries under one ruler.

•  Kalmar Union

• Polish–Lithuanian union (federal union)

• Spain (dynastic union)
  • Aragon – Crown of Aragon

•  Castile – Crown of Castile

Non-Sovereign Territories

England

• Wales (client state) – Principality of Wales
  Capital: Cardiff

Gujarat

•  Khandesh – Faruqi dynasty of the Khandesh Sultanate (vassal)^[2]
  Capital: Burhanpur

Imereti

• Guria (client state) – Principality of Guria
  Capital: Ozurgeti
• Svaneti (subject) – Principality of Svaneti

Ottoman Empire

• Crimean Khanate – Crimean Khanate (vassal)
  Capital: Bakhchysarai
•  Wallachia – Principality of Wallachia (vassal)
  Capital: Târgoviște

Poland

•  Moldavia – Principality of Moldavia (fief)
  Capital: Suceava

Portugal

• Azores (possession)
• Brazil (colony)
• Ceuta (possession; Moroccan city captured in 1415)
• Portuguese Gold Coast (colony)
  Capital: São Jorge da Mina
• Portuguese Mozambique (colony)
  Capital: Lourenço Marques
• Príncipe (colony)
• São Tomé (colony)
• Tangier (possession)

Spain (Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon)

• Canary Islands – Kingdom of the Canary Islands
  Capital: Teguise (municipality)
•  Mellila – Mellila (Moroccan city seized in 1497)

Sunda

• Cirebon – Sultanate of Cirebon (vassal)
  Capital: Cirebon

Vijayanagara

•  Calicut – Kingdom of Kozhikode (vassal)^[3]
  Capital: Kozhikode
•  Mysore – Kingdom of Mysore (vassal)
  Capital: Mysore