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((Use dmy dates|date=June 2014))
((short description|English physician and dietetic reformer))
((Needs additional citations|date=October 2022))
((Infobox person
| name               = Thomas Allinson
| image              = Allinson TR Vanity Fair 1911-10-04.jpg
| birth_name         = Thomas Richard Allinson
| birth_date         = ((Birth date|1858|03|29|df=y))
| birth_place        = [[Hulme]], England
| death_date         = ((Death date and age|1918|11|29|1858|03|29|df=y))
| death_place        = [[Marylebone]], England
| occupation         = Physician, dietetic reformer
| spouse             = ((Marriage|Anna Pulvermacher|1888))
| children           = 4, including [[Bertrand P. Allinson]], [[Adrian Allinson]] and [[Francesca Allinson]]
))

'''Thomas Richard Allinson''' (29 March 1858 – 29 November 1918) was an English [[physician]], dietetic reformer, businessman, journalist and [[vegetarianism]] activist. He was a proponent of wholemeal ([[whole grain]]) bread consumption. His name is still used today for a bread popular in Europe, [[Allinson]] bread.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042236/http://www.allinsonflour.co.uk/index.cfm Welcome to over 100 years of Allinson quality and taste]. allinsonflour.co.uk</ref>

==Biography==

[[File:Dr. Allinson's Vegetarian Cookery 1910.png|thumb|Dr. Allinson's Vegetarian Cookery, 1910]]
Allinson was born in the [[Hulme]] district of [[Manchester]] on 29 March 1858.<ref name="Oxford">((Cite ODNB|last=Corley|first=T. A. B.|date=2019-10-10|title=Allinson, Thomas Richard (1858–1918), dietitian and businessman|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-39188|access-date=2020-07-09|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/39188))</ref> He went to school in Lancaster and Manchester and at fifteen began work as a chemist's assistant.  With money he saved and financial help from his stepfather, he was able to attend the [[Extramural medical education in Edinburgh|extramural medical school in Edinburgh]], which was less expensive than the University medical school. He graduated as a Licenciate of the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]] (LRCP, LRCS) in 1879.<ref name="Scott">((Cite journal
 | pmid = 11624001
| year = 1999
| last1 = Scott
| first1 = C. J.
| title = The life and trials of T.R. Allinson ex-L.R.C.P.ED. 1858-1918
| journal = Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
| volume = 29
| issue = 3
| pages = 258–61
| s2cid = 44953229
| url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2200/45f540c337d2f8fb85062d54e6428ea946bd.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191231041132/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2200/45f540c337d2f8fb85062d54e6428ea946bd.pdf
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2019-12-31
))</ref> After assistantships in Hull and the East End of London he established his own practice in Marylebone in 1885.

During the 1880s Allinson developed his theory of medicine, which he called Hygienic Medicine.<ref>Pepper S (1992) [http://www.historytoday.com/sarah-pepper/allinsons-staff-life-health-without-medicine-1890s Allinson's Staff of Life]. ''History Today'' 42:30–35</ref>  In place of orthodox medicine, he promoted health through diet, exercise, fresh air and bathing.  He advocated a vegetarian diet and the avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, coffee and tea.  He especially promoted the  benefits of stone-ground wholemeal breads.  He opposed the use of drugs by doctors, many of which at that time were ineffective and toxic and was a lifelong opponent of compulsory [[vaccination]] against [[smallpox]]. This approach became known as Allinsonian Medicine.<ref>((cite book|last1=Metcalfe|first1=R|title=Allinson's Essays|date=2007|publisher=Richmond Towers|page=1))</ref> He became medical editor of the ''Weekly Times and Echo'' in 1885, for which he wrote over 1000 articles during his life,<ref name="Oxford"/> as well as answering readers' medical queries.

He wrote a number of books and pamphlets directed at a general rather than medical readership, including ''A System of Hygienic Medicine'' (1886), ''How to avoid Vaccination'' (1888), ''The Advantage of Wholemeal Bread'', ''Medical Essays'' and ''A Book for Married Women'' (1894) and books on stomach diseases, consumption (tuberculosis), rheumatism, vegetarian cooking and healthy diet. He gave frequent public lectures throughout the country propounding his ideas.  In one of his books, ''The Advantages of Wholemeal Bread'' (1889), he proposed that wholemeal bread was healthier than [[White bread|white]] (or refined) bread.  He believed that smoking was a cause of [[cancer]], which was a radical idea at the time. Allinson regularly sought publicity for his theories and practices in the press and directed his energies not just towards his colleagues but directly to the public. To demonstrate the suitability of a vegetarian diet for strenuous exercise, he undertook a walk from Edinburgh to London in 1891.<ref>((cite journal|title=A Vegetarian Doctor's Walking Tour|journal=The Vegetarian Messenger|date=1892|volume=4|issue=1))</ref> He walked for 15 consecutive days, averaging ((convert|28.5|mi|km)) a day, arriving in London on Saturday, September 12.

In 1888, Allinson married Anna Pulvermacher, an artist who exhibited at the [[Royal Academy of Arts|Royal Academy]];<ref>((Cite journal |last=Brown |first=P. S. |date=January 1991 |title=Medically qualified naturopaths and the General Medical Council |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DAC0AD8D602B4BAE80367139AF6032B9/S0025727300053126a.pdf/medically-qualified-naturopaths-and-the-general-medical-council.pdf |journal=Medical History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=50–77 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300053126 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=1036269 |pmid=2008122))</ref> they had one daughter and three sons,<ref>((Cite journal |last=Scott |first=C. J. |date=July 1999 |title=The life and trials of T.R. Allinson ex-L.R.C.P.ED. 1858-1918 |url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/17_0.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=258–261 |issn=0953-0932 |pmid=11624001))</ref> including [[Bertrand P. Allinson]] and [[Adrian Allinson]].

His views often brought him into conflict with the  [[Royal College of Physicians]] of Edinburgh and the [[General Medical Council]], particularly his opposition to doctors' frequent use of toxic drugs, his opposition to vaccination and his self-promotion in the press.<ref name="Scott"/> In 1892 he was struck off the Medical Register.  Despite this he continued to practise and indeed maintained he had the largest medical practice in England.  Also at this time he was expelled from the [[Vegetarian Society]] because of his views on birth control. [[Gandhi]], who was studying law in Britain at the time and was also a member of the Vegetarian Society, spoke in favour of Allinson's right to support contraception, despite being opposed to it.

In 1892 he founded the Natural Food Company with the intention of producing and selling healthy foods; he bought a stone grinding flour mill in Bethnal Green, and a bakery was established shortly afterwards.

His ''Book for Married Women'' advocated equality of women and men, the right of a woman to choose the size of her family, and birth control.  For this he was prosecuted and convicted under the [[Obscene Publications Act 1857|Obscene Publications Act]] in 1901.  

In 1911, Allinson bought the failing magazine ''[[Vanity Fair (British magazine 1868-1914)|Vanity Fair]]'' from [[Frank Harris]]. He failed to revive its fortunes and, in 1914, ''Vanity Fair'' merged with ''Hearth and Home''.  

During [[World War I]], the food value of wholemeal bread was recognised. Although it has been claimed that Allinson was offered the right to re-register during WW1, the General Medical Council has no record of this and by that time he had no registrable qualifications. His company flourished from the increased demand for whole-grain bread and meal.  After his death, the company grew: two more stone-grinding mills were purchased in [[Newport, Monmouthshire]] and in 1921 [[Castleford|Castleford, Yorkshire]]. The mills stand to this day.

Allinson died from [[tuberculosis]], at his home in [[Marylebone]], on 29 November 1918.<ref name="Oxford" />

==Legacy==
Allinson's original bread recipe (100% whole grain flour, no fat, less yeast, more water) is still used today, though some lovers of Allinson bread report that it's not as hearty nowadays as it used to be.<ref>[https://www.uni-ulm.de/LiLL/brot/beitraege/scott_en.html Flour Power – A Scottish Perspective] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075750/http://www.uni-ulm.de/LiLL/brot/beitraege/scott_en.html |date=9 June 2008 )) at www.uni-ulm.de</ref> The advertising slogan for the brand since the 1980s is "Bread wi' nowt [''with nothing''] taken out".

==Selected publications==

*[https://archive.org/details/b2934413x_0001/page/n3 ''Medical Essays''] (5 volumes, 1892)
*[https://archive.org/details/b21533507/page/n4 ''Dr. Allinson's Vegetarian Cookery''] (1910)

== References ==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==

*P. S. Brown. (1991). [http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1036269&blobtype=pdf ''Medically Qualified Naturopaths and the General Medical Council'']. ''Medical History'' 35: 50-77.

== External links ==
((Commons category))
((wikisource author))
* ((Gutenberg author |id=5270))
* ((Internet Archive author |sname=Thomas Richard Allinson))
* ((Librivox author |id=12294))


((Veganism and vegetarianism))

((Authority control|state=expanded))

((DEFAULTSORT:Allinson, Thomas))
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:British anti-vaccination activists]]
[[Category:British nutritionists]]
[[Category:British vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:People associated with the Vegetarian Society]]
[[Category:People in alternative medicine]]
[[Category:People from Hulme]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in England]]
[[Category:Vanity Fair (British magazine) people]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cookbook writers]]

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