You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 100.24.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 17:28, 10 March 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Tks4Fish‬. The reason given is Open Proxy/Webhost: Contact stewards if you are affected. .
- Start of block: 04:22, 17 February 2021
- Expiry of block: 04:22, 17 February 2024
Your current IP address is 100.24.120.192. The blocked range is 100.24.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Battle during the Second Sino-Japanese War))
((More citations needed|date=May 2010))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Changde
| partof            = the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] of [[World War II]]
| image             = Changde battle.jpg
| image_size        = 250px
| caption           = Chinese troops in combat at Changde
| date              = ((Date range and age in years, months, weeks and days|1943|11|2|1944|1|5))
| place             = [[Changde]] and vicinity, [[Hunan]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]
| territory         = Japanese capture the city, but later withdraw in January 1944
| result            = Chinese defensive victory
| combatant1        = ((flagicon|Republic of China (1912–49))) [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| combatant2        = ((flagicon|Empire of Japan)) [[Empire of Japan]]
| commander1        = ((flagicon| Republic of China (1912–1949)|army)) [[Sun Lianzhong]]<br />((flagicon| Republic of China (1912–1949)|army)) [[Xue Yue]]<br />((flagicon| Republic of China (1912–1949)|army)) [[Feng Zhi'an]]<br />((flagicon| Republic of China (1912–1949)|army)) [[Li Yutang]]<br />((flagicon|Republic of China (1912–49)|army)) [[Wang Yaowu]]<br />((flagicon| Republic of China (1912–1949)|army)) [[Liu Chen-san]]
| commander2        = ((flagicon|Empire of Japan|army)) [[Isamu Yokoyama]]
| strength1         = 8,000+ (Changde itself was defended by the 8,000-strong 57th Division)
| strength2         = 60,000+
| casualties1       = 7,900+ killed (57th Division suffered 7,900 killed and 100 wounded)
| casualties2       = Japanese claim:<br/>1,274 dead<br/>2,977 wounded<br/><br/>American and British claims: 40,000+ killed and wounded
Thousands of guns, ammunitions, shells, and prisoners taken and captured.
))
((Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War))
((Campaignbox Pacific War))
((Japanese colonial campaigns))
((Campaignbox World War II))

The '''Battle of Changde''' ('''Battle of Changteh'''; ((zh|t=常德會戰|s=常德会战|p=Chángdé Huìzhàn))) was a major engagement in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in and around the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Chinese]] city of [[Changde]] (Changteh) in the province of [[Hunan]]. During the battle, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] extensively used [[chemical weapons]].

The purpose of the Japanese offensive was to maintain pressure on the Chinese [[National Revolutionary Army]] to reduce its combat ability in the region and its ability to reinforce the [[Burma Campaign]].<ref name=H161>((cite book |editor1-last=Hsiung |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-first=Steven I. |editor2-last=Levine |title=China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan 1937–1945 |publisher=M. E. Sharp |location=Armonk, N.Y. |date=1991 |page=161 |isbn= 9780873327084))</ref><ref>[http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-71/JM-71.PDF Japanese Monograph No. 71, "Army Operations in China"], pp. 170</ref>

The Japanese were initially successful in their offensive operation by bacteria-infected bombs and captured parts of the city of Changde, which forced civilians to evacuate. The Japanese were pinned down in the city by a Chinese division long enough for other Chinese units to surround them with a counterencirclement. Heavy casualties and the loss of their supply lines then forced the Japanese to withdraw, which returned territorial control to the original status quo.

Some contemporary Western newspapers depicted the battle as a Chinese victory.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YscAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 |title=The American Year Book: Volume 29|first1=Simon Newton Dexter |last1=North |first2=Francis Graham |last2=Wickware |first3=Albert Bushnell |last3=Hart |year=1944|publisher=T. Nelson & Sons|page=94|access-date=2010-06-28))</ref><ref>((cite book |title=Russia's Race for Asia |first=George |last=Creel |year=1949 |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill Co. |page=214))</ref><ref>((cite book|title=Free World, Volume 8|year=1944|publisher=Free World, Inc.|page=309))</ref><ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgQVAAAAMAAJ |title=Amerasia, Volume 7|first=Philip J. |last=Jaffe|author-link=Philip J. Jaffe|year=1943|publisher=Amerasia |access-date=2010-06-28))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45 |title=Chinese Victory |magazine=Life |date=21 February 1944 |publisher=Time Inc.|access-date=5 June 2016|via=Google Books |page=45))</ref> American government film footage showed victorious Chinese troops with Japanese prisoners and captured Japanese flags and equipment on display after the battle. In addition, an American newsreel titled ''Chinese troops drive Japs from Changteh'' showed Chinese troops firing, with dead and captured Japanese on display. A British newsreel titled ''Japs Loose Changteh Aka Japs Lose Changte'' showed similar footage.

==Japanese offensive==
[[File:Location of Changde Prefecture within Hunan (China).png|thumb|Location of [[Changde]] within [[Hunan|Hunan Province]] of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]]]
On 2 November 1943 [[Isamu Yokoyama]], commander of the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Japanese]] [[Eleventh Army (Japan)|11th Army]], deployed the [[39th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|39th]], [[58th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|58th]], [[13th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|13th]], [[3rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|3rd]], [[116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|116th]] and [[68th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|68th divisions]]—a total of around 60,000 troops—to attack Changde from the north and the east. The Changde region was defended by the Chinese 6th War Zone's 10th, 26th, 29th and 33rd Army Groups, as well as a river defense force and two other corps, for a total of 14 corps.

On 14 November the Japanese 13th Division, with aid from [[Collaborationist Chinese Army|collaborators]], drove south and broke through the defensive lines of the Chinese 10th and the 29th Group Armies. On 16 November, Japanese airborne forces landed in [[Taoyuan County]] to support the assault on the city proper. At the same time, the Japanese 3rd and 116th Divisions also joined the combined assault. The city was guarded by one Chinese division - the 74th Corps' 57th. Division commander Yu Chengwan led 8,000 men to fight against the two invading Japanese divisions. Despite being outnumbered by more than three to one, the Chinese stubbornly held onto the city. Eleven days and nights of fierce fighting saw heavy casualties on both sides. When the Chinese reinforcements finally arrived in the city, they managed to evacuate the remaining 100 survivors in the 57th Division, all of whom were wounded, from the city. On 6 December the city of Changde fell to the Japanese control.

While the Chinese 57th Division pinned down the Japanese in the city, the rest of the 74th Corps, as well as the 18th, 73rd, 79th and 100th Corps and the 9th War Zone's 10th Corps, 99th Corps and [[Jiangxi]]'s 58th Corps, arrived at the battlefield, forming a counter-encirclement on the Japanese forces.

==Chinese counteroffensive==
[[Fang Xianjue]]'s 10th Corps was first to strike, successfully retaking Deshan on 29 November before attacking the Japanese positions at Changde from the south. Unable to withstand the fierce Chinese assault, the Japanese utilized chemical weapons.<ref name="autogenerated1">((cite book |last=Agar |first=Jon |title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond |publisher=Polity |date=2012 |isbn=9780745634692 |page=281))</ref> The battle lasted for six days and nights, during which the Chinese Reserve 10th Division's commander Lieutenant General [[Sun Mingjin]] received 5 gunshot wounds to the body and was killed in action.

At this time other Chinese units were also pressing onto the Japanese positions. On 11 December Chinese reinforcements broke through the Japanese lines and into the city, which resulted in intense [[urban warfare|house-to-house fighting]]. The Chinese then proceeded to cut the Japanese supply lines. Depleted of food and ammunition, the Japanese retreated on 13 December. The Chinese pursued them for more than 20 days. By 5 January 1944 Japanese forces had withdrawn to their original positions before the offensive. Following the battle, the Chinese displayed an array of captured Japanese weapons and equipment, as well as numerous Japanese troops taken as prisoners, for inspection by allied military observers.

During this campaign, apart from the Reserve 10th Division's Sun Mingjin, two other Chinese division commanders were killed: the 44th Corps' 150th Division's Lieutenant General [[Xu Guozhang]] was killed at Taifushan in Changde's northwest, aged 37, while the 73rd corps' 5th Division's Lieutenant General [[Peng Shiliang]]([[:zh:彭士量]]) was killed at the Taoyuan-Shimen line, aged 38.

The Changde campaign saw the largest participation of the Chinese air force since the [[Battle of Wuhan]].

Reporter [[Israel Epstein]] witnessed and reported on the battle. [[Witold Urbanowicz]], a [[Poland|Polish]] fighter ace engaged in air combat over China in 1943, saw the city just after the battle.<ref name=H161 />

[[File:Changde prisoners.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese prisoners taken at Changde.]]

==In pop culture==
The 2010 Chinese war film ''[[Death and Glory in Changde]]'' is based on the events in this battle.

==See also==
[[Order of Battle: Battle of Changde]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Sources==
* ((cite book |first1=Hsu |last1=Long-hsuen |first2=Chang |last2=Ming-kai |title=History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) |edition=2nd |date=1971 |translator-first=Wen |translator-last=Ha-hsiung |publisher=Chung Wu Publishing |location=Taipei |pages=412–416 Map 38))
* ((cite book |first=Daniel |last=Barenblatt |title=A Plague Upon Humanity |publisher=Harper Collins |date=2004 |pages=220–221))

==External links==
((Commons category|Battle of Changde))
*[http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=1000861#1000861 Axis History Forum Index; WW2 in the Pacific & Asia; Battle of Changde] Order of Battle and Map, Photos from Changde (((lang|zh|常德))) War Memorial
*[http://www.republicanchina.org/war.html RESISTANCE WARS; Campaign of E-Xi, Battle Of Changde]
*[http://ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=9035 Captured Japanese soldier]

((World War II))

((coord|29.0333|N|111.6830|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:AU|display=title))

((DEFAULTSORT:Changde, Battle Of))
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 in China]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War|Changde 1943]]
[[Category:Military operations involving chemical weapons]]
[[Category:Military history of Hunan]]
[[Category:November 1943 events]]
[[Category:December 1943 events]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Battle of Changde (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Campaignbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns (edit)
Template:Campaignbox Pacific War (edit)
Template:Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War (edit)
Template:Campaignbox World War II (edit)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Coord (view source) (protected)
Template:Country data Empire of Japan (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Republic of China (1912–1949) (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Country data Republic of China (1912–49) (edit)
Template:Date range and age in years, months, weeks and days (edit)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox military conflict (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Japanese colonial campaigns (edit)
Template:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nowrap (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:Resize (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:World War II (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:\ (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Age (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox military conflict (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox military conflict/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/w (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Battle of Changde.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changde"