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((more citations needed|date=March 2018))
((short description|Battle of World War II))
((Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of West Hunan
|partof=the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], [[World War II]]
|date= ((Date range and age in years, months, weeks and days|1945|4|6|1945|6|9))
|place= West [[Hunan]], near [[Zhijiang, Hubei|Zhijiang]]
|result= Allied victory
|combatant1= ((flagcountry|Republic of China (1912-49)))<br/>((flag|United States|1912)) (air support only)
|combatant2=((flagcountry|Empire of Japan))
|commander1= ((flagicon|Republic of China (1912-49)|army)) [[He Yingqin]]<br />((flagicon|Republic of China (1912-49)|army)) [[Wang Yaowu]]<br />((flagicon|Republic of China (1912-49)|army)) [[Tang Enbo]]<br />((flagicon|Republic of China (1912-49)|army)) [[Liao Yaoxiang]]<br />((flagicon|Republic of China (1912-49)|army)) [[Zhang Lingfu]]
|commander2= ((flagicon|Empire of Japan|army)) [[Yasuji Okamura]]<br>((flagicon|Empire of Japan|army)) [[Kazuyoshi Sakanishi]]
|strength1= 110,000 in Hunan<br />200,000 in total<br />400 aircraft
|strength2= 80,000
|casualties1= '''Chinese figures:'''
*20,660
**7,817 killed
*11 American pilots
|casualties2= '''Japanese figures:'''
*~27,000 killed and wounded
'''Chinese figures:'''
*35,805
**12,498 killed
|casualties3= 8,563 civilians
))
((Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War))
((Campaignbox Pacific War))
((Japanese colonial campaigns))
((Campaignbox World War II))
The '''Battle of West Hunan''' (((zh|t=湘西會戰))), also known as the '''Battle of Xuefeng Mountains''' (((zh|t=雪峰山戰役))) and the '''Zhijiang Campaign''' (((zh|t=芷江戰役))), was the Japanese invasion of west [[Hunan]] and the subsequent Allied counterattack that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945, during the last months of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. Japanese strategic aims for this campaign were to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan, and to achieve a decisive victory that their depleted land forces needed.

This campaign, if successful, would also have allowed Japan to attack [[Sichuan]] and eventually the Chinese wartime capital [[Chongqing]]. Although Japan was able to make initial headways, Chinese forces with air support from the Americans were able to turn the tide and forced the Japanese into a rout, recovering a substantial amount of lost ground.

This was the last major Japanese offensive, and the last of 22 major battles during the war to involve more than 100,000 troops. Concurrently, the Chinese managed to repel a [[Battle of West Henan-North Hubei|Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei]] and launched a successful [[Second Guangxi Campaign|attack on Japanese forces in Guangxi]], turning the course of the war sharply in China's favor even as they prepared to launch a full-scale counterattack across South China.

==Background==
By April 1945, China had already been [[Second Sino-Japanese War|at war]] with Japan for more than seven years. Both nations were exhausted by years of battles, bombings and blockades. From 1941–1943, both sides maintained a "dynamic equilibrium", where field engagements were often numerous, involved large numbers of troops and produced high casualty counts, but the results of which were mostly indecisive. [[Operation Ichi-Go]] in 1944 changed the status quo, as Japanese forces were able to break through the inadequate Chinese defenses and occupy eastern [[Henan]], a corridor in the eastern parts of [[Hunan]] through Changsha and eastern parts of [[Guangxi]] through Guilin–Liuzhou, connecting Japanese-held areas from north to south in a continuous railway corridor.

However, the Japanese victory resulted in very little actual benefit for them:<ref name=Wilson/>((rp|246–247)) the operation drained Japanese manpower and a weakened Japanese army had to defend a longer front with more partisan activity in occupied areas. The opening up of [[Beijing–Guangzhou Railway|north-south railway connections]] did little to improve Japanese logistics, for only one train ran from [[Guangzhou]] to [[Wuhan]] in April 1945, and due to fuel shortages the primary mode of transportation for Japanese troops was on foot.

On the other hand, although the Chinese government in [[Chongqing]] had lost land access to their remaining forces in [[Zhejiang]], [[Anhui]] and [[Jiangxi]] with their defeat in ''Ichi-Go'', Chinese fortunes in the war improved with the retaking of northern [[Burma]] by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and [[Burma Expeditionary Force|Chinese]] forces. On 4 February 1945, the first convoy of trucks reached [[Kunming]] from the British railhead in [[Ledo, Assam|Ledo]], India, over the newly completed 
[[Stilwell Road]] and the northern section of the [[Burma Road]]; using this road link, over 50,000 tonnes of petroleum started to arrive into China every month.<ref name=Wilson/>((rp|233)) By April 1945, enough [[materiel]] had become available to the Chinese army to equip 35 divisions with American equipment.((cn|date=September 2019)) A major counter offensive was planned.

==Order of battle==
===China===
*Commander-in-Chief: [[He Yingqin]]
:*'''3rd Front Army''': [[Tang Enbo]]
::*'''27th Army Group''': [[Li Yutang]]
:::*'''26th Corps''': Ting Chih-pan 
:::: 41st Division: Tung Gee-Tao 
:::: 4th Division: Chiang Hsiu-jen
:::*'''94th Corps''': Mu Ting-fang 
:::: 5th Division: Li Tse-fen
:::: 43rd Division: Li Shih-lin
:::: 121st Division: Ch Ching-min
:::*'''New 6th Corps''': Liao Yao-hsiang
:::: 14th Division: Lung Tien-wu
:::: New 22nd Division: Li Tao

:*'''4th Front Army''': [[Wang Yao-wu]] 
::*'''18th Corps''': Hu Lien 
::: 11th Division: Yang Po-tao
::: 18th Division: Chin Tao-shan
::: 118th Division: Tai Pu
::*'''73rd Corps''': Han Chun 
::: 15th Division: Liang Chi-lu
::: 77th Division: Tang Sheng-hai
::: 193rd Division: Hsiao Chuang-kuang
::*'''74th Corps''': Shih Chung-cheng 
::: 51st Division: Chao Chih-tao
::: 57th Division: Li Yen
::: 58th Division: Tsai Jen-chieh
::*'''100th Corps''': Li Tien-hsia 
::: 19th Division: Yang Yin
::: 63rd Division: Hsu Chih-hsiu
:: 13th Division: Chin Li-san
:: 6th Provincial Division: Chao Chi-ping
;;assorted independent units

:*'''10th Army Group'''; [[Wang Ching-chiu]] 
::*'''39th Corps'''; Liu Shang-chih  (uncommitted)
::: 51st Division; Shih Hun-hsi
::*'''92nd Corps'''; Hou Ching-ju 
::: 21st Division; Li Tse-fen
::: 142nd Division; Li Chun-ling (uncommitted)

:;Air Support (400 aircraft)
:* '''Chinese Air Force'''
::: 1st Air Group
::: 2nd Air Group
::: 3rd Air Group
::: 5th Air Group
:* '''U.S. Air Force'''
::: [[Fourteenth Air Force|14th Air Force]]

<small>Sources</small><ref name="whampoanet">"National Revolutionary Army Order of Battle for the Battle of West Hunan". China Whampoa Academy Net. 11 September 2007 <http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0106.htm ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704192016/http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0106.htm |date=2015-07-04 ))>.</ref><ref name= Hsu/>((rp|458))

===Japan===
*'''[[Twentieth Army (Japan)|20th Army]]''': [[Ichirō Banzai]] ((lang|ja|板西一良))
**[[34th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|34th Division]]: Takeo Ban ((lang|ja|伴健雄))
**[[47th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|47th Division]]: Hiroshi Watanabe ((lang|ja|渡辺洋))
**[[68th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|68th Division]]: Mikio Tsutsumi ((lang|ja|堤三樹男))
**[[116th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|116th Division]]: Ginnosuke Uchida ((lang|ja|内田銀之助))
**Elements of the [[IJA 64th Division|64th Division]]
**[[IJA 86th Independent Mixed Brigade|86th Independent Mixed Brigade]]
<small>Sources</small><ref name= Hsu/>((rp|457))

==Japanese strategic objectives==
For this campaign, the Imperial Japanese had three main objectives. The first of which was to neutralize the Chinese airfield at [[Zhijiang, Hubei|Zhijiang]],<ref name= Hsu/>((rp|458)) whose complement of [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] and [[Republic of China Air Force|ROCAF]] was ensuring Allied air superiority in the region and a base for U.S. bombers, either by physically reaching the airfield, located only ((convert|435|km|mi|abbr=on)) from Chongqing,<ref name=Kraus/> and securing it, or simply by pressing forward close enough to the airfield to force the Chinese to destroy the installation.<ref name=Wilson/>((rp|248))

Their second objective was to secure their control of the Hunan-Guangxi and Guangzhou-Hankou railways.<ref name= Hsu/>((rp|458)) A third objective was to preemptively disrupt the planned Chinese offensive in the region.<ref name= Hsu/>((rp|458))

==Preparations for battle==
By this point of the war, Japan was losing the battle in [[Burma Campaign|Burma]] and facing constant attacks from Chinese forces in the country side. Spare troops for this campaign were limited. The Japanese army began preparations for the battle in March 1945, constructing two highways with forced Chinese labor: the Heng-Shao Highway ran from [[Hengyang]] in a northwest direction to [[Shaoyang]], a Japanese-controlled city in central Hunan a mere ((convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on)) from Zhijiang; and the Tan-Shao Highway from [[Xiangtan]], southwest to Shaoyang. Supplies and equipment were stockpiled near Shaoyang, to be the headquarters of the Japanese 20th Corps, led by [[Ichirō Banzai]]. Under it were the Japanese 34th, 47th, 64th, 68th and 116th Divisions, as well as the 86th Independent Brigade, massing at various locations across Hunan, for a total of 80,000 men by early April.<ref name=Wilson/>((rp|248))<ref name= Hsu/>((rp|458))

In response, the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with [[He Yingqin]] as commander-in-chief.<ref name= Hsu/>((rp|458)) At the same time, it airlifted the entire New 6th Corps, an American-equipped corps and veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force, from [[Kunming]] to [[Zhijiang, Hubei|Zhijiang]].<ref name=Wilson/>((rp|248)) Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men in 20 divisions. They were supported by about 400 aircraft from the CAF 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th Air Groups and the USAAF 14th Air Force.<ref name="whampoanet"/>

==Battle==
Japanese forces took over the outskirts of Hunan with little resistance. However, they didn't realize that the Chinese forces were well prepared for the Japanese assault. The mountainous terrain was ideal for ambushes and mortar bombardment on approaching Japanese forces in the lower grounds.

The Chinese also had air superiority in this battle. After some defeats Japan decided to retreat. However, Chinese forces gave chase and inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese. The local Chinese guerrilla forces then attacked the Japanese positions. Japan ended up losing a large amount of territory that they once occupied.

The Japanese drove east while two smaller forces to the north and south moved generally parallel to the main column. The Chinese Combat Command's advisory and liaison system was immediately called into play. At a meeting on 14 April, the day after the Japanese general advance began, Generals Ho and McClure agreed on the basic plan to counter the enemy attack. Chinese armies would be concentrated to the north and south to prepare to strike the enemy advance in the flanks and rear. The Chinese center around Chihchiang would be strengthened by moving the New 6th Army, composed of two veteran divisions of the Burma campaign, into the area. 

By late April, the New 6th Army began concentrating at Chihchiang. Although their deployment from Burma diverted scarce fuel from the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force, American airmen continued to fly repeated missions against the attacking Japanese. Meanwhile, other Chinese armies moved into position, the 94th to the south and the 100th and 18th to the north. Meanwhile, the 74th Army, defending the Chinese center on a fifty-mile front, was putting up a stout resistance, slowing the Japanese advance. 

On 3 May a Chinese-American staff conference decided to counterattack a Japanese detachment near Wu-yang, seventy miles southeast of Chihchiang. The subsequent engagement by the 5th Division of the 94th Army on 5 and 6 May was completely successful. Over the next few days, the 5th and 121st Divisions, also of the 94th Army, repeatedly outflanked the Japanese and hustled them north. The Chinese 18th and 100th Armies moved into the Japanese rear. With the 94th Army threatening from the south, the Japanese were forced into a general retreat and by 7 June were back at their initial starting positions.<ref name="Kraus"/>

==Casualties==
After the battle, the Japanese first announced that they only had 11,000 casualties (5,000 KIA). They later revised the figures to include an additional 15,000 casualties "due to diseases". Finally, they admitted to a casualty figure of 27,000. On the other hand, the Chinese claimed to have inflicted on the Japanese 36,358 casualties, including 12,498 KIA. The Chinese sustained 20,660 casualties with 7,817 KIA, of which there were 823 officers.<ref>((cite news |title=Western Hunan Battle: prelude to Chinese counterattack in War of Resistance to Japan |url=http://en.people.cn/200505/09/eng20050509_184189.html |access-date=12 December 2018 |agency=People's Daily |publisher=People's Daily |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304161113/http://en.people.cn/200505/09/eng20050509_184189.html |url-status=dead ))</ref>

==References==
((reflist|refs=
* <ref name= Wilson>((cite book |first1= Dick |last1= Wilson |title= When Tigers Fight |publisher= Viking |date= June 7, 1982 |isbn= 978-0670760039 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/whentigersfights00wils ))</ref>
* <ref name= Hsu>((cite book |last1= Hsu |first1= Long-hsuen |last2= Chang |first2= Ming-kai |title= History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|publisher= Chung Wu Publishing Co. |date= 1972 |asin= B00005W210))</ref>
* <ref name= Kraus>((cite book |first1= Theresa L. |last1= Kraus|title= The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II: China Offensive |publisher= CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |date= August 6, 2015 | isbn= 978-1515376347))</ref>
))

((World War II))
((coord missing|Hunan))
((Authority control))
((DEFAULTSORT:West Hunan))
[[Category:Conflicts in 1945]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War|West Hunan 1945]]
[[Category:China in World War II|West Hunan, Battle of]]
[[Category:1945 in China]]
[[Category:1945 in Japan]]
[[Category:Military history of Hunan]]
[[Category:April 1945 events in Asia]]
[[Category:May 1945 events in Asia]]
[[Category:June 1945 events in Asia]]

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