This is a timeline of events of World War II in 1939, from the start of the war on 1 September 1939. For events preceding September 1, 1939, see the timeline of events preceding World War II.
The Allies and Axis powers at the dawn of the German/Soviet invasion of Poland
1 September
The Republic of China and the Empire of Japan are involved in the early stages of the third year of armed conflict between them during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The war is in what will be known as the "Second Period", which starts after the fall of Wuhan in October 1938 and ends in December 1941 with Pearl Harbor. This conflict will eventually be swept up into World War II when Japan joins the Axis and China joins the Allies.[1]
In a mass evacuation effort (code named "operation Pied Piper") the British authorities relocate 1,473,000 children and adults from the cities to the countryside. The adults involved were teachers, people with disabilities and their helpers, mothers with preschool children.[15]
Acting on account of their governments, the ambassadors of France and Britain demand the German government to cease all hostile activities and to withdraw its troops from Poland.[6]
At 9:00 a.m. the British ambassador to Berlin Nevile Henderson is instructed by the Cabinet to deliver an ultimatum to Germany which expired without answer at 11:00 a.m.[26]
The Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies declares that the country is at war with Germany due to Britain's choice, and a similar war declaration against Germany is made by New Zealand's government.[33]
German authorities order U-boats to immediately take action against all British ships, but sparing French ships and in strict observance of prize rules.[39]
In Britain's first military action, the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command sends out 27 planes to bomb the Kriegsmarine, but they turn back before having been able to find any targets.[41] Overnight ten Whitleys made the first of many 'nickel raids' in Bremen, Hamburg and the Ruhr in which the planes dropped propaganda leaflets.[42]
Further answering to Roosevelt's plea the British and French present a joint formal declaration stating that the Allied bombers would attack only military targets unless Germany begins indiscriminate civilian bombings.[16]
In the first British raid of the war, the Royal Air Force's send 15 Blenheim bombers to launch a bombing raid on the German fleet in the Heligoland Bight. They target the German pocket-battleship Admiral Scheer and the light cruiserEmden anchored off Wilhelmshaven. Seven aircraft are lost in the attack and, although the Admiral Scheer is hit three times, all of the bombs fail to explode.[43][44]
Japan's Prime MinisterNobuyuki Abe sends a formal note to all belligerents and neutrals announcing it would remain neutral and "avoid becoming involved" in the European conflict; instead it will concentrate on "settling the China incident".[45]
Duncan calls on the politician Jan Smuts to attempt to form a Cabinet and replace Hertzog as Prime Minister of South Africa, which he successfully does.[33]
The British freighter SS Bosnia becomes the first merchant ship sunk in the battle of the Atlantic when it gets targeted off the coast of Portugal by the U-boat U-47.[54]
The United States publicly declares neutrality.[55]
Following the administration’s declaration of neutrality, American PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt orders to put together a Neutrality Patrol which must observe and report any belligerent forces by patrolling the United States Atlantic coast and the Caribbean.[56]
British Destroyers escorting the aircraft carrierHMS Ark Royal sink the U-39 after the U-boat's attack against the carrier failed. It was the first sinking of a German U-boat in WW II.[82]
The Romanian cabinet under intense German pressure decides that the Polish military and civilian leaderships would be interned if they were to evacuate in Romania.[78]
Romanian authorities drastically limit the passage through the country of war materials to be sent to Poland.[78]
The British aircraft carrierHMS Courageous is torpedoed and sunk by U-29 on patrol off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of 514 aboard; it represented the first major warship to be sunk in the war.[82]
The Soviet news agencyTASS accuses the Estonian government of having deliberately permitted the Orzeł of escaping internment and also alleges the existence of other Polish submarines hidden in other Baltic states. [84]
The French Army completes its sixteen-day long mobilization.[25]
19 September
The German and Soviet armies link up near Brest Litovsk.
The Führer der UnterseebooteKarl Dönitz greatly relaxes prize rules ordering the sinking without warning of merchant ships that send signals by radio and the attack on smaller Allied passenger ships. He also opens the war on French shipping.[95][96]
Soviet air force violates Estonian airspace. The Estonians negotiate with Molotov in Moscow. Molotov warns the Estonians that if the Soviet Union doesn't get military bases in Estonia, it will be forced to use "more radical actions".
The Japanese army successfully crosses the Dongting Lake, thus cutting by more than half the distance from the army’s target, the Chinese city of Changsha.[100]
27 September: In the first military operations by the German Army in Western Europe, guns on the Siegfried Line open up on villages behind French Maginot line.[101]
28 September
German–Soviet Frontier Treaty is signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop. The secret protocol specifies the details of partition of Poland originally defined in Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (August 23, 1939) and adds Lithuania to the Soviet Union sphere of interest.
The remaining Polish army and militia in the centre of Warsaw capitulate to the Germans.
Soviet troops mass by the Latvian border. Latvian air space violated.
Estonia signs a 10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 30 000-men military bases in Estonia. As a gift in return Stalin promises to respect Estonian independence.
Latvian representatives negotiate with Stalin and Molotov. Soviets threaten an occupation by force if they do not get military bases in Latvia.
2 October
The Declaration of Panama is approved by the American republics. Belligerent activities should not take place within waters adjacent to the American continent. A neutrality zone of some 300 miles (480 km) in breadth is to be patrolled by the U.S. Navy.[56]
British forces move to take over part of the frontier defenses manned by French troops.[104]
Lithuanians meet Stalin and Molotov in Moscow. Stalin offers Lithuania the city of Vilnius (in Poland) in return for allowing Soviet military bases in Lithuania. The Lithuanians are reluctant.
Latvia signs a 10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 25,000 men in military bases in Latvia. Stalin promises to respect Latvian independence.
Reacting to the news that German surface raiders are targeting commercial shipping, the British First Sea Lord Sir Dudley Pound orders the creation of eight hunting forces together with the French to scout the Atlantic and destroy the surface raiders.[105]
The last of Poland's military surrenders to the Germans.
The leaders of the German navy suggest to Hitler they need to occupy Norway.
British Prime Minister Chamberlain formally declines Hitler's peace offer in a speech held in the House of Commons.
Lithuania signs a 15-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 20,000 men in military bases in Lithuania. In a secret protocol, Vilnius is made Lithuanian territory.
11 October
An estimated 158,000 British troops are now in France.
French Premier Édouard Daladier declines Hitler's offer of peace.
Finland's representatives meet Stalin and Molotov in Moscow. Soviet Union demands Finland give up a military base near Helsinki and exchange some Soviet and Finnish territories to protect Leningrad against Great Britain or the eventual future threat of Germany.
Finns meet Stalin again. Stalin tells them that "an accident" might happen between Finnish and Soviet troops, if the negotiations last too long.[citation needed]
The submarine ORP Orzeł completes its voyage reaching the east coast of Scotland.[80]
16 October: The Luftwaffe made its first air raid on Britain when it sent a dozen Junkers Ju 88 after ships off Rosyth, in particular the battlecruiserHMS Hood. The raid was unsuccessful, failing to land any hits while the group commander Helmuth Pohle was shot down.[97][109]
17 October
The Luftwaffe launches a new raid on Britain, this time targeting the British fleet anchored at Scapa Flow, again with limited success, with only the decommissionedHMS Iron Duke being hit.[97][110]
First Soviet forces enter Estonia. During the Umsiedlung, 12,600 Baltic Germans leave Estonia.
Adolf Eichmann starts deporting Jews from Austria and Czechoslovakia into Poland, executing the Nisko Plan.
19 October: Portions of Poland are formally inducted into Germany; the first Jewish ghetto is established at Lublin.
20 October
The "Phoney War": French troops settle in the Maginot line's dormitories and tunnels; the British build new fortifications along the "gap" between the Maginot line and the Channel.
Germany’s minister to Romania Wilhelm Fabricius unsuccessfully attempts to coax Romania in renouncing to the guarantee given in March by Britain to support them if invaded.[112]
21 October
Registration begins in the United Kingdom in order to conscript all able-bodied males between 18 and 23.[29]
The German prize crew anchors the SS City of Flint in Tromsø, Norway, but are immediately ordered to limit their stay to less than twenty-four hours.[113]
23 October: The seized freighter City of Flint reaches Murmansk in the Soviet Union. Here the prize crew is forced to leave the ship, but the latter is not given permission to leave.[114]
The City of Flint is permitted to leave under the control of its prize crew despite the angry protests of the Roosevelt administration.[118]
28 October
Hitler, worried on one side by the protests received by the American and Norwegian governments, and on the other by the danger of losing a warship with such a prestigious name, orders the Deutschland to return home.[119]
30 October: The British government releases a report on concentration camps being built in Europe for Jews and anti-Nazis.[121]
31 October: As Germany plans for an attack on France, German Lieutenant-General Erich von Manstein proposes that Germany should attack through the Ardennes rather than through Belgium – the expected attack route.
1–2 November: The German physicist Hans Ferdinand Mayer compiles, while on a trip to Oslo, the so-called Oslo Report, containing important German secret military information.[122]
3 November
Finland and Soviet Union again negotiate new borders. Finns mistrust Stalin's aims and refuse to give up territory breaking their defensive line.
The seized City of Flint anchors at Haugesund, Norway, claiming medical reasons.[123]
4 November
Roosevelt signs into law the amendments to the Neutrality Act: belligerents may buy arms from the United States, but on a strictly cash and carry basis, banning the use of American ships.[124]
Hans Mayer sends an anonymous letter to the British Naval attaché in Oslo, Captain Hector Boyer, asking if the British wants information from Germany on present and future German weapons. If the answer is positive he requires that confirmation be given by a small change of the German version of the BBC World Service, which is done.[125][126]
The anchorage in Haugesund is judged a violation of international law by Norwegian authorities that during the night board the ship freeing the ship and interning the Germans.[123]
5 November: Hans Mayer sends anonymously his report to the British Embassy in Norway; from there it was sent for evaluation to Whitehall, where it attracted the attention of Reginald Victor Jones, Assistant Director of Intelligence to the Air Ministry, despite the skepticism of many who suspected it being a German plant.[125]
6 November: Sonderaktion Krakau: In Krakow, Nazis detain and deport university professors to concentration camps.
8 November: Hitler escapes a bomb blast in a Munich beerhall, where he was speaking on the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. British bombers coincidentally bomb Munich.
9 November
At an Anglo-French meeting held in Varennes general Gamelin obtains the approval of the Dyle plan, a strategy meant to keep the war out of France if Hitler invaded Belgium.[128]
12 November: The Czech student Jan Opletal dies as a result of wounds inflicted by German authorities, causing vast anger and resentment among Czechs.[127]
13 November
Negotiations between Finland and Soviet Union break down. Finns suspect that Germans and Russians have agreed to include Finland in the Soviet sphere of influence.[130]
The first British destroyer lost in the war is HMS Blanche, sunk by a minefield laid by an U-boat close to the Thames Estuary.[131]
The Deutschland arrives home at Gotenhafen, after having only sunk two ships and caught one.[132][130]
The Luftwaffe drops in the mud an intact magnetic mine off Shoeburyness at the mouth of the Thames Estuary. Once salvaged, Admiralty scientists invented degaussing that greatly decreased the danger represented by magnetic mines.[138]
In opposition to the Chechoslovak National Committee, Milan Hodža founds in Paris the Slovak National Council with him as Chairman and Peter Prídavok as secretary.[139]
Polish Jews are ordered to wear Star of David armbands.
24 November: Japan announces the capture of Nanning in southern China.
26 November
The Soviets stage the shelling of Mainila, Soviet artillery shells a field near the Finnish border, accusing Finns of killing Soviet troops.
Germany and Slovakia sign a border treaty which assigns to the latter the Polish parts of Orava and Spiš together with the territories taken by Poland in 1938.[141]
29 November: The USSR breaks off diplomatic relations with Finland.
1 December: Russia continues its war against Finland; Helsinki is bombed. In the first two weeks of the month, the Finns retreat to the Mannerheim line, an outmoded defensive line just inside the southern border with Russia.
5 December: The Russian invaders begin heavy attacks on the Mannerheim line. The Battles of Kollaa and Suomussalmi begin.
7 December: Italy, Norway and Denmark again declare their neutrality in the Russo-Finnish war. Sweden proclaims "non-belligerency", by which it could extend military support to Finland, without formally taking part in the war.[145]
11 December: The Russians meet with several tactical defeats by the Finnish army.
17 December: The Admiral Graf Spee is forced by Uruguay to leave Montevideo harbor; given freedom of choice by Berlin, the ship's Kapitän zur See, Hans Langsdorff, orders the scuttlling of the vessel just outside the harbour. The ship's captain and its crew are interned by Argentinian authorities.[151][152]
27 December: The first Indian troops arrive in France.
28 December
The British Minister of FoodW.S. Morrison announced that starting January 8, rationing would be expanded to include butter, bacon, ham and sugar.[154]
While patrolling the Butt of Lewis the British battleship HMS Barham is damaged by the German U-30 and put out of service for four months.[155][156]
31 December: German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels makes a radio address reviewing the official Nazi version of the events of 1939. No predictions were made for 1940 other than saying that the next year "will be a hard year, and we must be ready for it."[157]
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