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((Short description|Sign with text in more than one language))
((More citations needed|date=October 2020))[[File:Kırklareli 5317.jpg|thumb|200px|Warning sign at the fence of a military area in [[Turkey]], in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]]]]

A '''bilingual sign''' (or, by extension, a '''multilingual sign''') is the representation on a panel ([[Signage|sign]], usually a [[traffic sign]], a safety sign, an informational sign) of texts in more than one language. The use of bilingual signs is usually reserved for situations where there is legally administered [[multilingualism|bilingualism]] (in bilingual [[region]]s or at national borders) or where there is a relevant tourist or commercial interest ([[airport]]s, [[train station]]s, [[port]]s, border checkpoints, tourist attractions, international itineraries, international institutions, etc.). However, more informal uses of bilingual signs are often found on businesses in areas where there is a high degree of bilingualism, such as tourist venues, [[Ethnic enclave|ethnic enclaves]] and historic neighborhoods. In addition, some signs feature [[synchronic digraphia]], the use of multiple writing systems for a single language. 

Bilingual signs are widely used in regions whose native languages do not use the [[Latin alphabet]] (although some countries like [[Spain]] or [[Poland]] use multilingual signs); such signs generally include transliteration of [[toponym]]s and optional translation of complementary texts (often into [[English language|English]]). Beyond bilingualism, there is a general tendency toward the substitution of internationally standardized [[symbol]]s and [[pictogram]]s for text.

== Around the world ==
The use of bilingual signs has experienced a remarkable expansion in recent years.((When|date=February 2024))((Citation needed|date=October 2009)) The increase in bilingualism there has been paralleled by increases in international travel and a greater sensitivity to the needs of ethnic and linguistic minorities.

===Europe===
[[File:Trilingual sign Burg-Reuland, Belgium.jpg|thumb|Trilingual sign in [[Burg-Reuland]], [[German-speaking Community of Belgium|German-speaking Belgium]] in German, French and Dutch reading "house for sale"]]
[[File:SN zamazávají český název Šumperk.gif|200px|thumb|left|[[Šumperk|Šumperk-Mährisch Schönberg]], Czech names erased by Sudeten Germans after German annexation of [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] in 1938]]
Bilingual signs arose in places like [[Belgium]] where, because of the cohabitation of [[Dutch language|Dutch-speaking]] and [[French language|French-speaking]] communities (especially in the central part of the country near [[Brussels]]), bilingualism signaled a simple willingness to accommodate all citizens equally. As a result, all street signs in the [[Brussels-Capital Region]] are bilingual in Dutch and French.

Switzerland has several cantons ([[Canton of Bern|Bern]], [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]], [[Canton of Valais|Valais]] and [[Canton of Graubünden|Graubünden]]) and towns (e.g. [[Biel/Bienne]], [[Murten]], [[Fribourg]], [[Siders]] and [[Disentis/Mustér]]), where two, or in one case (Graubünden) even three languages have official status and therefore the signs are multilingual. With ''Biel/Bienne'', both the German and the French name of the town are always officially written with the compound name; and similarly with ''Disentis/Mustér'' (German/[[Romansh language|Romansh]]).
 
Another example is the [[German language|German]]-speaking [[South Tyrol]], which was annexed to [[Italy]] during World War I and eventually became the focus of assimilation policies. In observance of international treaties, Italy was eventually compelled to acknowledge and accommodate its German-speaking citizens through the use of bilingual signs. The situation of the Slovene minority living in the Trieste, Gorizia and Udine provinces is very different as only in recent years have the bilingual signs become visible and only in smaller villages. In the partially [[French language|French]]-speaking [[Aosta Valley]], official road and direction signs are usually in both languages, Italian and French.
[[File:Panneaux VIllefranche.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Bilingual Italian–French road signs in [[Quart, Aosta Valley|Quart]], [[Aosta Valley]]]]

In [[Greece]], virtually all signs are bilingual, with the Greek text in yellow and the English in white. If a sign is in Greek only, an equivalent sign in English will often be situated nearby.

In [[Spain]], bilingual signs in the local language and Spanish appear irregularly in the autonomous communities of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Navarre]], [[Catalonia]], [[Valencian Community]] and the [[Balearic Islands]].

Bilingual signs are also used in the [[Republic of Ireland]], with all roads, towns, important buildings etc. named in both the [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[English language|English]] languages. The Irish appears on the top of the sign (usually in italic text) with the English underneath. The exception to this is in [[Gaeltacht]] regions, where only Irish language signage tends to be used.
[[File:Czciesz 742.jpg|thumb|Bilingual Czech–Polish sign during the 2006 municipal elections in [[Český Těšín]], Czech Republic]]
[[File:Błohašecy – dwurěčny pućnik 2.jpg|thumb|German–Sorbian road sign near [[Bautzen]] (Saxony)]]

In [[Germany]], first bilingual German–[[Sorbian language|Sorbian]] road and street signs as well as city-limit signs and train station signs were introduced in the 1950s in [[Lusatia]]. After reunification, at least bilingual city-limit signs were also adapted in some regions, were Danish or Frisian are spoken. In [[Brandenburg]] and [[Saxony]], German and Sorbian place names nowadays have to be shown in the same size, with German names on the top.

In [[Finland]], multilingual signs appeared at the end of the 19th century. The signs were in the official languages [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and, during that period, also [[Russian language|Russian]]. After the independence of Finland, the signs became bilingual Finnish–Swedish in the official bilingual areas of the country and bilingual Finnish–[[Sami languages|Sami]] in the northern parts.

Bilingual signs are used in the [[United Kingdom]]. In [[Wales]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and English are official languages and most road signs are bilingual.<ref>((Cite web |title=Language |url=http://www.wales.com/en/content/cms/english/about_wales/language/language.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013140/http://www.wales.com/en/content/cms/English/About_Wales/Language/Language.aspx |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=17 July 2012 |website=Wales.com |publisher=[[Welsh Government]]))</ref> Until 2016 each local authority decided which language is shown first, from 2016 new signage will feature Welsh first.<ref name="BBC living in Wales">((Cite web |title=Bilingual Roadsigns |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/livinginwales/sites/howdoisay/roadsigns/?10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419234930/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/livinginwales/sites/howdoisay/roadsigns/?10 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=17 July 2012 |website=BBC ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=31 March 2016 |title='Welsh First' for New Traffic Signs |url=https://roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/n-a-4985/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Road Safety GB |language=en))</ref> In [[Scotland]], [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] is increasingly visible on road signs, not only in the north-west and on the islands, but also on main primary routes. Railway station signs and signs on public buildings such as the Scottish Parliament are increasingly bilingual. In [[Northern Ireland]], some signs in [[Irish language|Irish]] and/or [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]] are found. In Cornwall, some signs such as street names are found in English and Cornish; and similarly in the Isle of Man in English and Manx Gaelic.

In parts of [[Slovenia]], where languages other than [[Slovene language|Slovene]] are official ([[Italian language|Italian]] in parts of [[Slovenian Istria]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] in parts of [[Prekmurje]]), the law requires all official signs (including road signs) to be in both official languages. This regulation is not always strictly enforced, but nevertheless all road signs in these areas are bilingual.

In many regions of [[Poland]] bilingual signs are used: Polish and Ruthenian in [[Lemkivshchyna]], Polish and German in [[Upper Silesia]], Polish and Lithuanian in [[Puńsk]] commune and Polish and Kashubian in Pomerania.

European airports have signs that are generally bilingual with the local language and English, although there are significant variations between countries. In multilingual countries such as Belgium and Switzerland, airports generally have signs in three or four languages. Some airports, such as [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], are used primarily by international travellers, and choose to use monolingual English signs, even though they are located in a country whose native language is not English.

===North America===
[[File:QuebecStoreSign.jpg|thumb|Bilingual [[French language|French]]–English sign in a [[Quebec]] supermarket, with French texts in a larger font than the English texts]]
[[File:Bilingual street signs, Ottawa.jpeg|thumb|Bilingual [[English language|English]]–French street signs in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]]]
[[File:Bilingual road sign in squamish language 1a.jpg|thumb|Bilingual English–[[Squamish language|Squamish]] road sign in [[British Columbia]]]]
The [[Government of Canada]] and the [[Province of New Brunswick]] are officially bilingual in English and French, so all signs issued or regulated by those governments are bilingual regardless of where they are located. Provincial road signs are also bilingual in French-designated areas of [[Manitoba]] and [[Ontario]].<ref>((Cite web |year=2010 |title=Bilingual Signs |url=http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/signs/bilingual-signs.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414211444/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/signs/bilingual-signs.shtml |archive-date=14 April 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |website=Ontario Ministry of Transportation))</ref> Each local authority decides which language is shown first.<ref name="BBC living in Wales" /> In [[Ottawa]], the national capital, the [[bilingualism in Ottawa|municipal government is officially bilingual]] so all municipal traffic signs and road markers are bilingual. Since airports are regulated by the federal government, most airports in Canada have bilingual signs in English and French.

In the [[Province of Nova Scotia]], particularly on Cape Breton island, a number of place-name signs are bilingual in English and [[Scottish Gaelic]].

Although [[Nunavut]], an [[Inuit]] territory, is officially multi-lingual in English, French, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun, municipal road signs have remained in English only, other than stop signs.((citation needed|date=September 2014)) Some other road signs in various parts of Canada include other [[indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous languages]], such as the English/[[Squamish language|Squamish]] road sign in [[British Columbia]] shown here.

[[Quebec]] is officially monolingual in French, and the use of other languages is restricted under the [[Charter of the French Language]]. Commercial signs in Quebec are permitted to include text in languages other than French as long as French is "markedly predominant".<ref>Art. 58 of the [[Charter of the French Language]][http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_11/C11_A.html], introduced by Bill 86 in 1993.</ref>

At places near the U.S.–Mexico border, some signs are bilingual in English and Spanish,<ref>Hult, F.M. (2014). Drive-thru linguistic landscaping: Constructing a linguistically dominant place in a bilingual space. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18, 507-523.</ref> and some signs near the U.S.–Canada border are bilingual in English and French.((citation needed|date=November 2012)) Additionally, large urban centers such as New York City, Chicago and others have bilingual and multilingual signage at major destinations.((citation needed|date=November 2012)) There are a few English and Russian bilingual signs in western Alaska.((citation needed|date=November 2012)) In Texas, some signs are required to be in English and Spanish. In Texas areas where there are large numbers of Spanish speakers, many official signs as well as unofficial signs (e.g. stores, churches, billboards) are written in Spanish, some bilingual with English, but others in Spanish only. In and around [[New Britain, Connecticut]], it is not uncommon to see signs in Spanish and Polish as well as English.

In 2016, [[Port Angeles, Washington]], installed bilingual signs in English and the indigenous [[Klallam language|Klallam]] languages to preserve and revitalize the area's [[Klallam people|Klallam]] culture.<ref>((Cite news |last=Hopper |first=Frank  |date=29 February 2016 |title=Bilingual Street Signs Herald a New Era of Language Revitalization |work=[[Indian Country Today]] |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/02/29/bilingual-street-signs-herald-new-era-language-revitalization-163552 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302074914/https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/02/29/bilingual-street-signs-herald-new-era-language-revitalization-163552 |archive-date=2 March 2016))</ref>

[[New York City]]'s Chinatown has English–Chinese signs.<ref>((Cite news|last1=Reiss|first1=Aaron|last2=Lu|first2=Denise|date=2022-03-11|title=Manhattan's Chinese Street Signs Are Disappearing|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/11/nyregion/nyc-chinatown-signs.html|access-date=2024-01-31|issn=0362-4331))</ref> [[Seattle]]'s Chinatown/Japantown has English–Chinese and English–Japanese signs.
===Asia===
[[File:TrafficSigns HK cropped.jpg|thumb|Bilingual [[English language|English]]–[[Traditional Chinese characters|Chinese]] traffic sign in [[Hong Kong]]]]
In the [[People's Republic of China]], bilingual signs are mandated by the government in [[autonomous region of the People's Republic of China|autonomous regions]] where a minority language shares official status with Chinese. In [[Xinjiang]], signs are in [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] and Chinese; in [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], signs are in [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] and Chinese; and in [[Inner Mongolia]], signs are in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] (written in the classical alphabet) and Chinese. In [[Guangxi]], the majority of signs are in Chinese, even though the [[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang language]] is official in the region. Smaller autonomous areas also have similar policies. Signs in the [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture]], which borders [[North Korea]], are in [[Korean language|Korean]] and Chinese. Many areas of [[Qinghai]] province mandate bilingual signs in Tibetan and Chinese. In Beijing and Shanghai, due to international exposure of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and [[Expo 2010]], almost all city traffic signs are now bilingual with Chinese and English (during the Olympics, signs on Olympic venues were also in French). English use in signs is growing in other major cities as well.

In [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], government signs are normally bilingual with [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]] and [[English language|English]] or [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], respectively. This is because, in addition to Chinese, English and Portuguese are official languages of Hong Kong and Macau, respectively. Trilingual road signs in English, Portuguese and traditional Chinese are seen in some newly developed areas of Macau.

In [[Israel]], road signs are often trilingual, in Hebrew, Arabic and English. 

In [[Road signs in India|India]], road signs are often multilingual, in Hindi, English and other regional languages. In addition, signs in Hindustani often feature [[Digraphia|synchronic digraphia]], with an [[Urdu]] literary standard written in [[Urdu alphabet|Arabic script]] and a High [[Hindi]] standard written in [[Devanagari]].  

In [[Sri Lanka]], official road signs are in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]].

In [[Turkey]] bilingual ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]) village signs are used in [[Eastern Anatolia Region]].<ref>((Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Kurdish Village Names Added to Signs in Kızıltepe |url=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/kurdish-village-names-added-to-signs-in-kiziltepe.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140816213913/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/kurdish-village-names-added-to-signs-in-kiziltepe.htm |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Firatnews.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=26 November 2009 |title=Kurdish Name Inscribed on Village Sign in Diyarbakır |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-193991-kurdish-name-inscribed-on-village-sign-in-diyarbakir.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083508/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-193991-kurdish-name-inscribed-on-village-sign-in-diyarbakir.html |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Today's Zaman))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Baran |first=Firat |date=23 January 2014 |title=Kurdish Names, Signs Return to Van |url=http://turkey.setimes.com/en_GB/articles/ses/articles/features/departments/society/2014/01/23/feature-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090245/http://turkey.setimes.com/en_GB/articles/ses/articles/features/departments/society/2014/01/23/feature-01 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=SES Türkiye))</ref> Airports and touristic areas include an English name after the Turkish name.

In the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] such as [[Saudi Arabia]], road signs are often bilingual, in English and Arabic. Other signs (e.g. building signs) may also be displayed in English and Arabic.

[[File:Malkassignboard.JPG|thumb|Bilingual [[Malayalam]]–[[English language|English]] road sign at [[Kerala]] in [[India]]]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bilingual welcome sign Newry.jpg|Bilingual welcome sign at [[Newry]] in [[Northern Ireland]] in [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[English language|English]]
File:Bilingualstopsign.jpg|Bilingual stop sign in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], in English and French
File:Kristiinankaupunki municipal border sign 20190705.jpg|Bilingual town border sign of [[Kristinestad]] in [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
File:Languages.jpg|Quadrilingual sign at [[Brussels-South railway station]] in French, Dutch, German, and English
File:Exit signboard.jpg|An [[exit sign]] in [[Mauritius]] in French and English
File:Mongolian Sign.JPG|Trilingual sign in [[Hohhot]], [[Inner Mongolia]], China, in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and English
File:Roza Rasool Information Sign.jpg|Quadrilingual sign in [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjid Nabwi]], with [[Arabic]] at the top, followed by [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].
File:Hospital Sign Tucson Medical Center.jpg|A sign at [[Tucson Medical Center]] in [[Tucson AZ|Tucson, Arizona, U.S.]], in Spanish and English
File:2008 Summer Olympics - Opening Ceremony - Ilias Iliadis.jpg|The [[2008 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations]] signs were in [[Standard French|French]], [[English language|English]] and [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]].
File:Trilingual signage, Enniskillen - geograph.org.uk - 1464207.jpg|Trilingual sign in [[Enniskillen]], [[Northern Ireland]], in English, Irish and [[Ulster Scots language|Ulster Scots]]
File:Féach gach treo.jpg|Bilingual sign in the [[Republic of Ireland]] in Irish (italics) and English (uppercase, roman letters)
File:Bilingual Signs in Hancock, Michigan.jpg|Bilingual signs in English and Finnish in [[Hancock, Michigan]]
File:Manchu chinese.jpg|Bilingual sign (Chinese, left; and [[Manchu language|Manchu]], right) in the [[Forbidden City]], China
File:Bilingual street sign in Alghero old town.jpg|A street sign on the old town of [[Alghero]], in Italian and the local [[Algherese dialect]] of [[Catalan language|Catalan]]
File:Trilingual warning signs in Vanuatu.jpg|Signs in English, French and [[Bislama]] in [[Vanuatu]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Bilingualism in Canada]]
* [[Gaelic road signs in Scotland]]
* [[Linguistic landscape]] 
* [[List of multilingual countries and regions]]
* [[Road signs in the Republic of Ireland]]
* [[Traffic#Rules of the road|Rules of the road]]

== Bibliography ==
* Francescato, G. ''Le aree bilingui e le regioni di confine''. Angeli
* Baldacci, O. ''Geografia e toponomastica''. S.G.I.
* Baines, Phil. Dixon, Catherin. ''Signs''. UK: Laurence King Co., 2004 (trad.ital. ''Segnali: grafica urbana e territoriale''. Modena: Logos, 2004)
* Boudreau, A. Dubois, L. Bulot, T. Ledegen, G. ''Signalétiques et signalisations linguistiques et langagières des espaces de ville (configurations et enjeux sociolinguistiques)''. Revue de l'Université de Moncton Vol. 36 n.1. Moncton (Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada): Université de Moncton, 2005.
* Bhatia, Tej K. Ritchie, William C. ''Handbook of Bilingualism''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
* Shohamy, E. & Gorter, D. (Eds.), ''Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery''. London: Routledge, 2009.
* Shohamy, E., Ben-Rafael, E., & Barni, M. (Eds.) ''Linguistic Landscape and the City''. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2010.

== References ==
((reflist))

((Traffic signs))

((DEFAULTSORT:Bilingual Sign))
[[Category:Traffic signs]]
[[Category:Transport safety]]
[[Category:Concepts in language policy]]
[[Category:Bilingualism]]

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