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((short description|Head of a knighthood))
((More citations needed|date=February 2016))
[[File:FraGiacomoDallaTorre.jpg|thumb|Fra' [[Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto]], 80th [[List of Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Grand Master]] of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] from 2018 to 2020]]
[[File:Victor Emmanuel of Savoie (0).jpg|thumb|[[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]], as head of the [[House of Savoy]] is the Grandmaster of the royal house's orders]]
'''Grand Master''' (((lang-la|Magister Magnus)); ((lang-de|Großmeister)); ((lang|fr|[[French language|French]]: Grand Maître)); ((lang-sv|Stormästare))) is a [[title]] of the supreme head of various [[order (honour)|orders]], including [[chivalric order]]s such as [[Military order (society)|military order]]s and [[dynastic orders of knighthood]].

The title also occurs in modern [[Civil society|civil]] [[fraternal order]]s such as the [[Freemasons]], the [[Odd Fellows]], and various other [[fraternities]]. Additionally, numerous modern [[self-styled orders]] attempt to imitate habits of the former bodies.

== History ==
=== Medieval era ===
((Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar|Consecrated and professed titles))
In medieval military orders such as the [[Knights Templar]] or the [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]], the Grand Master was the formal and executive head of a military and [[feudal]] hierarchy, which can be considered a "state within the state", especially in the [[crusades|crusader]] context ''[[Wiktionary:sensu lato|lato sensu]]'', notably aimed at the [[Holy Land]] or [[pagan]] territories in [[Eastern Europe]], as well as the [[reconquista]] in the [[Iberian peninsula]].

If an order is granted statehood and thus widely considered [[Sovereignty|sovereign]], the Grand Master is also its [[Head of State]]. If within the [[Holy Roman Empire]], a [[Reichsfürst]] and [[Head of Government]], and thus a true territorial [[Prince of the church]], as was the case with the [[Teutonic Knights]] and the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]].

=== Modern era ===
Except the modern continuation of the organisations of medieval foundation, the title of [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] has been used by the heads of [[Grand Lodge]]s of [[Freemasons]] since 1717, and by [[Odd Fellows]] since the 18th century.

The title of Grand Master is also used by various other fraternities, including academic ones associated with [[universities]]. The national leader of the [[Kappa Sigma Fraternity]] goes by the title "Worthy Grand Master".<ref>((cite web|url=http://kappasigma.org/about/leadership/|title=Leadership))</ref> The heads of local chapters use the title of "Grand Master".

== Orders of chivalry ==
A [[sovereignty|sovereign]] [[monarch]] often holds the title of Grand Master of the highest honorary dynastic orders of knighthood, or may confer or entrust it upon another person including a [[prince]] of the royal family, regularly the [[heir to the throne]], who in other orders may hold another high rank/title.

The term "Sovereign" is generally used in place of "Grand Master" for the supreme head of various orders in Britain and other Commonwealth nations. In the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], the Grand Master is styled "Sovereign", e.g. ''Sovereign Grand Master'', due to its status as an internationally independent [[sovereign entity]].

In republican nations, a president may also serve as the grand master of the various state orders such as in France, where the president is the grand master of the [[Legion of Honour]],((sfn|Hieronymussen|Lundø|1968|pp=11, 132)) and Portugal.((sfn|Hieronymussen|Lundø|1968|p=165))

== Fraternal orders ==
((further|Freemasonry|Odd Fellows|Fraternal order))

=== Freemasonry ===
((main|Grand Master (Masonic)))
In [[Freemasonry]], the Grand Master is an office given to a Freemason elected to oversee a [[Masonic jurisdiction]].

==See also==
*[[List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller]]
*[[Grand masters and lieutenancies of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]]
*[[List of grand masters of the Knights Templar]]
*[[Grand Master of the Order of Saint Lazarus]]
*[[Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights]]
*[[Grand Master (Masonic)]]

==References==
((Reflist))

===Works cited===
*((cite book|editor-last1=Hieronymussen|editor-first1=Poul Ohm|editor-last2=Lundø|editor-first2=Jørgen|translator-last=Karnila|translator-first=Christer|title=Eurooppalaiset kunniamerkit värikuvina|trans-title=Europæiske ordner i farver|year=1968|publisher=WSOY|location=Porvoo|language=fi|oclc=466954328))

==Further reading==
*((cite book|last=Micallef|first=Antonio|title=Lectures on the Statutes of the Sacred Order of St. John of Jerusalem: at the University (of Studies) of Malta 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhVTuRCiV3AC&q=Master|publisher=KIT Scientific Publishing|date=2012|pages=233–235|isbn=9783866444027))

((Catholic consecrated life))
((Catholic Church footer))
((Orders))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Grand masters of orders of chivalry| ]]
[[Category:Fraternal orders]]
[[Category:Masonic Grand Masters| ]]
[[Category:Titles]]

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