Sermon on the Mount by Carl Bloch (1877)
Sermon on the Mount by Carl Bloch (1877)
Events in the
Life of Jesus
according to the canonical gospels
Life of Jesus
Early life
Ministry
Passion
Resurrection
In rest of the NT
Portals:
P christianity.svg
Christianity
Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg
Bible

The Sermon on the Mount (anglicized from the Matthean Vulgate Latin section title: Sermo in monte) is a collection of sayings and teachings attributed to Jesus Christ, which emphasizes his moral teaching found in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5, 6, and 7).[1][2]

It is the first of the Five Discourses of Matthew and takes place relatively early in the Ministry of Jesus, after he has been baptized by John the Baptist, finished his fasting and spiritual retreat in the desert, and begun to preach in Galilee. The name and location of the mountain is unstated; the Mount of Beatitudes, a hill on the shore of Lake Galilee is the traditional interpretation.

The Sermon is the longest continuous discourse of Jesus found in the New Testament, and has been one of the most widely quoted elements of the Canonical Gospels.[3] It includes some of the best-known teachings of Jesus, such as the Beatitudes, and the widely recited Lord's Prayer. The Sermon on the Mount is generally considered to contain the central tenets of Christian discipleship.[3]

Background and setting

See also: Ministry of Jesus

The Sermon on the Mount occupies chapters 5, 6 and 7 of the Gospel of Matthew. The Sermon has been one of the most widely quoted elements of the Canonical Gospels.[3]

This is the first of the Five Discourses of Matthew, the other four being Matthew 10, Matthew 13 (1–53), Matthew 18 and the Olivet discourse in Matthew 24.[4][5][6]

The Sermon is set early in the Ministry of Jesus after he has been baptized by John the Baptist in chapter 3 of the Gospel of Matthew, gathered his first disciples in chapter 4, and had returned from a long fast and contemplation in the Judaean Desert where he had been tempted by Satan to renounce his spiritual mission and gain worldly riches.

Before this episode, Jesus had been "all about Galilee" preaching, as in Matthew 4:23, and "great crowds followed him" from all around the area. The setting for the sermon is given in Matthew 5:1-2. Jesus sees the multitudes, goes up into the mountain, is followed by his disciples, and begins to preach. The Sermon is brought to its close by Matthew 8:1,[7] which reports that Jesus "came down from the mountain followed by great multitudes".

Components

See also: Beatitudes, Salt and Light, Light of the World, Lamp under a bushel, The Mote and the Beam, and Wise and Foolish Builders
The Lord's Prayer, in Matthew 6:9, 1500, Vienna
The Lord's Prayer, in Matthew 6:9, 1500, Vienna

While the issue of the exact theological structure and composition of the Sermon on the Mount is subject to debate among scholars, specific components within it, each associated with particular teachings, can be identified.[8][9]

Matthew 5:3–12[10] discusses the Beatitudes. These describe the character of the people of the Kingdom of Heaven, expressed as "blessings".[11] The Greek word most versions of the Gospel render as "blessed," can also be translated "happy" (Matthew 5:3–12 in Young's Literal Translation[12] for an example). In Matthew, there are eight (or nine) blessings, while in Luke there are four, followed by four woes.[11]

In almost all cases the phrases used in the Beatitudes are familiar from an Old Testament context, but in the sermon Jesus gives them new meaning.[13] Together, the Beatitudes present a new set of ideals that focus on love and humility rather than force and mastery; they echo the highest ideals of Jesus' teachings on spirituality and compassion.[13]

In Christian teachings, the Works of Mercy, which have corporal and spiritual components, have resonated with the theme of the Beatitude for mercy.[14] These teachings emphasize that these acts of mercy provide both temporal and spiritual benefits.[15]

Matthew 5:13–16[16] presents the metaphors of salt and light. This completes the profile of God's people presented in the beatitudes and acts as the introduction to the next section.

There are two parts in this section, using the terms "salt of the earth" and Light of the World to refer to the disciples – implying their value. Elsewhere, in John 8:12,[17] Jesus applies 'Light of the World' to himself.[18]

Jesus preaches about Hell and what Hell is like: "But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother "Raca (fool)" shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire."[19] However, the original translation of this verse refers to the real life location of Gehenna, a burial ground for the wicked, and not a place of spiritual torment.[citation needed]

A page from Matthew, from Papyrus 1, c. 250 AD
A page from Matthew, from Papyrus 1, c. 250 AD

The longest discourse in the Sermon is Matthew 5:17–48,[20] traditionally referred to as "the Antitheses" or "Matthew's Antitheses". In the discourse, Jesus fulfils and reinterprets the Old Covenant and in particular its Ten Commandments, contrasting with what "you have heard" from others.[21] For example, he advises turning the other cheek, and to love one's enemies, in contrast to taking an eye for an eye. According to most interpretations of Matthew 5:17, 18, 19, and 20, and most Christian views of the Old Covenant, these new interpretations of the Law and Prophets are not opposed to the Old Testament, which was the position of Marcion, but form Jesus' new teachings which bring about salvation, and hence must be adhered to, as emphasized in Matthew 7:24–27[22] towards the end of the sermon.[23]

In Matthew 6, Jesus condemns doing what would normally be "good works" simply for recognition and not from the heart, such as those of alms (6:1–4), prayer (6:5–15), and fasting (6:16–18). The discourse goes on to condemn the superficiality of materialism and calls the disciples not to worry about material needs, but to "seek" God's kingdom first. Within the discourse on ostentation, Matthew presents an example of correct prayer. Luke places this in a different context. The Lord's prayer (6:9–13) contains parallels to 1 Chronicles 29:10–18.[24][25][26]

The first part of Matthew 7 (Matthew 7:1–6)[27] deals with judging. Jesus condemns those who judge others before first judging themselves: "Judge not, that ye be not judged."

Jesus concludes the sermon in Matthew 7:17–29[28] by warning against false prophets.

Teachings and theology

Plaque of the 8 Beatitudes, St. Cajetan Church, Lindavista, Mexico
Plaque of the 8 Beatitudes, St. Cajetan Church, Lindavista, Mexico

The teachings of the Sermon on the Mount have been a key element of Christian ethics, and for centuries the sermon has acted as a fundamental recipe for the conduct of the followers of Jesus.[29] Various religious and moral thinkers (e.g. Leo Tolstoy and Mahatma Gandhi) have admired its message, and it has been one of the main sources of Christian pacifism.[1][30]

In the 5th century, Saint Augustine began his book Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount by stating:

If anyone will piously and soberly consider the sermon which our Lord Jesus Christ spoke on the mount, as we read it in the Gospel according to Matthew, I think that he will find in it, so far as regards the highest morals, a perfect standard of the Christian life.

The last verse of chapter 5 of Matthew (Matthew 5:48)[31] is a focal point of the Sermon that summarizes its teachings by advising the disciples to seek perfection.[32] The Greek word telios used to refer to perfection also implies an end, or destination, advising the disciples to seek the path towards perfection and the Kingdom of God.[32] It teaches that God's children are those who act like God.[33][better source needed]

The teachings of the sermon are often referred to as the "Ethics of the Kingdom": they place a high level of emphasis on "purity of the heart" and embody the basic standard of Christian righteousness.[34]

Theological structure

The theological structure of the Sermon on the Mount is widely discussed.[8][9][35] One group of theologians ranging from Saint Augustine in the 5th century to Michael Goulder in the 20th century, see the Beatitudes as the central element of the Sermon.[8] Others such as Günther Bornkamm see the Sermon arranged around the Lord's prayer, while Daniel Patte, closely followed by Ulrich Luz, see a chiastic structure in the sermon.[8][9] Dale Allison and Glen Stassen have proposed a structure based on triads.[9][35][36] Jack Kingsbury and Hans Dieter Betz see the sermon as composed of theological themes, e.g. righteousness or way of life.[8]

Interpretation

See also: Biblical literalism and Biblical law in Christianity
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: This section does not explain what these interpretations mean in terms of the sermon. Please help improve this section if you can. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Sermon of the Mount as depicted by Louis Comfort Tiffany in a stained glass window at Arlington Street Church in Boston
The Sermon of the Mount as depicted by Louis Comfort Tiffany in a stained glass window at Arlington Street Church in Boston

The high ethical standards of the Sermon have been interpreted in a wide variety of ways by different Christian groups.

North American Biblical scholar Craig S. Keener finds at least 36 different interpretations of the message of the Sermon which he groups into 8 views:[37]

  1. The predominant medieval view, "reserving a higher ethic for clergy, especially in monastic orders"[38]
  2. A view associated with Martin Luther that it represents an impossible demand, but serves to educate Christians on the ideals of their faith[39]
  3. The Anabaptist a literal view which directly applies the teachings[40]
  4. The Social Gospel view[clarification needed]
  5. The Christian existentialism view[clarification needed]
  6. Schweitzer's view of an imminent eschatology referring to an interim ethic
  7. Dispensational eschatology which refers to the future Kingdom of God
  8. Inaugurated eschatology in which the Sermon's ethics remain a goal to be approached, yet realized later

Comparison with the Sermon on the Plain

While Matthew groups Jesus' teachings into sets of similar material, the same material is scattered when found in Luke.[1] The Sermon on the Mount may be compared with the similar but shorter Sermon on the Plain as recounted by the Gospel of Luke (Luke 6:17-49),Luke 6:17–49 which occurs at the same moment in Luke's narrative, and also features Jesus heading up a mountain, but giving the sermon on the way down at a level spot. Some scholars believe that they are the same sermon, while others hold that Jesus frequently preached similar themes in different places.[41]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Cross, F.L., ed. (2005), "Sermon on the Mount", The Oxford dictionary of The Christian church, New York: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Baasland, Ernst (2015). Parables and Rhetoric in the Sermon on the Mount: New Approaches to a Classic Text. Tübingen, DE: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161541025.
  3. ^ a b c Vaught, Carl G. (2001), The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation, ISBN 978-0-918954-76-3. pages xi–xiv.
  4. ^ The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 pp. 94–96.
  5. ^ The Gospel of Matthew by Craig S. Keener 2009 ISBN 978-0-8028-6498-7 pp. 37–38.
  6. ^ Preaching Matthew's Gospel by Richard A. Jensen 1998 ISBN 978-0-7880-1221-1 pp. 25, 158.
  7. ^ Matthew 8:1
  8. ^ a b c d e Reading the Sermon on the Mount: by Charles H. Talbert 2004 ISBN 1-57003-553-9 pp. 21–26.
  9. ^ a b c d What are they saying about Matthew's Sermon on the mount?, Warren Carter 1994 ISBN 0-8091-3473-X pp. 35–47.
  10. ^ Matthew 5:3–12
  11. ^ a b "Beatitudes." Frank Leslie Cross, Elizabeth A. Livingstone, eds. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 ISBN 978-0-19280290-3
  12. ^ Matthew 5:3–12
  13. ^ a b A Dictionary of The Bible, James Hastings 2004 ISBN 1-4102-1730-2 pages 15–19.
  14. ^ Jesus the Peacemaker, Carol Frances Jegen 1986 ISBN 0-934134-36-7 pages 68–71.
  15. ^ The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke, Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 ISBN 1-931018-31-6, pages 63–68
  16. ^ Matthew 5:13–16
  17. ^ John 8:12
  18. ^ Spear, Charles (2003). Names and Titles of the Lord Jesus Christ. p. 226. ISBN 0-7661-7467-0.
  19. ^ Matthew 5:22
  20. ^ Matthew 5:17–48
  21. ^ See David Flusser, "The Torah in the Sermon on the Mount" (WholeStones.org) and idem, "'It Is Said to the Elders': On the Interpretation of the So-called Antitheses in the Sermon on the Mount" (JerusalemPerspective.com).
  22. ^ Matthew 7:24–27
  23. ^ France, R. T. (2007). The Gospel of Matthew. pp. 1118–9. ISBN 978-0-80282501-8.
  24. ^ 1 Chronicles 29:10–18
  25. ^ Clontz, T.E. & J., The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, Nag Hammadi Library, Pseudepigrapha, Apocrypha, Plato, Egyptian Book of the Dead, Talmud, Old Testament, Patristic Writings, Dhammapada, Tacitus, Epic of Gilgamesh, Cornerstone, 2008, p. 451, ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5
  26. ^ Stevenson (2004), p. 198.
  27. ^ Matthew 7:1–6
  28. ^ Matthew 7:17-29
  29. ^ The sources of Christian ethics by Servais Pinckaers 1995 ISBN 0-8132-0818-1 page 134
  30. ^ For Tolstoy, see My Religion, 1885. cf. My Religion on Wikisource.
  31. ^ Matthew 5:48
  32. ^ a b Vaught, Carl G. (1986). The Sermon on the Mount: A Theological Interpretation. SUNY Press. pp. 7–10. ISBN 9781438422800.
  33. ^ Talbert, Charles H. (2010). "Matthew". Paideia: Commentaries on the New Testament. Baker Academic. p. 78. ISBN 9780801031922.
  34. ^ Christian ethics, issues and insights by Eṃ Stephan 2007 ISBN 81-8069-363-5.
  35. ^ a b Allison, Dale C. (September 1987). "The Structure of the Sermon on the Mount" (PDF). Journal of Biblical Literature. 106 (3): 423–45. doi:10.2307/3261066. JSTOR 3261066.
  36. ^ Stassen, Glen H. "The Fourteen Triads of the Sermon on the Mount." Journal of Biblical Literature, 2003.
  37. ^ Keener, Craig S. (2009). "The sermon's message". The Gospel of Matthew. pp. 160–2. ISBN 978-0-8028-6498-7.
  38. ^ Mahoney, Jack (February 2012). "Catholicism Pure and Simple". 2nd, 3rd, and 4th paragraphs. The most widespread and notorious of these strategies was the double standard approach which developed by the time of the Middle Ages, requiring the sermon to be taken seriously by only some members of the Church.((cite web)): CS1 maint: location (link)
  39. ^ Cahill, Lisa Sowle (April 1987). "The Ethical Implications of the Sermon on the Mount". Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology. 41 (2): 144–156. doi:10.1177/002096438704100204. S2CID 170623512. The notion that the Sermon is impossible of fulfillment, but has a pedagogical function, is usually associated with Martin Luther or, as Jeremias puts it, with "Lutheran orthodoxy." However, Luther himself maintained that faith is active in works of love and that it is precisely faith which loving service presupposes and of which it is a sign. For this reason, Jeremias' own hermeneutic of the Sermon carries through Luther's most central insights. The Sermon indicates a way of life which presupposes conversion; the Sermon's portrayals of discipleship, while not literal prescriptions, create ideals and set burdens of proof for all concrete embodiments.
  40. ^ "Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (GAMEO)". first paragraph. Whereas Luther emphasized salvation by faith and grace alone, the Anabaptists placed emphasis on the obedience of faith.
  41. ^ Ehrman 2004, p. 101

Sources

  • Augustine of Hippo (1885). "Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount" . Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Volume VI. Translated by William Findlay. T. & T. Clark in Edinburgh.
  • Baxter, Roger (1823). "The Sermon on the Mount" . Meditations For Every Day In The Year. New York: Benziger Brothers. pp. 368–389.
  • Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne (1900). The Sermon on the Mount . Longmans, Green, and Co.
  • Fenlon, John Francis (1907). "Mount of Beatitudes" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Betz, Hans Dieter. Essays on the Sermon on the Mount. translations by Laurence Welborn. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985.
  • Kasteren, Johannes Peter Van (1907). "Eight Beatitudes" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Kissinger, Warren S. The Sermon on the Mount: A History of Interpretation and Bibliography. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1975.
  • Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). "The Sermon on the Mount" . A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.
  • Kodjak, Andrej. A Structural Analysis of the Sermon on the Mount. New York: M. de Gruyter, 1986.
  • Lapide, Pinchas. The Sermon on the Mount, Utopia or Program for Action? translated from the German by Arlene Swidler. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1986.
  • Lambrecht, Jan, S.J. The Sermon on the Mount. Michael Glazier: Wilmington, DE, 1985.
  • McArthur, Harvey King. Understanding the Sermon on the Mount. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978.
  • Prabhavananda, Swami Sermon on the Mount According to Vedanta 1991 ISBN 0-87481-050-7
  • Easwaran Eknath. Original Goodness (on Beatitudes). Nilgiri Press, 1989. ISBN 0-915132-91-5.
  • Stassen, Glen H., and David P. Gushee. Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context, InterVarsity Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8308-2668-8.
  • Stassen, Glen H. Living the Sermon on the Mount: A Practical Hope for Grace and Deliverance, Jossey-Bass, 2006. ISBN 0-7879-7736-5.
  • Stevenson, Kenneth. The Lord's prayer: a text in tradition, Fortress Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8006-3650-3.
  • Soares de Azevedo, Mateus. Esoterism and Exoterism in the Sermon of the Mount. Sophia journal, Oakton, VA, USA. Vol. 15, Number 1, Summer 2009.
  • Soares de Azevedo, Mateus. Christianity and the Perennial Philosophy, World Wisdom, 2006. ISBN 0-941532-69-0.

External links

Sermon on the Mount Life of Jesus: Sermon on the Mount or on the Plain Preceded byCommissioning of the Twelve Apostles New TestamentEvents Succeeded byWidow's Son at Nain RaisedMiracles of Jesus
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sermon on the Mount.
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Sermon on the Mount (WSV)
Wikiquote has quotations related to Sermon on the Mount.
Look up Sermon on the Mount in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Jesus
Sermon on the Mount
Gospel of Matthew
Christianity
Authority control
Categories