A rover is a planetary surface exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body. Rovers are used to explore, collect information, and take samples of the surface. This is a list of all rovers on extraterrestrial bodies in the Solar System. Since 1970, there have been four lunar rovers (excludes the three Lunar Roving Vehicles on Apollo 15, 16, and 17, as they carried no payloads and were designed to be driven by astronauts on the lunar surface), six Mars rovers, and three asteroid rovers that have successfully landed and explored these extraterrestrial surfaces.

Key

Colour key:

Moon

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Luna 17	Lunokhod 1	USSR	17 November 1970	38°14′16″N 35°00′06″W / 38.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Lunokhod 1)	322 days	10.5 km (6.5 mi)	First rover on extraterrestrial body
Luna 21	Lunokhod 2	USSR	15 January 1971	25°51′N 30°27′E / 25.85°N 30.45°E / 25.85; 30.45 (Lunokhod 2)	236 days	39 km (24 mi)	Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3	Yutu	CNSA	14 December 2013	44°07′N 19°31′W / 44.12°N 19.51°W / 44.12; -19.51 (Yutu)	42 days (mobile) 973 days (total)	114.8 m (377 ft)	First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first soft landing on the Moon in over 35 years.
Chang'e 4	Yutu-2	CNSA	3 January 2019	44°48′S 175°54′E / 44.8°S 175.9°E / -44.8; 175.9 (Yutu 2)	1540 days	1.181 km (0.734 mi)[1] as of 1 May 2022[update]	First soft landing on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2	Pragyan	ISRO	6 September 2019	70°54′S 22°47′E / 70.90°S 22.78°E / -70.90; 22.78 (Vikram lander)	0 days	0 km	Lost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon
Hakuto-R	Rashid	MBRSC	April 2023	Atlas crater	42 days (planned)		Launched 11 December 2022, in transit
	Sora-Q	Tomy/JAXA/Doshisha University	April 2023	Atlas Crater			Small rover in preparation for Lunar Cruiser in 2030
Peregrine Mission 1	Iris	Astrobotic/Carnegie Mellon University	May 2023	Gruithuisen Gamma
	Colmena x5	UNAM
Chandrayaan 3	Chandrayaan 3 rover	ISRO	June 2023				Repeated mission announced after failure of Chandrayaan-2
IM-2	MAPP	Lunar Outpost	October 2023
	AstroAnt	MIT					Micro rover, will travel on The MAPP rover
	Micro-Nova	Intuitive Machines
	Yaoki	Dymon
SLIM	LEV-1	JAXA	Q2 2023 [1]				A hopper and a rover included in the SLIM mission which will demonstrate precision landing technology
	LEV-2
IM-3	Lunar Vertex	NASA/Lunar Outpost	Q2 2024	Reiner Gamma			Small rover carrying instruments to explore Reiner Gamma
	CADRE x4	NASA
VIPER		NASA	November 2024		100 days (planned)
Hakuto-R mission 2	Ispace Rover	Ispace Europe	2024				Hakuto-R mission 2 will feature a rover for surface exploration and data collection
Chang’e 7	Chang’e 7 rover	CNSA	2026
	Chang’e 7 hopper
Chang’e 8	Chang’e 8 rover	CNSA	2028				Chinese ISRU mission in preparation for ILRS
	Chang’e 8 hopper
HERACLES		CSA	2030	Schrödinger basin			Rover being developed for ESA and JAXA sample return missions

Mars

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Mars 2	Prop-M Rover	USSR	27 November 1971	45°S 47°E / 45°S 47°E / -45; 47 (Mars 2 lander)	1 days	0 km	Lost when Mars 2 lander crash landed on Mars
Mars 3	Prop-M Rover	USSR	2 December 1971	45°S 202°E / 45°S 202°E / -45; 202 (Mars 3 lander)	0 days	0 km	Lost when Mars 3 lander stopped communicating about 20 seconds after landing
Mars Pathfinder	Sojourner	NASA	4 July 1997	38°14′16″N 35°00′06″W / 38.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Sojourner)	85 days	100 m (330 ft)	First successful rover on Mars
Beagle 2	PLUTO	ESA/National Space Centre	25 December 2003	11.52879°N 90.43139°E	0 days	0 km	small rover with a spring mechanism used to move, never deployed
Mars Exploration Rover	Spirit	NASA	4 January 2004	14°34′06″S 175°28′21″E / 14.5684°S 175.472636°E / -14.5684; 175.472636 (Spirit)	6 years 79 days	7.73 km (4.80 mi)
	Opportunity	NASA	25 January 2004	1°56′46″S 354°28′24″E / 1.9462°S 354.4734°E / -1.9462; 354.4734 (Opportunity)	14 years 140 days	45.16 km (28.06 mi)	Longest distance travelled by any rover and most days operated
Mars Science Laboratory	Curiosity	NASA	6 August 2012	4°35′22″S 137°26′30″E / 4.5895°S 137.4417°E / -4.5895; 137.4417 (Curiosity)	10 years 229 days	27.55 km (17.12 mi) as of 24 March 2022[update][2]	Currently active
Mars 2020	Perseverance	NASA	18 February 2021	18°26′41″N 77°27′03″E / 18.4447°N 77.4508°E / 18.4447; 77.4508 (Mars 2020)	2 years 33 days	13.88 km (8.62 mi) as of 20 December 2022[update][3]	Currently active
	Ingenuity		3 April 2021 (deployment)			8.008 km as of 23 January 2023[update]
Tianwen-1	Zhurong	CNSA	14 May 2021	25°06′N 109°54′E / 25.1°N 109.9°E / 25.1; 109.9Coordinates: 25°06′N 109°54′E / 25.1°N 109.9°E / 25.1; 109.9	677 days	1.921 km (1.194 mi) as of 1 May 2022[update][4]	Currently active
ExoMars	Rosalind Franklin	ESA	2025 at earliest	18°16′30″N 335°22′05″E / 18.275°N 335.368°E / 18.275; 335.368 (Rosalind Franklin)	420 days (planned)		Planned to launch 2024 at earliest[5]
MMX	MMX rover	DLR/CNES	2025				Scheduled to land on Phobos in 2025/2026
Mars Sample Return	Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter	NASA	2030				Ingenuity class helicopter designed to retrieve Martian regolith samples

Asteroids

Body	Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Location	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
162173 Ryugu	Hayabusa2	MINERVA-II Rover-1A	JAXA	21 September 2019	Tritonis	36 days[6]		Successfully landed, returned images, and hopped along surface. First rovers on an asteroid.
		MINERVA-II Rover-1B				3 days[6]
		MASCOT	DLR/CNES	3 October 2018	Alice's Wonderland	17 h 14 min[7]	~17.9 m (59 ft)[7]	Successfully landed, returned images from the surface, and performed multiple hops along surface
		MINERVA-II Rover-2	JAXA	October 2019	Unknown	0 days	0 m	Failed before deployment, so it was released in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted a few days later

Titan

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Location	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Dragonfly		NASA	2034	Shangri-La	10 years (planned)	8 km per flight	Rotorcraft to be sent to Titan in 2027

Proposed rovers

Rover	Country/Agency	Date of launch	Location	Notes
LUPEX Rover	JAXA/ISRO	2025	Lunar South Pole	Joint mission between ISRO and JAXA
MPR-1	STELLS	2025		Rover under study for power supply for future mining rovers
Canadensys Rover	Canadensys	2026	Lunar South Pole	Rover funded by CSA to scout for water ice on the Moon
Lunar Zebro	Delft University of Technology	2026		Small rover studying swarm technologies
Lunar Trailblazer	Australian Space Agency	2026		Rover being researched by Australian Businesses
Luna-Grunt	Roscosmos	2028		Rover for proposed Luna 29 sample return mission, details of rover are unknown
TBD	KARI	2031		KARI has requested a budget of $459 million for a lander and rover mission. [2]
Rashid 2 [3]	MBRSC	TBD		Was intended to launch with Chang'e 7 but due to US restrictions, launch is unknown
Moonranger	Astrobotic/Carnegie Mellon University		Lunar South Pole	Was intended to launch in November 2023 but Lunar Lander provider hit bankruptcy and rover is on hold for now
Asagumo	Spacebit			Spider-like rover was planned to launch with Peregrine Mission One but status is currently unknown

Crewed rovers

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Notes
Apollo 15	Lunar Roving Vehicle	NASA	7 August 1971		3 h 02 min	27.76 km (7.75 mi)	First crewed lunar rover
Apollo 16	Lunar Roving Vehicle	NASA	21 April 1972		3 h 26 min	26.55 km (16.50 mi)
Apollo 17	Lunar Roving Vehicle	NASA	11 December 1972		4 h 26 min	35.89 km (22.30 mi)	Furthest distance travelled by crewed lunar rover
Artemis 5	Lunar Terrain Vehicle	NASA	2028				unpressurised crewed rover for the Artemis program
Artemis 7	Lunar Cruiser	JAXA	2030				Developed jointly between JAXA and Toyota
Chinese Crewed Lunar Mission	Chinese Crewed Rover	CNSA	2030>				Rover unrevealed at the National Museum of China on Feb 24