Ancient Carthage - 480–146 BC - Fate: military defeat by Rome (another republic) in the Punic Wars ... List of republics: In 308 BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage retaining its republican government.[1]
The United Kingdom colonized many territories around the world over its long history. Starting with the United States in 1776, some obtained independence and became republics without a monarch. 15 Commonwealth realmsshare the same person as monarch with the United Kingdom because their monarchies branched off from the British monarchy. The Statute of Westminster 1931 established that Dominions were legislatively independent and have independent monarchies, but also established the convention that any changes to the rules of inheritance must be agreed among all the dominions. These arrangements have been upheld in the formation and maintenance of the constitutions of the current realms, and in the Perth Agreement changes, which came into effect in all realms in 2015. Brunei, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malaysia, Tonga have chosen monarchs unrelated to the United Kingdom.
As part of the settlement of the Cambodian Civil War, the Cambodia Constituent Assembly decided to create a ceremonial, elected monarchy. The political and religious leaders on the Royal Council of the Throne choose kings from the bloodlines which had held a hereditary monarchy until the Cambodian coup of 1970 declared a republic. The monarchy had originally been established through conquest.
It is unclear whether the head of state of Samoa is an elected monarch or the mostly ceremonial elected head of a republic. The office was established by the Westminster-style 1960 Constitution of Samoa which came into effect with its independence from New Zealand.
In 1095, the bishop requested military assistance (against the Count of Urgell) from the Lord of Caboet, in return signing a declaration of co-sovereignty.[3] The right of co-sovereignty passed through marriage and inheritance through the Count of Foix, the kings of Navarre, and then the King of France when King Henry III of Navarre became King Henry IV of France. The French head of state, including kings, emperors, and presidents, has held the position since, with a few interruptions.
The co-sovereignty arrangement was affirmed by Paréage of Andorra 1278, a 1607 edict from Henry IV, and the 1993 Constitution of Andorra approved by popular vote. It was interrupted several times:
Political correctness
Cisgender
Code word (figure of speech)
Collateral damage
Color-blind casting
Common Era
Cosmic Trigger III: My Life After Death
Counterstereotype
Cultural appropriation
Damning with faint praise
Diversity (politics)
Diversity training
Euphemism
Family values
Freedom fries
Freedom of thought
Gender-blind
Hate speech
Hypatia transracialism controversy
Ideological repression
Inclusive language
Kotobagari
Language and thought
Language ideology
Language politics
Linguistic prescription
List of politically motivated renamings
Lookism
Loony left
Microaggression
Pavlovian session
People-first language
The Perils of "Privilege"
Political insult
Political socialization
Post-racial America
The Problem with a Poo
Reappropriation
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
Reparations (website)
Respect diversity
Safe space
Self-censorship
Self-licensing
Snowflake (slang)
Social engineering (political science)
Speech code
Spinning into Butter (film)
Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
Thought-terminating cliché
Thoughtcrime
Xenocentrism
For reasons of inclusivity of specific racial or religious groups:
Criticism of the character of military servicepersons[1]
Sometimes the use of particular language is politically controversial, such as a place name that favors one side or another in a territorial dispute. If there are egalitarian or human rights concerns associated with the controversy, liberal speakers can have a strong preferences for one term. For example, calling the country Burma instead of Myanmar might be a way of expressing solidarity with the Burmese people or opposition to the military government that ruled from 1962 to 2011 and which changed the name of the country. Referring to the city as Bombay rather than Mumbai might be considered to carry an air of colonialism, since "Bombay" is the Anglicised version used by English colonizers, whereas "Mumbai" is used in several indigenous languages. The use of the term "Native American" is popular because it emphasizes the status of being born in the Americas before Europeans, and because avoids the term "Indian" which was bestowed when Europeans who colonized and enslaved the indigenous people were confused as to whether or not they had arrived in Indies. (See Native American name controversy.)
Humor, especially insult humor and political humor, sometimes involves remarks that some people consider offensive. Depending on the context (for example, a comedy show vs. a workplace), the audience, the thoughtfulness of the comedy, and the specific implications or potential hurtfulness inflicted, such remarks may be received in good fun or may be seen as objectionable and "crossing the line".[2]
Social media have enabled people who want to criticize people who make "politically incorrect" remarks to do so immediately and directly.[2] One extreme example of online shaming of such comments is the Justine Sacco incident, in which a joke about AIDS in Africa posted before takeoff resulted in Justine Sacco losing her job by the time she landed.
Specific controversies related to political correctness include:
Any remarks seen as favoring a specific position on a controversial topic (such as abortion, gun rights, same-sex marriage, immigration) might be condemned by opponents of that position. For politicians, this can present worries about election or re-election if the constituency generally opposes the position or the votes of moderates are important. For businesses, this could result in a boycott. Such remarks might be termed "politically incorrect" in the sense that they are politically unacceptable to an important faction. Some of these positions or issues have been called the third rail of politics - anyone touching them is metaphorically electrocuted.
Hey i just read your profile and saw that you arw willing to take pictures arround boston. I am currently working on the List of MBTA subway stations, I'm trying to get it to featured list status, and have realized that most stations either do not have a picture or have a bad one. If you have time and find yourself walking past a T stop, could you snap a picture and add it to the stops page? That would help alot. Thanks in advance!--Found5dollar (talk) 15:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
Perl script to separate red and blue links for WP:MEA
I am currently looking for help (a perl script) to parse and separate red and blue links for various lists at Missing encyclopedic articles. I have made a request at Wikipedia:Computer_help_desk#New_cases, but it has languished for over a week. There was a script that does some of what we need it to do developed by Avar, but it only works on a few of the many lists we are currently working on. Specifically I'm looking for something that would separate and sort a list like this:
This is a worst case example. The current script works well, but it evaluates link by link, not line by line and so [comments] about the link would be removed.
Your help would be greatly appreciated. --Reflex Reaction (talk)• 22:00, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
Yet another analysis project that screams "Beland!"
Hi - I've proposed a wikipedia wide project to find and eliminate instances within infobox-style templates of the anti-accessible technique of creating multiple visual rows withn a single row by embedding matching HTML breaks in two (or more) adjacent columns in a table, please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Usability#Infobox accessibility issue. So far, no one has signed up or in any way acknowledged that this is a problem worth pursuing (screw them blind folks - who needs em!). In any event, if you could whip up a little analysis program to find likely instances (difficult to be exact, but perhaps references to templates with multiple parameters whose values include an HTML break - being exact requires either looking at the rendered HTML or interpreting the template) it might help folks realize the magnitude of the problem. I'm pretty sure this is very widespread, and I've verified with a blind wikipedia user that it is a problem. If you could help, I'd appreciate it. -- Rick Block (talk) 04:13, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
I've noticed lots of instances where people leave out spaces after links, parenthesis, and formatting syntax - e.g. they will write things like: It was a largecreature(possibly a dinosauror a giant wombat)which lived in the cavernof woe.
Can you pull together a page of all instances in article space of:
A text character followed immediately by an open parens or bracket: x( or x[
A close parens followed immediately by a text character: )x
A text character followed immediately by italic or bolding syntax, which is in turn followed immediately by another text character: xx or x'x
Hopefully I'm doing this right :) Can you use your Pearle bot to automatically put all of the articles in List of ADV releases into the category Category:ADV Films, and the ones in the list of licensed titles at Geneon#Anime licensed by Geneon USA into the category Category:Geneon? The Anime and manga project wants to get these lists into categories for better management, but not to many people are eager to manually tackle the categorizing. :P Collectonian (talk) 06:44, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
Status of Wikireason -- other projects
Hi Beland. Wikireason is "in hibernation" due to lack of participation. I've been offering advice to the admin of Chains of Reason, which seems to have similar goals to Wikireason and I think has a better chance of developing a sustainable community. If you are still interested, please check it out. You may also be interested in Debateopedia--which is more focused on documenting public debates, and less focused on developing logical arguments. AdamRetchless 02:16, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
You can help improve the articles listed below! This list updates frequently, so check back here for more tasks to try. (See Wikipedia:Maintenance or the Task Center for further information.)
Need to check if recommended categorization scheme has been implemented.
Intro texts do not conform to the recommendation. A bot should check all articles in a given category to see if the right phrase and/or links are present.
Wisconsin towns (townships) are confusing (e.g. Springfield, Wisconsin).
Bot report: Unreferenced BLPs for this WikiProject — Biographies of Living Persons (BLP) have higher standards than other articles for references, due to the real-life effect they can have. (See WP:BLP for more information.)
Multi-determination: A car owner notices the check engine light on their dashboard is on, but continues driving for 3 days. On the highway, the engine suddenly fails. A second car that has been tailgating crashes into the first one. A nearby philosopher asks whether the cause of the accident was the way the car was built, or the way it was operated by the owner. In fact, if the car had been built differently, operated differently, or followed differently, the accident would not have happened. The accident is "multi-determined". Cite that STS book.
Needs publicity. Add to current categorization projects, maybe make an announcement. See what currently links to the parent page. Update. Re-add to Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects.