Ellamman, the gramadevata of the village of Nathanallur

A gramadevata (Sanskrit: ग्रामदेवता, romanized: Grāmadevatā, lit. 'village deity') is the tutelary deity of a given locality in Hinduism,[1] primarily worshipped in the villages of India.[2][3]

Of diverse origins, gramadevatas are regarded to protect the inhabitants of their villages from bandits, epidemics, and natural disasters when propitiated, failing which they are believed to cause these afflictions.[4][5] A gramadevata is typically female in South India.[6] In this region, a village goddess, acting as a fertility figure, is enshrined, and a guardian of the village is situated at the village boundary.[7]

Etymology

The term gramadevata is derived from the Sanskrit words grāma, "village, village settlement" and devatā, "deity".[8]

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Development

The earliest appearance of the "Mother Goddess" found in South Asia is in Mehrgarh in the form of female terracotta figurines dating to the 4th millennium BCE. These figurines are believed to represent the "Mother Goddess." Similar female figurines are found in 3rd-2nd millennium figures from Harappan civilization sites, including a woman with a plant emerging from her womb and a woman in a tree (believed to be a goddess) being worshipped by another woman, with seven figures below. Due to their association with agriculture, the idea of the earth spirit of bhumi is still a common association with villages today just as it was in Harappan times. Evidence of continued veneration of a female village deity comes from a terracotta fragment Chandraketugarh from what is now eastern West Bengal dating to the 1st century BCE. The plaque shows a figure holding a parasol, evidently a goddess, being worshipped with earthen pots, fruits, flowers and other offerings similar to those given to modern-day village goddesses. Another group of common iconography related to gramadevatas are the sapta matrika, the "seven mothers." The first mention of these goddesses occurs in the later layers of the Mahabharata dating to the 1st century CE, and their lack of mention in the Vedas indicates a non-Vedic origin for these goddesses.[9] In addition to the fertility goddesses, the various disease goddesses include deities described with unappealing physical characteristics like Mariamman and Mata. These goddesses could be represented in the Harappan period by a goddess with weapons in her hair. Similarly, goddesses absorbed into Puranic Hinduism, like Durga, appear around the 1st century BCE-1st century CE.[9]

Legend

A South Indian legend states that the gramadevatas trace their origin to the first Shakti, created by the Supreme Being. Nine forms of this Shakti, collectively designated as the Navashakti, were created. Due to their arrogance, they were banished from heaven to the earth, where they were assigned the task of protecting mankind from evil and malicious forces. Thus, the gramadevatas are honoured for their duty through festivals and temples dedicated to their worship.[10][11]

Veneration

Gramadevatas are believed to serve as the protectors of fields and the general countryside, preventing plagues, famines, pestilence, war, as well as natural disasters. They are also venerated to honour their task of guarding villagers from evil.[12] These deities, predominantly goddesses, possess both benevolent and malevolent features, to mark their roles as gentle to supplicants, and also fierce to wrongdoers. They are associated with agriculture, harvests, rain, and are regarded to be embodiments of fertility. These deities are often venerated in the open fields, or in the form of shrines. Most of them are not accompanied by a male consort. Their shrines could sometimes be composed of a pile of stones or a flag. While some of these shrines are maintained and served by priests, others merely have a keeper who is not accorded a special status. Gramadevatas often share common suffixes in their names, such as amman or amma, the Dravidian root word for mother, or ai.[13] Animal sacrifices and blood are often served as offerings to placate these goddesses by their devotees, including chickens, goats, and occasionally buffaloes, traditionally requiring them to be male.[14][15]

Syncretism

While various gramadevatas possess discrete worlds and forms of worship from mainstream Hinduism, others have been syncretised as members of the greater pantheon of Hindu deities. For instance, the deity Venkateshvara, a form of Vishnu, is regarded by local adherents to be the brother of Gangamma, a gramadevata. Mainstream Hindu deities and gramadevatas are often ritually worshipped together due to their integrated traditions.[16] Due to the prevalence of Vaishnavism and Shaivism, it is common to find representations of male gramadevatas as forms of Vishnu and Shiva,[17] and female gramadevatas as forms of Lakshmi and Parvati.[18] Few gramadevatas, such as Ganesha, have been completely adopted into Puranic Hinduism.[19]

Examples

Statue of Munishvarar, a male gramadevata

Gallery

  • Mariamman in a temple festival procession
    Mariamman in a temple festival procession
  • Sculpture of Chamunda
    Sculpture of Chamunda
  • Bhadrakali Amman
    Bhadrakali Amman
  • Ayyanar, a guardian kuladevata, accompanied by two consorts
    Ayyanar, a guardian kuladevata, accompanied by two consorts
  • The goddess Muthyalamma, the kuladevata of Gudilova
    The goddess Muthyalamma, the kuladevata of Gudilova

References

  1. ^ Iyengar, T. R. R. (2004). Hindu Mythology. Intellectual Book Corner. p. 385. ISBN 978-81-7076-104-4.
  2. ^ Chandra, Suresh (1998). Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Sarup & Sons. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-7625-039-9.
  3. ^ Becchio, Bruno; Schadé, Johannes P. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Religions. Foreign Media Group. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-60136-000-7.
  4. ^ Leviton, Richard (14 October 2005). Encyclopedia of Earth Myths: An Insider's A-Z Guide to Mythic People, Places, Objects, and Events Central to the Earth's Visionary Geography. Hampton Roads Publishing. p. 555. ISBN 978-1-61283-298-2.
  5. ^ Atran, Scott (9 December 2004). In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-803405-6.
  6. ^ Oppy, Graham (17 April 2015). The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-317-51592-0.
  7. ^ Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (23 February 2015). Everyday Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-118-52818-1.
  8. ^ Fuller, C. J. (March 1988). "The Hindu Pantheon and the Legitimation of Hierarchy". Man. 23 (1): 22–39. doi:10.2307/2803031. JSTOR 2803031. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  9. ^ a b Elgood, Heather (1 September 2004). "Exploring the roots of village Hinduism in South Asia". World Archaeology. 36 (3): 326–342. doi:10.1080/0043824042000282777. ISSN 0043-8243. S2CID 144268377.
  10. ^ Garrett, John (1971). A Classical Dictionary of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 540.
  11. ^ Sharma, Arvind (2000). Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-19-564441-8.
  12. ^ Jeyaraj, Daniel (23 September 2004). Genealogy of the South Indian Deities: An English Translation of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg's Original German Manuscript with a Textual Analysis and Glossary. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-134-28703-1.
  13. ^ J.N.K, Mugambi (16 March 2015). A Comparative Study of Religions: Second Edition. University of Nairobi Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-9966-846-89-1.
  14. ^ Elgood, Heather (1 April 2000). Hinduism and the Religious Arts. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8264-9865-6.
  15. ^ Blurton, T. Richard (1993). Hindu Art. Harvard University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-674-39189-5.
  16. ^ Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (23 February 2015). Everyday Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-118-52818-1.
  17. ^ Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (6 December 2021). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. McFarland. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7864-9179-7.
  18. ^ Kelly, Frank Bolger (February 2011). Scoffing at Scripture: A Commoner Reads the World's Holy Writ and Rejects Traditional Religion. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 647. ISBN 978-1-60844-808-1.
  19. ^ Jain, Sandhya (19 March 2022). Adi Deo Arya Devata: A Panoramic View oF Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface. Notion Press. p. 138. ISBN 979-8-88530-378-1.
  20. ^ "Dharma-Thakur | Indian deity". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  21. ^ Syed Siraj Ul Hassan (1920). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 482. ISBN 8120604881.
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