8 of 15 khagans of the Mongol Empire.
Mongol Empire and its fragmentation
Imperial Seal of the Mongols
Imperial Seal of Bogd Khan

The following is a list of Mongol rulers.

The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.

Khamag Mongol (1120s–1206)

Further information: List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans and Khamag Mongol
Ruler Reign Information
Kaidu 1030 - 1060 The first Khan to unite the Mongol clans[1]
Khabul Khan c. 1130 - 1148 The first Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation[2]
Ambaghai Khan 1148 - 1156 The second Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation
Hotula Khan 1156 - 1161 The third Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation
Yesugei c. 1160 - 1171 De facto ruler of the Khamag Mongol confederation
Genghis Khan 1160 - 1206 Chieftain of the Borjigin clan

Mongol Empire (1206–1368)

Further information: Mongol Empire

Great Khans and Yuan dynasty

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Yuan emperors.

Before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: Huángdì) practically in the Chinese language since Genghis Khan (as 成吉思皇帝; 'Genghis Emperor').

With the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, the Kublaids became Yuan emperors, who took on a dual identity of Khagan for the Mongols and Huangdi for ethnic Han.

B. Sumiyabaatar/ Б.Сумьяабаатар, "Чинcгий алтан ургийн үгийн бичиг ба гэрийн үеийн бичмэл", "Genealogy of Mongols", 720 pp., ISBN 99929-5-552-X
Ruler Reign Information
Genghis Khan 1206 - 1227 The first Khan of the Mongol Empire
Tolui Khan 1227 - 1229 Regent of the Mongol Empire until his brother, Ögedei became Khan
Ögedei Khan September 13, 1229 - December 11, 1241 The second Khan of the Mongol Empire
Töregene Khatun 1242 - 1246 Regent of the Mongol Empire until the election of her son, Güyük Khan
Güyük Khan August 24, 1246 - April 20, 1248 The third Khan of the Mongol Empire
Oghul Qaimish 1248 - 1251 Regent of the Mongol Empire until her death in 1251
Möngke Khan July 1, 1251 - August 11, 1259 The fourth Khan of the Mongol Empire
Ariq Böke August 11, 1259 - August 12, 1264 Claimed the title of Great Khan and fought against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War.
Kublai Khan December 18, 1271 - February 18, 1294 The first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Temür Khan May 10, 1294 - February 10, 1307 The second emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Külüg Khan June 21, 1307 - January 27, 1311 The third emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan April 7, 1311 - March 1, 1320 The fourth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Gegeen Khan April 19, 1320 - September 4, 1323 The fifth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Yesün Temür October 4, 1323 - August 15, 1328 The sixth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Ragibagh Khan October 1328 - November 14, 1328 The seventh emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür October 16, 1328 - February 26, 1329[3] (first reign)
September 8, 1329 – September 2, 1332 (second reign) 		The eighth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Khutughtu Khan Kusala February 27, 1329 - August 30, 1329 The ninth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Seized the throne from Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür.
Rinchinbal Khan October 23, 1332 – December 14, 1332 The tenth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
Toghon Temür July 19, 1333 – September 10, 1368[3] The eleventh emperor and last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Also the first emperor of the Northern Yuan Dynasty.

Golden Horde

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Khans of the Golden Horde.

See also: Wings of the Golden Horde

Left wing (White Horde)

Further information: White Horde

This Horde was annexed by Abu'l-Khayr Khan of the Shaybanids in 1446.

Right wing (Blue Horde)

Further information: Blue Horde

Actual rulers of the Golden Horde (Jochid Ulus, Kipchak Khanate) were members of the House of Batu until 1361.

Ruler Reign Information
Batu Khan 1227 - 1255 The first Khan of the Golden Horde and the first Khan of it's Western Half (the Blue Horde).
Sartaq Khan 1256 - 1257 The second Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Ulaghchi 1257 The third Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. The last Khan of the Golden Horde that believed in Tengrism.
Berke Khan 1257 - 1266 The fourth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. The first Islamic Khan of the Golden Horde and supporter of Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War.
Mengu-Timur 1266 - 1280 The fifth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Tode Mongke 1280 - 1287 The sixth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Talabuga 1287 - 1291 The seventh Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Toqta 1291 - 1312 The eighth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Özbeg Khan 1313 - 1341 The ninth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Tini Beg 1341 - 1342 The tenth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Jani Beg 1342 - 1357 The eleventh Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Berdi Beg 1357 - 1359 The twelve Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde.
Qulpa August 1359 - February 1360 The thirteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde.
Nawruz Beg 1360 The fourteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde.
Khiḍr Khan 1360 - 1361 The fifteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde.
Timur Khwaja 1361 The sixteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde.
Ordu Malik 1361 The seventeenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde.
Kildi Beg 1361 - 1362 The eighteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde.
Abdallāh 1361 - 1370 The nineteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. Under the influence of Mamai.
Tulun Beg Khanum 1370 - 1371 The first Queen of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde.
Muhammad Sultan 1370/1371 - 1379 The twentieth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. Under the influence of Mamai.
Tulak 1379 - 1380 The twenty-first Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. Under the influence of Mamai.

Great Horde (1466–1502)

Main article: Great Horde

Ilkhanate

Further information: Ilkhanate

After the murder of Arpa, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.

Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):

Chobanids (1335–1357)

Main article: Chobanids

Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)

Main article: Jalayirid Sultanate

Injuids (1335–1357)

Main article: Injuids

Arghun dynasty (1479?–1599?)

Main article: Arghun dynasty

Chagatai Khanate

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Chagatai khans.

The Chagatai Khanate was split into two parts, the Western Chagatai Khanate and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan).

Western Chagatai Khanate

From 1370 on, the Western Chagatai Khans were puppets of Timur.

Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan)

Further information: Moghulistan

Moghulistan was split into the Turpan Khanate and Yarkent Khanate in the late 15th century.

See also: List of khans of the Yarkent and Turpan khanates

.

Turpan Khanate

Further information: Turpan Khanate
Yarkent Khanate

Further information: Yarkent Khanate

Kara Del (1383–1513)

Main article: Kara Del

Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Northern Yuan khans.

Khagans of the Mongols or Northern Yuan dynasty (rump state of Yuan dynasty until 1388):

Genghisid Khalkha Khans (1600s–1691)

Independent Khalkha Mongol Khans (before Outer Mongolia merged into the Manchu Qing dynasty):

Tüsheet Khans

Jasagtu Khans

Sechen Khans

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Ancestry of Navaanneren /1910–1922/, eldest son of Tserendondov, who was the son of Orjinjav the son of Artased.

Altan Khan of the Khalkha

Oirats

Four Oirat (1399–1634)

Further information: Four Oirat

Dzungar Khanate

Further information: Dzungar Khanate

Khans of Khoshut Khanate

Further information: Khoshut Khanate

Khotgoid Khanate (late 16th century – late 17th century)

Main articles: Altan Khan of Khalkha and Khotogoid

Torghud khans of the Kalmyk Khanate

Further information: Kalmyk Khanate

Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)

Main article: Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Ruler Photo Reign Seal Information
Bogd Khan December 29, 1911 - May 20, 1924 The first and only Khan of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia. Also the eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ René Grousset. "Le conquérant du monde: vie de Gengis-Khan". www.rulit.me. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  2. ^ Кычанов Е. И. (1995). Жизнь Темучжина, думавшего покорить мир: Чингис-хан. Личность и эпоха (2-е изд., перераб. и доп ed.). Moscow: Издательская фирма «Восточная литература» РАН; Школа-Пpecc. p. 18. ISBN 5-02-017390-8.
  3. ^ a b Moule 1957, p. 104.

Sources

  • Dughlát Muhammad Haidar, Norbert Elias, Edward Denison Ross – The Tarikh-i-rashidi
  • Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols
  • Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank -The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368
  • William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, J. A. Boyle -The Cambridge history of Iran, 5
  • Konstantin Nikolaevich Maksimov – Kalmykia in Russia's past and present national policies and administrative system
  • Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
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