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((Short description|Fifth prime minister of India (1902–1987)))
((other people))
((more citations needed|date=April 2012))
((Use Indian English|date=November 2015))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2020)) 
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Charan Singh
| honorific-prefix    = [[Chaudhary]]
| image               = Prime minister Charan Singh (cropped).jpg
| image_size          = 
| alt                 = Charan Singh
| caption             = Official portrait, 1979
| office              = 5th [[Prime Minister of India]]
| term_start          = 28 July 1979
| term_end            = 20 August 1979<BR>((small|(Caretaker: 21 August 1979 ((endash)) 14 January 1980)))
| president           = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| deputy              = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| predecessor         = [[Morarji Desai]]
| successor           = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office3             = [[Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister3      = [[Morarji Desai]]
| term_start3         = 24 January 1979
| term_end3           = 16 July 1979
| predecessor3        = [[H. M. Patel]]
| successor3          = [[Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna]]
| office2             = 3rd [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]
| primeminister2      = [[Morarji Desai]]
| alongside2          = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| term_start2         = 24 January 1979
| term_end2           = 16 July 1979
| predecessor2        = [[Morarji Desai]]
| successor2          = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| office5             = [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| primeminister5      = [[Morarji Desai]]
| term_start5         = 24 March 1977
| term_end5           = 1 July 1978
| predecessor5        = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
| successor5          = [[Morarji Desai]]
| office6             = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|5th Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start6         = 18 February 1970
| term_end6           = 1 October 1970
| predecessor6        = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| successor6          = [[President's rule]]
| term_start7         = 3 April 1967
| term_end7           = 25 February 1968
| predecessor7        = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| successor7          = [[President's rule]]
| birth_name          = Chaudhary Charan Singh
| birth_date          = ((Birth date|1902|12|23|df=yes))
| birth_place         = [[Hapur district|Noorpur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br>(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date          = ((Death date and age|1987|05|29|1902|12|23|df=yes))
| death_place         = [[New Delhi]], India
((Infobox person|embed=yes|monuments=[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Kisan Ghat]]))
| party               = [[Lokdal]] ((small|(own party; 1980–1987)))
| otherparty          = [[Indian National Congress]] ((small|(Before 1967)))<br/>[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] 
((small|(own party; 1967–1977)))<br/>[[Janata Party]] ((small|(1977–1979)))<br/>[[Janata Party (Secular)]] ((small|(1979–1980)))
| spouse              = ((Marriage|[[Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Gayatri Devi]]|1925))
| children            = 6; including [[Ajit Singh (politician)|Ajit Singh]]
| alma_mater          = [[Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra|Agra University]]
| signature           = 
))
'''[[Chaudhary]] Charan Singh''' (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was an Indian politician and served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|5th]] [[prime minister of India]] between 28 July 1979 and 14 January 1980. Historians and people alike frequently refer to him as the ''Champion of India's peasants''.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Byres|first=Terence J.|date=1 January 1988|title=Charan Singh, 1902–87: An assessment|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=15|issue=2|pages=139–189|doi=10.1080/03066158808438356))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Shri Charan Singh ((!)) Prime Minister of India |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-charan-singh/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.pmindia.gov.in))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Charan Singh ((!)) Indian Politician, Peasant Leader, Socialist ((!)) Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charan-Singh |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut |url=https://www.ccsuniversity.ac.in/ccsum/charan-singh-ji.php |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.ccsuniversity.ac.in))</ref>

== Early life ==
Charan Singh was born on 23 December 1903 in a rural peasant family.<ref>((Cite web|title=Prime Ministers of India - Charan Singh|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/prime-ministers-of-india/charan-singh))</ref> of village [[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=932 |publisher=The Churchill Centre|title=India: Making headway with the critics |author=The Churchill Centre |year=2002 |access-date=11 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623171705/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=932 |archive-date=23 June 2006 ))</ref> Charan Singh entered politics as part of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] motivated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. He was active from 1931 in the Ghaziabad District [[Arya Samaj]] as well as the Meerut District [[Indian National Congress]] for which he was jailed twice by the British. Before independence, as a member of Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces elected in 1937, he took a deep interest in the laws that were detrimental to the village economy and he slowly built his ideological and practical stand against the exploitation of tillers of the land by landlords.

Between 1952 and 1968, he was one of "three principal leaders in Congress state politics." He became particularly notable in [[Uttar Pradesh]] from the 1950s for drafting and ensuring the passage of what were then the most revolutionary land reform laws in any state in India under the tutelage of the then Chief Minister [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]; first as [[Parliamentary Secretary]] and then as Revenue Minister responsible for Land Reforms. He became visible on the national stage from 1959 when he publicly opposed the unquestioned leader and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru's]] socialistic and collectivist land policies in the Nagpur Congress Session. Though his position in the faction-ridden Uttar Pradesh Congress was weakened, this was a point when the middle peasant communities across castes in North India began looking up to him as their spokesperson and later as their unquestioned leader. Singh stood for tight government spending, enforced consequences for corrupt officers, and advocated a "firm hand in dealing with the demands of government employees for increased wages and dearness allowances." It is also worth noting that within the factional Uttar Pradesh Congress, his ability to articulate his clear policies and values made him stand out from his colleagues. Following this period, Charan Singh defected from the Congress on 1 April 1967, joined the opposition party, and became the first non-Congress chief minister of UP.<ref name=brass>((Cite journal|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|date=1993|title=Chaudhuri Charan Singh: An Indian Political Life|jstor=4400204|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=28|issue=39|pages=2087–2090))</ref> This was a period when non-Congress governments were a strong force in India from 1967 to 1971.

As leader of the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], a major constituent of the [[Janata Party|Janata coalition]], he was disappointed in his ambition to become Prime Minister in 1977 by [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jayaprakash Narayan's]] choice of [[Morarji Desai]].

During [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha Elections]], the fragmented opposition united a few months before the elections under the Janata Party banner, for which Chaudhary Charan Singh had been struggling almost single-handedly since 1974. It was because of the efforts of [[Raj Narain]] that he became Prime Minister in the year 1979 though Raj Narain was Chairman of Janata Party-Secular and assured Charan Singh of elevating him as Prime Minister, the way he helped him to become Chief Minister in the year 1967 in Uttar Pradesh. However, he resigned after just 24 weeks in office when [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's]] [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] withdrew support to the government. Charan Singh said he resigned because he was not ready to be blackmailed into withdrawing Indira Gandhi's emergency-related court cases.<ref name="Charan singh resigns">((cite news|title=Charan singh resigns|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19790821&id=GctAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D6YMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3658,4158767|access-date=21 March 2014|newspaper=The Glasgow Herald|date=21 August 1979))</ref> Fresh elections were held six months later. Charan Singh continued to lead the Lok Dal in opposition until his death in 1987.

==Early years – pre-Independence India==
((unreferenced section|date=October 2012))

Charan Singh's ancestor was a prominent leader of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], [[Raja Nahar Singh]] of [[Ballabhgarh]] (in present-day Haryana). Nahar Singh was sent to the gallows in [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Delhi]]. In order to escape the oppression from the [[British Raj|British Government]] following their defeat, the Maharaja's followers, including Charan Singh's grandfather moved eastward to district Bulandshaher in Uttar Pradesh.

Charan Singh was born on 23 December 1902 in the village of [[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]] in the [[Meerut district]] in the [[Rohilkhand]] region of the [[Western Uttar Pradesh|North-Western]] part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] in [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day in [[Bijnor district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]) into a rural peasant [[Jats#Hindu Jats|Hindu Jat]] family of the [[Teotia]] clan.<ref name=":1">((Cite web |date=2022-05-22 |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh: Stalwart farmer leader who was PM for 170 days |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/chaudhary-charan-singh-stalwart-farmer-leader-sixth-pm-7930630/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref>  He was a good student, and received a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1925 and a law degree in 1926 from Agra University. He started practice as a civil lawyer at [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] in 1928.

In February 1937 he was elected from the constituency of [[Chhaprauli]] (Baghpat) to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces at the age of 34.<ref name=":1" /> In 1938 he introduced an Agricultural Produce Market Bill in the Assembly which was published in the issues of The [[Hindustan Times]] of Delhi dated 31 March 1938. The Bill was intended to safeguard the interests of the farmers against the rapacity of traders. The Bill was adopted by most of the States in India, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] being the first state to do so in 1940.

Charan Singh followed [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in non-violent struggle for independence from the British Government, and was imprisoned several times. In 1930, he was sent to jail for 12 years by the British for contravention of the salt laws. He was jailed again for one year in November 1940 for individual Satyagraha movement. In August 1942 he was jailed again by the British under DIR and released in November 1943.

==Independent India==

Charan Singh opposed [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on his Soviet-style economic reforms. Charan Singh was of the opinion that cooperative farms would not succeed in India. Being a son of a farmer, Charan Singh opined that the right of ownership was important to the farmer in remaining a cultivator. He wanted to preserve and stabilize a system of peasant proprietorship.<ref name=brass/> Charan Singh's political career suffered due to his open criticism of Nehru's economic policy.

Charan Singh left the Congress party in 1967, and formed his own political party, [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]. With the help and support of [[Raj Narain]] and [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], he became [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] in 1967, and later in 1970. In 1975, he was jailed again, but this time by then Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], daughter of his former rival Nehru. She had declared the [[Indian Emergency (1975-1977)|state of emergency]] and jailed all her political opponents. In the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 general elections]], the Indian populace voted her out, and the opposition party, of which Chaudhary Charan Singh was a senior leader came into power. He served as [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]], [[Home Minister of India|Home Minister]] and Finance minister in the [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|Janata government headed by Morarji Desai]].

=== First term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1967 – 1968) ===
Charan Singh for the first time, became [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] on 3 April 1967 with the help of [[Samyukta Vidhayak Dal]] coalition.<ref name=":1" /> [[Samyukta Vidhayak Dal]] was formed after failure of negotiations between Charan Singh and [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]] on the composition of Gupta's ministry. Singh wanted some of his allies like [[Jai Ram Varma]] and Udit Narain Sharma to be included in the cabinet and removal of some of the men from the cabinet. As a result of failure of negotiations, Charan Singh with his 16 MLAs defected from [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=4–6 |language=en))</ref>

[[Samyukta Vidhayak Dal]] was coalition formed with the help of non-Congress parties like [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Swatantra Party]], [[Praja Socialist Party]], [[Republican Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=SAGE India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=7 |language=en))</ref> Within months of his government formation disputes started to arise in SVD coalition. [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], one of the constituent of this coalition, demanded to completely abolish the land revenue or at least abolish on uneconomic lands but Charan Singh refused to accept this demand as he was worried about the revenue generation and resources.<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=10–12 |language=en))</ref> [[Praja Socialist Party]], another constituent in this coalition, demanded for the release of government employees held in preventive detention for their strikes but this demand also Singh refused to accept.<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=12–13 |language=en))</ref>

The disputes between Charan Singh and [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] became public when SSP decided to launch an agitation of ''Angrezi Hatao'' (get rid to English) and during this movement two of its ministers courted arrest.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=14 |language=en))</ref> SSP withdrew from coalition on 5 January 1968.<ref name=":4" /> On 17 February 1968, Charan Singh submitted his resignation to the governor [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] and on 25 February 1968, President's rule was imposed on [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=HT This Day: Feb 18, 1968 -- Charan Singh quits as CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthis-day-feb-18-1968-charan-singh-quits-as-cm-101645020918970.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=16 |language=en))</ref>

=== Second term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1970) ===
After the split in [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party, [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]] resigned as Chief Minister on 10 February 1970.<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-02-02 |title=Chandra Bhanu Gupta, third UP CM, formidable politician |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chandra-bhanu-gupta-third-uttar-pradesh-cm-7753784/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref> On 18 February 1970, Charan Singh became [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] for the second time with the help of [[Indira Gandhi]]'s [[Congress (R)]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=56 |language=en))</ref><ref name=":5">((Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh, India's 6th PM, first non-Congress CM of UP |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/chaudhary-charan-singh-india-6th-pm-first-non-congress-cm-up-7764526/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref> After three [[Rajya Sabha]] members of [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] voted against the decision of [[Indira Gandhi]] to eliminate the [[Privy Purse in India|Privy Purse]], [[Kamalapati Tripathi]] announced the withdrawal of the support of [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress (R)]] for the Singh's government.<ref name=":6">((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=65 |language=en))</ref> Charan Singh demanded the resignation of 14 [[Indian National Congress (R)|Congress (R)]] minister but they refused to resign.<ref name=":6" /> On 27 September 1970, governor [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] accepted the resignation of ministers but also asked Charan Singh to resign.<ref name=":5" /><ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=69))</ref>

On 1 October 1970, [[President's rule]] was imposed on [[Uttar Pradesh]] by [[V. V. Giri]] from [[Kiev]], who was on tour there.<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=73 |language=en))</ref> Just two weeks later with the recalling of the Uttar Pradesh assembly, [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh]] was elected the leader of the house and became [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] with the support of [[Congress (O)]], [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], [[Swatantra Party]] and [[Samyukta Socialist Party]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Tribhuvan Narain Singh, sixth UP CM with shortest tenure so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tribhuvan-narain-singh-sixth-up-cm-shortest-tenure-7770646/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref>

=== Minister of Home Affairs (1977 – 1978) ===
Charan Singh became Cabinet minister in [[Morarji Desai ministry|Morarji Desai government]] and took the office as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] on 24 March 1977.<ref name=":1" /><ref>((Cite web |last=Deol |first=Taran |date=2019-12-23 |title=Chaudhary Charan Singh — prime minister for 23 days and champion of India's farmers |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/chaudhary-charan-singh-prime-minister-for-23-days-and-champion-of-indias-farmers/339598/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US))</ref> As a Home Minister, Charan Singh took the decision to dissolve all the state assemblies which were under [[Congress (India)|Congress]] rule. He argued that these assemblies no longer represent the will of the electorate of their respective states.<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=210–211 |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Impending dissolution of Congress-led state assemblies reaches a controversial climax |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19770515-impending-dissolution-of-congress-led-state-assemblies-reaches-a-controversial-climax-823713-2014-08-07 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=India Today |language=en))</ref> Charan Singh wrote the letter to nine Chief Ministers to advise their governors to dissolve their state assemblies.<ref>((Cite news |date=1977-04-26 |title=India's Congress Party Wins Delay Of Move to Dissolve Legislatures |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/26/archives/indias-congress-party-wins-delay-of-move-to-dissolve-legislatures.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0362-4331))</ref>  Chief Minister of these states went to [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] against this dissolution but the dismissals were validated by Supreme Court.<ref>((Cite news |last=Borders |first=William |date=1977-04-30 |title=New Indian Regime Moves to Hold New Assembly Elections in 9 States |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/30/archives/new-indian-regime-moves-to-hold-new-assembly-elections-in-9-states.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0362-4331))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=216 |language=en))</ref>

On 3 October 1977, Charan Singh got [[Indira Gandhi]] arrested from her 12 Willingdon Crescent residence.<ref>((Cite news |last=Simons |first=Lewis |date=1977-10-04 |title=Indira Gandhi Arrested in India |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/10/04/indira-gandhi-arrested-in-india/862f536a-9dc6-4c88-be48-66d455b48c22/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0190-8286))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Frank |first=Katherine |title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2007 |isbn=978-0007259304 |pages=654))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=227 |language=en))</ref> The charges against her were that during [[1977 Indian general election|1977 election]], she misused her position to get jeeps for election campaigns and another charge was related to contract between the [[ONGC]] and the French oil company CFP.<ref name=":7">((Cite web |title=How Indira Gandhi's arrest in 1977 revamped Congress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/congress-indira-gandhi-arrest-1977-janata-party-bjp-sonia-gandhi-ed-1983716-2022-08-04 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=India Today |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Times |first=William Borde Special to The New York |date=1977-10-04 |title=WIRS. GANDHI ARRESTED ON CHARGE OF MISUSE OF PREMIER'S OFFICE |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/04/archives/mrsgandhi-arrested-on-charge-of-misuse-of-premiers-office-she.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |issn=0362-4331))</ref> But the magistrate before whom she appeared, released her stating that there was no evidence to back up the arrest.<ref name=":7" /> By botching up the arrest, Singh prepared his resignation letter but [[Morarji Desai]] did not accept it.<ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=228 |language=en))</ref>

On 1 July 1978, Charan Singh resigned from the cabinet of [[Morarji Desai ministry|Morarji Desai]] because of growing differences between them over trial of [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>((Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India) |publisher=Sage India |year=2014 |isbn=978-9351500322 |pages=243 |language=en))</ref> In December 1978, Singh wanted to undo [[Janata Party]] and wanted coalition government in place of Janata Party government.<ref>((Cite web |date=2018-12-18 |title=December 18, 1978, Forty Years Ago |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/december-18-1978-forty-years-ago/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref> On 24 January 1979, Singh returned into cabinet and held two portfolios of [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-01-23 |title=HT This Day: Jan 24, 1979 - Charan Singh, J. Ram become Dy PMs today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-jan-24-1979-charan-singh-j-ram-become-dy-pms-today-101642960437540.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en))</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Prime Ministership==
When the Janata Party won the [[1977 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections in 1977]], its MPs authorized the elder guiding lights of the movement, [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and [[Acharya Kripalani]] to choose candidate for the post of Prime Minister. Morarji Desai was chosen and he named Singh Home Minister. Singh was asked to resign in June 1978 following disagreements with Desai, but was brought back to the cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister in January 1979. In 1979, the Janata government began to unravel over the issue of the dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)—the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]],<ref name="Horowitz">((cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|year=2001|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-22447-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244 244]|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244))</ref><ref name="Haynes2003">((cite book|author=Jeff Haynes|title=Democracy and Political Change in the Third World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=2 September 2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-54184-3|pages=168–|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423174835/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live))</ref> [[paramilitary]]<ref name="McLeod2002">((cite book|last=McLeod|first=John|title=The history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAwmUphO6eAC&pg=PA209|access-date=11 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-31459-9|pages=209–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424015646/https://books.google.com/books?id=DAwmUphO6eAC&pg=PA209|archive-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live))</ref> organisation. Singh, who as the Union home minister during the previous year had ordered the Gandhis' arrests, took advantage of this and started courting Indira Gandhi's Congress (I) party. After a significant exodus from the Janata party to Singh's faction, Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister in July 1979. Singh was appointed prime minister, by President Reddy, after Gandhi and [[Sanjay Gandhi]] promised Singh that Congress (I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions. Singh was sworn in as Prime Minister on 28 July 1979, with outside support from Indira Gandhi's Congress (I) party and with [[Yeshwantrao Chavan]] of the [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|Congress (Socialist)]] party as his Deputy Prime Minister.<ref name="Supporting Charan Singh">((cite book|last1=de Mesquita|first1=Bruce Bueno|title=The Predictioneer's Game: Using the Logic of Brazen Self-Interest to See and shapte the future|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8129-7977-0|page=xxiii|url=((Google books|8BafGvdAYYEC|page=PA10|keywords=%22charan%20singh%22|text=|plainurl=yes))|year=2010))</ref><ref name="Charan Singh">((cite book|last1=Sanghvi|first1=Vijay|title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi By|date=2006|publisher=Kalpaz|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-340-1|pages=114–122|url=((Google books|npdqD_TXucQC|page=PA7|keywords=charan|text=|plainurl=yes))))</ref> Indira's conditions included dropping all charges against her and Sanjay. Since Singh refused to drop them, Congress withdrew its support just before Singh was to confirm his majority in the Lok Sabha. He resigned as prime minister on 20 August 1979, after just 23 days in office, becoming the only Prime Minister never to obtain the confidence of Parliament. Singh then advised President [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] to dissolve the Lok Sabha. Janata Party leader [[Jagjivan Ram]] challenged that advice and sought time to cobble support, but the Lok Sabha was dissolved, and Charan Singh continued as caretaker Prime Minister until January 1980.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-august-21-1979-charan-govt-resigns-5921778/|title = Forty Years Ago, August 21, 1979: Charan Govt Resigns|date = 21 August 2019))</ref>

== Later years ==
On 26 September 1979, he formed [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]] by merging [[Janata Party (Secular)]], Socialist Party and Orissa Janata Party.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=September 27, 1979, forty years ago: Lok Dal formed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/september-27-1979-forty-years-ago-lok-dal-formed-6032094/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref> He was elected president of [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]] and [[Raj Narain]] was elected as its working president.<ref name=":0" /><ref>((Cite web |title=With Chaudhury Charan Singh in hospital, Ajit Singh likely to step in as Lok Dal chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19860131-with-chaudhury-charan-singh-in-hospital-ajit-singh-likely-to-step-in-as-lok-dal-chief-800551-1986-01-30 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en))</ref> In August 1982, a major split occurred in [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]], with one faction of Charan Singh and another consisted of [[Karpoori Thakur]], [[Madhu Limaye]], [[Biju Patnaik]], [[Devi Lal]], [[George Fernandes]] and [[Kumbha Ram Arya]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=August 10, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Two Lok Dals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/august-10-1982-forty-years-ago-two-lok-dals/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=August 3, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Lok Dal Split |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/august-3-1982-forty-years-ago-lok-dal-split-8066579/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en))</ref>

On 21 October 1984, Charan Singh founded a new party [[Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party]], by merging [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]], Democratic Socialist Party of [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]], [[Rashtriya Congress]] of [[Ratubhai Adani]] and some leaders of [[Janata Party]] like [[Devi Lal]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Formation of DMKP gives decent burial to Lok Dal-Janata merger talks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19841115-formation-of-dmkp-gives-decent-burial-to-lok-dal-janata-merger-talks-803469-1984-11-14 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en))</ref> Later it changed its name back to the Lok Dal.<ref name=":2">((Cite web |title=Sharad Yadav's revolt against Nitish Kumar: How Janata Parivar unites to split |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sharad-yadav-nitish-kumar-janata-dal-united-1029179-2017-08-11 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en))</ref>

==Personal life==

Charan Singh had six children with wife [[Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Gayatri Devi]] (1905-2002). [[Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Gayatri Devi]] was elected an MLA from [[Iglas (Assembly constituency)|Iglas]] in 1969, from Gokul in 1974, then elected to Lok Sabha from [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]] in 1980, and lost Lok Sabha election from [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] in 1984. His son [[Ajit Singh (Indian politician)|Ajit Singh]] was the president of a political party [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] and a former Union Minister and a many times Member of Parliament. Ajit Singh's son [[Jayant Chaudhary]] was elected to [[15th Lok Sabha]] from Mathura, which he lost to [[Hema Malini]] in the election of 2014.

Singh suffered a [[stroke]] on 29 November 1985. He could not completely recover from the condition despite being treated the following March at a hospital in the US. At 11:35&nbsp;p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 28 May 1987 doctors were called for to his residence in [[New Delhi]], after his respiration was found "unsteady". Efforts to revive him failed and was declared dead at 2:35&nbsp;a.m. (IST) the following morning after a "cardiovascular collapse".<ref>((cite news|title=Charan Singh Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=woJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=up4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=955%2C2755701|access-date=26 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=30 May 1987))</ref>

==Legacy==
((See also|:Category:Memorials to Chaudhary Charan Singh))

He was the chief architect of land reforms in U.P.; he took a leading part in formulation and finalization of the Dept. Redemption Bill 1939, which brought great relief to rural debtors. It was also at his initiative that the salaries and other privileges enjoyed by Ministers in U.P. were drastically reduced. As Chief Minister he was instrumental in bringing about the Land Holding Act 1960 which was aimed at lowering the ceiling on land holdings to make it uniform throughout the State.((Citation needed|date=January 2021))
Since his death, many who knew Singh have ensured his life and work are remembered positively. These perceptions enforce the notion that he was of a "higher category of leaders" in the areas of "intellect, personal integrity, and . . . coherence of his economic and social thought."<ref name=brass/> His association with causes dear to farming communities in India caused his memorial in New Delhi to be named ''[[Raj Ghat and other memorials|Kisan Ghat]]'' (in [[Hindi]], Kisan is the word for farmer and Ghat is word for river bank). His birthday on 23 December is celebrated as [[Kisan Diwas]] in India. A commemorative [[postage stamp]] was issued by the government of India on the third death anniversary (29 May 1990) of Charan Singh.

The [[Amausi Airport]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] was renamed Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport after him, and the university of [[Meerut]] in Uttar Pradesh, India, was also named [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] in his honour.

== In popular culture ==
''Kisan Kranti Ke Praneta - Ch. Charan Singh'' is a 1996 short documentary film directed by Ashok Vazirani and produced by the [[Films Division of India]] which covers the life and achievements of the prime minister including his contributions to the [[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture sector]].<ref name=":3">((Cite web|title=KISAN KRANTI KE PRENTA CHOWDHARY CHARAN SINGH ((!)) Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/kisan-kranti-ke-prenta-chowdhary-charan-singh|access-date=2021-06-10|website=filmsdivision.org))</ref><ref>((Citation|last=Films Division|title=Kisan Kranti Ke Praneta - Ch. Charan Singh - Part 2|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNUFhZix6TU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/zNUFhZix6TU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-06-10))((cbignore))</ref> Charan Singh has also been portrayed by Anwar Fatehan in the 2013 television series ''[[Pradhanmantri]]'' (((Lit|Prime Minister))), which covers the tenures of Indian PMs,<ref>((Cite web|date=Oct 6, 2013|title=Pradhanmantri - Episode 13: India after emergency, Janata Party wins general election|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMTXTPAvfxk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QMTXTPAvfxk |archive-date=2021-12-21|url-status=live|publisher=ABP News))((cbignore))</ref> by Sundaram in the 2019 film ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' which is based on the life of Indian actor-politician [[N. T. Rama Rao]].,<ref>((Cite web|title=NTR: Kathanayakudu|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/NTR-Kathanayakudu/0N4PB9HFLEO7GYIAK0EV05XWN9|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-11|website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611124106/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/NTR-Kathanayakudu/0N4PB9HFLEO7GYIAK0EV05XWN9 |archive-date=11 June 2021 ))</ref> and by [[Govind Namdeo]] in the 2021 film ''[[Main Mulayam Singh Yadav]]'' which charts the life of former Uttar Pradesh CM [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]].<ref>((Cite web|date=Jul 15, 2020|title=Main Mulayam Singh Yadav ((!)) Official Trailer|website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mEa3Ge2-44|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821071959/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mEa3Ge2-44 |archive-date=21 August 2020 ))</ref>

==Books==
* ''Agrarian Revolution in Uttar Pradesh'' (1957)<ref>((Cite web|title=Agrarian Revolution in Uttar Pradesh ((!)) Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/316|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>
*''Joint Farming X-rayed'' (1959)<ref>((Cite web|title=Joint Farming X-Rayed: the Problem and its Solution ((!)) Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/554|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>
* ''India's Economic Policy – The Gandhian Blueprint'' (1978)<ref>((Cite web|title=India's Economic Policy – The Gandhian Blueprint ((!)) Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/550|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>
* ''Economic Nightmare of India: Its Cause and Cure'' (1981)<ref>((Cite web|title=Economic Nightmare of India – Its Cause and Cure ((!)) Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/544|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>
* ''Abolition of Zamindari (1947)''<ref>((Cite web|title=Abolition of Zamindari, Two Alternatives ((!)) Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/243|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>
* ''Whither Co-operative Farming (1956)''<ref>((Cite web|title=Whither Co-operative Farming ((!)) Charan Singh Archives|url=https://charansingh.org/books/245|access-date=2022-06-24|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>
* ''Prevention of Division of Holdings Below a Certain Minimum''
*''India’s Poverty and It’s Solution'' (1964)<ref>((Cite web|title=India's Poverty and It's Solution ((!)) Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/552|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>
*''Land Reforms in UP and the Kulaks (1986)''<ref>((Cite web|title=Land Reforms in UP and the Kulaks ((!)) Charan Singh|url=https://charansingh.org/books/536|access-date=2021-12-27|website=charansingh.org|date=22 September 2015 ))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book|author=Paul R Brass|author-link=Paul Brass|title=An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1957 to 1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOH1MAEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0947-1))

==External links==
* ((commons category-inline|Charan Singh))
* ((wikiquote-inline))
* ((OL author))
* [https://charansingh.org Public archives on Charan Singh]
* [https://jaat.wiki/index.php?title=Chaudhary_Charan_Singh Charan Singh - Jaat Wiki]
* [https://jatland.gadgetsark.com/index.php/Chaudhary_Charan_Singh Chaudhary Charan Singh History]

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((Prime Ministers of India))
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((Energy Ministries and Departments of India))
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((Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh))
((Indian Emergency))
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((DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Charan))
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:Charan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:People from Hapur district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Baghpat]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Farmers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian Deputy Prime Ministers]]
[[Category:Ministers of Internal Affairs of India]]
[[Category:Finance Ministers of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for Corporate Affairs]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]]

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