Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:French_article_name]]; see its history for attribution.
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The Government of Vichy France was the ruling regime or government in Nazi-occupied France during the Second World War. Of contested legitimacy, it was headquartered in the town of Vichy in occupied France, but it initially took shape in Paris under Maréchal Philippe Petain as the successor to the French Third Republic in June 1940. Pétain spent four years in Vichy and with the rest of the French cabinet fled into exile in Germany in September 1944 following the Allied invasion of France. It operated as a government-in-exile until April 1945, when the city was taken by Free French forces. Pétain was brought back to France, now under control of the Provisional French Republic, and put on trial for treason.
Further information: Vichy France and Phony war |
After President Albert Lebrun appointed Pétain prime minister on 16 June, the government signed an armistice with Germany on 22 June 1940.
With France fallen to the Germans, the British judged the risk was too high of the French Navy falling into German hands, and in the attack on Mers-el-Kébir on 3 July 1940 sank one battleship and damaged five others, also killing 1,297 French servicemen. Pétain severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 8 July.
The next day the National Assembly voted to revise the constitution, and the following day, 10 July, the National Assembly granted absolute power to Pétain, thus ending the French Third Republic.[1]
Pétain established an authoritarian government at Vichy,[2] with central planning a key feature, as well as tight government control. In retaliation for the attack at Mers el Kébir, French aircraft raided Gibraltar on 18 July but did little damage.
Main article: French Third Republic |
See also: Appeal of 18 June |
Until the invasion by Nazi Germany in the Second World War, the French Third Republic had been the government of France since the defeat of Napoleon III and the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. It was dissolved by the French Constitutional Law of 1940 which gave Pétain the power to write a new constitution. He interpreted this to mean that the previous constitution, outlined in the French Constitutional Laws of 1875, no longer constrained him.
In the wake of the Battle of France that culminated in the disaster at Dunkirk, the French government relocated to Bordeaux on 10 June 1940 in order to avoid capture. They declared Paris an open city on that day also. On 22 June, France and Germany signed the Second Armistice at Compiègne. The Vichy government led by Pétain replaced the Third Republic and administered the zone libre in the south of France until November 1942, when Germans and Italians occupied the zone under Case Anton following the Allied landings in North Africa under Operation Torch. Germany occupied northern France and the Atlantic coast, and the Italians, a small territory in the southeast.
See also: German military administration in occupied France during World War II and Armistice Army |
At the time of the armistice the French and the Germans both thought Britain would come to terms any day, so only temporary arragements were made. France agreed to its soldiers remaining prisoners of war until hostilities ceased. The terms of the armistice sketch out a "French State" (État français), whose sovereignty and authority in practice were limited to the zone libre, although in theory it administered all of France. The military administration of the occupied zone was in fact a Nazi dictatorship, which annexed the free zone after Case Anton, Germany's respose 11 November 1942 to Operation Torch, the Allied landings in French North Africa on 8 November 1942.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement Philippe Pétain |
translation of fr:Gouvernement Philippe Pétain Le gouvernement Philippe Pétain administration was the last one of the French Third Republic, succeeding on 16 June 1940 to Paul Reynaud's cabinet, it formed in the middle of the Battle of France debacle, when the Third Reich invaded France at the beginning of the Second World War. It was led until 10 July 1940 by Philippe Pétain, and favored the armistice, unlike General de Gaulle, who favored fighting on in the Empire Defense Council[3]. It was followed by the fifth administration of Pierre Laval, the first administration of the Vichy France regime.
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Further information: fr:Gouvernement Pierre Laval (5) |
The fifth government formed by Pierre Laval was the first administration formed by Pétain under the Vichy regime after the vote of 10 July 1940 ceded full constituent[clarification needed] powers to Pétain. The government ended on 13 December 1940 with Laval's dismissal. This administration was not recognized as legitimate by the Empire Defense Council of the government of Free France, which the British Government recognized as the legitimate government of France.
The government of Philippe Pétain signed the armistice with Germany on 22 June 1940, put an end to the Third Republic on 10 July 1940 by a vote conveying full powers to Pétain and followed up with three Vichy Constitutional Acts [fr] on 11 July. Meanwhile, on 11 July General de Gaulle created the Empire Defense Council, which was recognized by the British Government as the legitimate successor of the Third Republic, which had allied itself with Great Britain in the war against the Nazis.
On 12 July 1940 Pétain named Pierre Laval, second Minister of State of the last government of the Third Republic under Philippe Pétain[4] as vice-president of the Council.[5], while Pétain remained simultaneously head of state and head of government. Constitutional Act #4 made Laval next in the line of succession should something happen to Pétain.[6] On 16 July, Pétain formed the first government of the Vichy régime and kept Pierre Laval on as vice-president of the Council.
The following joined on 16 July 1940:
The following joined in September 1940, replacing eight dismissed ministers:
The following were appointed on 18 November 1940:
The majority of ministers, secretaries, and delegates were carried over from the Laval government that ended 13 December 1940.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement Pierre-Étienne Flandin (2) |
The second government of Pierre-Étienne Flandin was the second government of the Vichy regime in France, formed by Philippe Pétain. It succeeded the first Pierre Laval government on 14 December 1940 and ended on 9 February 1941.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement François Darlan |
After two years at the head of the Vichy government, Admiral Darlan was unpopular and had strengthened ties with Vichy forces, in an expanded collaboration with Germany which seemed to him the least bad solution, and had conceded a great deal, turning over the naval bases at Bizerte and Dakar, an air base in Aleppo in Syria, as well as vehicles, artillery and ammunition in North Africa and Tunisia, in addition to arming the Iraqis. In exchange Darlan wanted the Germans to reduce the constraints under the armistice, free French prisoners, and eliminate the ligne de démarcation. This irritated the Germans. On 9 March 1942, Hitler signed a decree giving France a chief of the SS and police leader (HSSPF) tasked with organizing the "Final Solution", following the Wannsee Conference with the French police. The Germans demanded the return of Laval to power, and broke off contact. The Americans intervened on March 30 to prevent another Laval administration.
Further information: fr:Gouvernement Pierre Laval (6) |
See also: Service d'ordre légionnaire |
The sixth administration of Pierre Laval was the fourth and final government formed by the Vichy régime in France by Pétain. It succeeded the administration of François Darlan on 18 April 1942 and ended on 19 August 1944, when Pétain agreed to leave Vichy for Belfort, ending the Vichy régime, although it persisted a few more months in Germany as the Sigmaringen commission.
In July 1942, the French head of the Vichy police René Bousquet reached an agreement with SS general Carl Oberg, Polizeiführer, on Avenue Foch in Paris. Bousquet saw it as maintaining the "independance" of the French police and argued in favor of répression à la française. Indeed, the civilian population, particularly foreign Jews, first to be victimized by repression, distrusted the French authorities somewhat less than the Gestapo. But this independence remained elusive, as it relied on incresed collaboration between the two police forces. Bousquet was in the end removed and replaced by Joseph Darnand, head of the Milice, who completed the Vichy police state.
Main articles: French Fourth Republic, Liberation of Paris, Tripartisme, and Third Force (France) |
This article contains a translation of Collaboration policière sous le régime de Vichy from fr.wikipedia. |
This article contains a translation of Commission_gouvernementale_de_Sigmaringen from fr.wikipedia. |
On 17 August 1944, Pierre Laval, head of government and minister of foreign affairs, held his last council of government with five ministers.[10] With permission from the Germans, he attempted to call back the prior National Assembly with the goal of giving it power[11] and thus impeding the communists and de Gaulle.[12] So he obtained the agreement of German ambassador Otto Abetz to bring Édouard Herriot, (President of the Chamber of Deputies) back to Paris.[12] But ultra-collaborationists Marcel Déat and Fernand de Brinon protested this to the Germans, who changed their minds[13] and took Laval to Belfort[14] along with the remains of his government, "to assure its legitimate security", and arrested Herriot.[15]
The liberation of France in 1944 dissolved the Vichy government. The Provisional Consultative Assembly requested representation, leading to the Provisional Government of the French Republic (French: Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, GPRF), also known as the French Committee of National Liberation. Past collaborators were discredited and Gaullism and communism became political forces.
De Gaulle led the GPRF 1944-1946 while negotiations took place for a new constitution, to be put to a referendum. De Gaulle advocated a presidential system of government, and criticized the reinstatement of what he pejoratively called "the parties system".[citation needed] He resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Felix Gouin of the French Section of the Workers' International (Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière, SFIO). Only the French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) and the socialist SFIO supported the draft constitution, which envisaged a form of unicameralism. This constitution was rejected in the 5 May 1946 referendum.
French voters adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946.
See also: Overseas France, North African Campaign, Tunisian campaign, Italian occupation of Corsica, Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation, and French colonial empire |
After the fall of France on 25 June 1940 many French colonies were initially loyal to Vichy. But eventually the overseas empire helped liberate France; 300,000 North African Arabs fought in the ranks of the Free French.[16] French Somaliland, an exception, got a governor loyal to Vichy on 25 July. It surrendered to Free French forces on 26 December 1942. Te length and extent of each colony's collaboration with Vichy ran a gamut however; anti-semitic meansures met an enthusiastic reception in Algeria, for example.[17]
Operation Torch on 8 November landed Allied troops at Oran and Algiers (Operation Terminal) as well as at Casablanca in Morocco, to attack Vichy territories in North Africa -- Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia -- then take Axis forces in the Western Desert in their rear from the east.[18] Allied shipping had needed to supply troops in Africa via the Cape of Good Hope, so the Mediterranean ports were strategically valuable.
After the fall of France (25 June 1940) the colony was briefly in limbo until a governor loyal to the Vichy government was installed on 25 July. It was the last French possession in Africa to remain loyal to Vichy, surrendering to Free French forces only on 26 December 1942.
Main article: Foreign relations of Vichy France |
See also: Free France, Free French Forces, Battle of Madagascar, and Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre |
The French State was quickly recognized by the Allies, as well as by the Soviet Union, until 30 June 1941 and Operation Barbarossa. However France broke with the United Kingdom after the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir. The United States took the position that Vichy should do nothing adverse to US interests that was not specifically required by the terms of the armistice. Canada maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy until the occupation of southern France in Case Anton by Germany and Italy in November 1942.[19]
French India under Louis Bonvin announced after the fall of France that they would join the British and the French under Charles de Gaulle.[citation needed]
Pétain never did promulgate a new constitution. The laws that laid the constitutional framework for his regime were declared nuls through the ordonnance of 9 August 1944 that re-established republican legality.
The United States gave Vichy full diplomatic recognition, and sent Admiral William D. Leahy as ambassador. President Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull hoped to encourage elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. The Americans also wanted Vichy to resist German demands for its naval fleet or air bases in French-mandated Syria or to move war supplies through French territories in North Africa. Americans held that France should take no action not explicitly required by the armistice terms that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war. The Americans ended relations with Vichy when Germany occupied all of France in late 1942.
The USSR maintained relations with Vichy until 30 June 1941, after the Nazis invaded Russia in Operation Barbarossa.
France for a long time took the position that the republic had been disbanded when power was turned over to Pétain, but officially admitted in 1995 complicity deporting of 76,000 Jews during WW II, when President Jacques Chirac, at the site of the Vélodrome d'Hiver, where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942, said: "France, on that day [16 July 1942], committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners," he said. Those responsible for the roundup were "4500 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state".[20][21][22]
The police under Bousquet collaborated to the point where they themselves compiled the lists of Jewish residents, handed out yellow stars, and even requisitioned buses and SNCF trains to transport them to camps such as Drancy.