Naringenin
Names
IUPAC name
(2S)-4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavan-4-one
Systematic IUPAC name
(2S)-5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
Other names
Naringetol; Salipurol; Salipurpol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.865 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C15H12O5/c16-9-3-1-8(2-4-9)13-7-12(19)15-11(18)5-10(17)6-14(15)20-13/h1-6,13,16-18H,7H2/t13-/m0/s1 ☒N
    Key: FTVWIRXFELQLPI-ZDUSSCGKSA-N ☒N
  • O=C2c3c(O[C@H](c1ccc(O)cc1)C2)cc(O)cc3O
Properties
C15H12O5
Molar mass 272.256 g·mol−1
Melting point 251 °C (484 °F; 524 K)[1]
475 mg/L[citation needed]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Naringenin is a flavanone from the flavonoid group of polyphenols and is commonly found in a variety of citrus fruits and is the predominant flavonone in grapefruit.[2] Naringenin has demonstrated numerous biological activities, including anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant activity and skin healing.[3][4][5][6] It is used as a cosmetic ingredient and dietary supplement.[7]

Structure

Naringenin has the skeleton structure of a flavanone with three hydroxy groups at the 4', 5, and 7 carbons. It may be found both in the aglycol form, naringenin, or in its glycosidic form, naringin, which has the addition of the disaccharide neohesperidose attached via a glycosidic linkage at carbon 7.

Like the majority of flavanones, naringenin has a single chiral center at carbon 2, although the optical purity is variable.[8][9] Racemization of (S)-(-)-naringenin has been shown to occur fairly quickly.[10]

Sources and bioavailability

Naringenin and its glycoside has been found in a variety of herbs and fruits, including grapefruit,[11] bergamot,[12] sour orange,[13] tart cherries,[5] tomatoes,[14][15] cocoa,[16] Greek oregano,[17] water mint,[18] as well as in beans.[19] Ratios of naringenin to naringin vary among sources,[14] as do enantiomeric ratios.[9]

The naringenin-7-glucoside form seems less bioavailable than the aglycol form.[20]

Grapefruit juice can provide much higher plasma concentrations of naringenin than orange juice.[21] Also found in grapefruit is the related compound kaempferol, which has a hydroxyl group next to the ketone group.

Naringenin can be absorbed from cooked tomato paste. There are 3.8 mg of naringenin in 150 grams of tomato paste.[22]

Biosynthesis and metabolism

It is derived from malonyl CoA and 4-coumaroyl CoA. The latter is derived from phenylalanine. The resulting tetraketide is acted on by chalcone synthase to give the chalcone that then undergoes ring-closure to naringenin.[23]

The enzyme naringenin 8-dimethylallyltransferase uses dimethylallyl diphosphate and (−)-(2S)-naringenin to produce diphosphate and 8-prenylnaringenin. Cunninghamella elegans, a fungal model organism of the mammalian metabolism, can be used to study the naringenin sulfation.[24]

Potential biological effects

This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Naringenin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017)

Studies show naringenin has numerous biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer. It is deemed safe for both topical and ingestible use in healthy adults.[7]

Anti-inflammatory

Naringenin’s anti-inflammatory benefits have been well established with multiple in vitro and in vivo studies, revealing it effectively suppresses proinflammatory factors, cytokine and chemokine expressions in inflammation.[3] When taken orally, it has also been shown to reduce inflammatory pain.[25]

Antioxidant

Naringenin has been shown to have significant antioxidant properties.[26][27] It has been shown to reduce oxidative damage to DNA in vitro and in animal studies.[28][29] When consumed it has been shown to increase antioxidant markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione.[6]

Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral

Naringenin has an antimicrobial effect on S. epidermidis, as well as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and Escherichia coli.[30] Further research has added evidence for antimicrobial effects against Lactococcus lactis,[31] lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Prevotella oralis, Prevotella melaninogencia, Porphyromonas gingivalis,[32] as well as yeasts such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei.[33] There is also evidence of antibacterial effects on H. pylori, though naringenin has not been shown to have any inhibition on urease activity of the microbe.[34]

Naringenin has also been shown to reduce hepatitis C virus production by infected hepatocytes (liver cells) in cell culture. This seems to be secondary to naringenin's ability to inhibit the secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein by the cells.[35] The antiviral effects of naringenin are currently under clinical investigation.[36] Reports of antiviral effects on polioviruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 have also been made, though replication of the viruses has not been inhibited.[37][38] In in vitro experiments Naringenin also showed a strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. [39]

Skin Healing

When used in topical formulations, naringenin has been shown to be an anti-inflammatory with skin barrier restoration and antioxidant activities.

UVB radiation is very high energy frequency and wreak havoc on the top layers of the skin by damaging the skin cells and causing DNA mutations that can lead to melanoma and other skin cancers.[40] Naringenin has been proven to reduce UVB-induced skin damage, as well as showing efficacy against oxidative stress and improvement in wound healing.[4][41][6]

Naringenin has also been studied on inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.[3][42][43] For atopic dermatitis, naringenin was found to sharply suppress inflammatory levels and alleviate symptoms and may suppress the development of atopic dermatitis like skin lesions.[3][42] In psoriasis, naringenin has been studied to reduce inflammation in psoriatic plaques.[43]

Anticancer

Cytotoxicity has been reduced reportedly by naringenin in cancer cells from breast, stomach, liver, cervix, pancreas, and colon tissues, along with leukaemia cells.[44][45] The mechanisms behind inhibition of human breast carcinoma growth have been examined, and two theories have been proposed.[46] The first theory is that naringenin inhibits aromatase, thus reducing growth of the tumor.[47] The second mechanism proposes that interactions with estrogen receptors is the cause behind the modulation of growth.[48] New derivatives of naringenin were found to be active against multidrug-resistant cancer.[49]

Fatty Liver Disease

Naringenin may have some benefits for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It was proven to reduce hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation in the livers of mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.[50]

Alzheimer's disease

Naringenin is being researched as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Naringenin has been demonstrated to improve memory and reduce amyloid and tau proteins in a study using a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.[51][52] The effect is believed to be due to a protein present in neurons known as CRMP2 that naringenin binds to.[53]

Safety

Naringenin has been deemed safe to apply topically and can also be ingested safely by healthy adults in doses of 150 to 900 mg doses, with 300 mg of naringenin twice a day likely to elicit physiological effect.[7]

References

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