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Autistic art depicting the natural diversity of human minds
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Neurodiversity is a proposed framework that argues there is intrinsic diversity in human brain function and cognition, and that certain things currently classified as neurodevelopmental disorders are differences and disabilities but are not necessarily pathological.[1] The framework grew out of the autism rights movement and builds on the social model of disability, arguing that disability partly arises from societal barriers, rather than attributing disability purely to inherent deficits. It instead situates human cognitive variation in the context of biodiversity and the politics of minority groups.[2][3][4] Some neurodiversity advocates and researchers argue that the neurodiversity paradigm is the middle ground between strong medical model and strong social model.[5][6][7]

The neurodiversity paradigm has been controversial among disability advocates, with opponents arguing it risks downplaying the suffering associated with some disabilities, and that it calls for the acceptance of things some would wish to be treated.[8][9][10][11][12]

History

The word neurodiversity was popularized by Judy Singer, a social scientist who has described herself as "likely somewhere on the autistic spectrum."[13] She used the term in her sociology honours thesis published in 1999,[14][13] drawing on discussions on the InLv mailing list that included American journalist Harvey Blume,[15] whose September 30, 1998, article in The Atlantic was the first to use the term in print.[16] The term represented a move away from previous "mother-blaming" theories about the cause of autism.[17]

Some authors[18][19] also credit the earlier work of autistic advocate Jim Sinclair in laying the foundation for the movement. Sinclair's 1993 speech "Don't Mourn For Us" emphasized autism as a way of being, claiming "it is not possible to separate the person from the autism."[20] In a New York Times piece written by Blume on June 30, 1997, Blume described the foundation of neurodiversity using the term "neurological pluralism".[21] Blume was an early advocate who predicted the role the Internet would play in fostering the international neurodiversity movement.[22]

In recent years the concept of neurodiversity has gained traction among members of the scientific community,[23][24] who have argued that autism researchers have sometimes been too ready to interpret differences as deficits.[25][26] It has also been suggested that there are both ethical and practical risks in attempting to reduce or suppress autistic traits through interventions, as some recent studies have indicated that higher levels of masking are generally associated with poorer mental health outcomes among autistic people, and perhaps even suicidality.[27][28][29][30][31] Researchers have found that psychoeducation based on medical model is associated with higher stigma.[32] Similarly, some researchers and advocates also argue that a medicalizing approach can contribute to stigma[33] and that the persistent focus on biological research in autism is at odds with the priorities of those in the autism community.[34][35][36]

Autistic self-advocate and researcher Ari Ne'eman has suggested a trait-based approach, where elements of the medical (or pathology) model can be applied in treating certain traits, behaviors, or conditions that are intrinsically harmful (e.g. self-injury behaviors, epilepsy, or other co-occurring health conditions), while neurodiversity approaches can be applied to non-harmful or adaptive autistic traits (e.g. stimming, intense interests) of the same individual.[37][38] In recent years, both new intervention strategies and neurodiversity-based reforms of existing intervention strategies have been developed.[39][27]

Neurotypical

Neurotypical (an abbreviation of neurologically typical, sometimes NT) is a neologism widely used in the neurodiversity movement as a label for anyone who has a typical neurotype (so excluding autistic people, those with ADHD, dyslexia, and so on[clarification needed]).[40][41][42] The term has been adopted by both the neurodiversity movement and some members of the scientific community.[43][44] Compare the term allistic, which refers specifically to non-autistic people (who may or may not have a divergent neurotype).

Term

Early definitions described neurotypicals as individuals who do not have autism and do not meet the criteria to be diagnosed with autism.[45][46] Early uses of "NT" were often satirical, as in the Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical,[47][48] but it has been adopted by the neurodiversity movement, too, and is now used unironically.[49]

People with any form of neurocognitive or mental disorder, whether congenital or acquired, have also sometimes been excluded from the neurotypical label, particularly in academic studies for specific disorders that use neurotypical control groups.[50] In this sense, the term is now contrasted to neurodivergent, an umbrella term used to describe people with atypical mental and behavioral traits, such as mood,[51] anxiety, dissociative, psychotic, personality,[52] and eating disorders.[53] Under the neurodiversity framework, these conditions are often referred to as "neurodivergencies", in an effort to move away from the medical model of disability (sometimes referred to in the neurodiversity community as the "pathology paradigm"[citation needed]).

Some people prefer the term allistic,[54] which unambiguously means "not autistic".[55]

The National Autistic Society of the United Kingdom describes the word as "mainly used by autistic people so may not be applicable in, for example, the popular press."[56]

Reception

"Critiques of the Neurodiversity Movement", a 2020 review, raised two concerns regarding the term:

Double empathy

Main article: Double empathy problem

The theory of double empathy argues that autistic people do not lack empathy, but rather that the experiences of autistic people and neurotypicals are so different that it is hard for one to understand how the other thinks; for example, non-autistic people may not understand when an autistic person is overwhelmed.[58]

It was originally conceived in 2012 by autistic scholar Damian Milton.[59] One study comparing the conversations and socialization of autistic groups, non-autistic groups, and mixed groups found that autistic people were more able to build rapport with other autistic people than with non-autistic people, and at a level similar to the purely non-autistic group.[60]

The problem with the double empathy theory is that there is no simple fix for it. Attempting to "treat" the person with autism could generate other mental health issues and feelings of inferiority. On the other hand the non-autistic group or neurotypical people can be educated on how neurodivergent people think and empathize.[61]

Within disability rights movements

Further information: Autism rights movement

The neurodiversity paradigm was developed and embraced first by autistic people,[62][63] but has been applied to other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental speech disorders, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia,[64] dyscalculia, dysnomia, intellectual disability, Tourette syndrome,[65] and sometimes mental illnesses such as schizophrenia,[7][66] bipolar disorder,[67] schizoaffective disorder, and, somewhat more controversially, personality disorders such as antisocial personality disorder.[68] Neurodiversity advocates[which?] denounce the framing of neurodevelopmental disorders as requiring medical intervention to "cure" or "fix" them, and instead promote support systems such as inclusion-focused services, accommodations, communication and assistive technologies, occupational training, and independent living support.[39][69] The intention is for individuals to receive support that honours authentic forms of human diversity, self-expression, and being, rather than treatment which coerces or forces them to adopt normative ideas of normality, or to conform to a clinical ideal.[70][better source needed][clarification needed]

Proponents of neurodiversity strive to reconceptualize autism and related conditions in society by acknowledging that neurodiversity does not require a cure, changing the language from the current "condition, disease, disorder, or illness"-based nomenclature, "broadening the understanding of healthy or independent living", acknowledging new types of autonomy, and giving neurodivergent individuals more control over their treatment, including the type, timing, and whether there should be treatment at all.[19][7]

Activists such as Jennifer White-Johnson have helped bring attention to the neurodiversity movement, by creating symbols of protest and recognition, including a combination of the black power fist and infinity symbol.[71]

A 2009 study[72] separated 27 students with conditions including autism, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, ADHD, and having suffered a stroke into two categories of self-view: "A 'difference' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a difference incorporating a set of strengths and weaknesses, or a 'medical/deficit' view—where neurodiversity was seen as a disadvantageous medical condition." They found that, although all of the students reported uniformly difficult schooling careers involving exclusion, abuse, and bullying, those who viewed themselves from the "difference" view (41% of the study cohort) "indicated higher academic self-esteem and confidence in their abilities and many (73%) expressed considerable career ambitions with positive and clear goals."[72] Many of these students reported gaining this view of themselves through contact with neurodiversity advocates in online support groups.[72]

A 2013 online survey which aimed to assess conceptions of autism and neurodiversity suggested that conception of autism as a difference, and not a deficit, is developmentally beneficial and "transcend[s] a false dichotomy between celebrating differences and ameliorating deficit."[73]

Neurodiversity advocate John Elder Robison argues that the disabilities and strengths conferred by neurological differences may be mutually inseparable. "When 99 neurologically identical people fail to solve a problem, it's often the 1% fellow who's different who holds the key. Yet that person may be disabled or disadvantaged most or all of the time. To neurodiversity proponents, people are disabled because they are at the edges of the bell curve, not because they are sick or broken."[74]

Neurodiversity and the workplace

Neurodiverse individuals are subjected to bias when applying and interviewing for job positions.[75] Specifically, neurodiverse individuals can have their social engagement style compared to neurotypical individuals, which can affect their ability to obtain a job position.[75] Stigmas against neurodiversity (especially against autistic individuals) and cognition challenges in social situations can hinder an individual's ability to perform well in a traditional job interview.[76]

In a systematic review that considered developmental dyslexia (DD) as "an expression of neurodiversity," it was suggested that neurodiversity is not yet an established concept in the workplace, and therefore, support from social relationships and work accommodations is minimal.[77] Furthermore, another systematic review that focused on pharmacological and combined pharmacological/psychosocial interventions for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder found that there were few workplace-based intervention studies, and suggested that additional research needs to be conducted to figure out how to best support neurodiverse employees in the workplace.[78]

A study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic suggested that neurodiverse individuals would benefit from remote work as it allowed them to engage in their interests, but that social engagement is still necessary for productivity and performance.[79] Another study supported these findings and stressed the need for redesigned work and social conditions to be more inclusive for individuals with autism.[80]

Controversy

Further information: Controversies in autism § Advocacy initiatives

The neurodiversity paradigm is controversial in autism advocacy.[62] The dominant paradigm, the medical model of disability holds that neurodiverse individuals have medical conditions which should be treated.[81]

A common criticism is that the neurodiversity paradigm is too widely encompassing and that its conception should exclude those whose functioning is more severely impaired.[62][82] In response, autistic advocate Nick Walker suggested that neurodiversity refers specifically to "pervasive neurocognitive differences [...] intimately related to the formation and constitution of the self," in contrast to medical conditions such as epilepsy.[7][undue weight? – discuss]

In social media

The increase of representation of the neurodiversity movement in the media came about with changes in the technology of the media platforms themselves.[39] The recent addition of text-based options on various social media sites allow disabled users to communicate, enjoy, and share at a more accessible rate.[39] Social media has a two-fold benefit to the neurodiverse community: it can help spread awareness and pioneer the neurodiversity movement, and it can also allow members of the communities themselves to connect.[83][84]

Social media as a platform

Media platforms allow the connection of individuals of similar backgrounds to find a community of support with one another.[83] Online networking and connections allows for the user to decide their level of comfort with interactions, and allow them to retain control of a relationship with another user. For the neurodiverse community, the use of social media to create relationships has proven a useful tool for those with difficulty in social situations.[85] By connecting neurodiverse users, media platforms provide 'safe spaces' that are helpful in forming relationships.[85] Some media developers have created platforms such as Blossom, which are designed specifically to connect neurodiverse users and families.[86]

Social media as a driving force

Social media also allows users to spread awareness about the neurodiversity movement.[87] Increasing awareness about disorders has been shown to increase the amount of factual information spread.[87] The spread of information through social media exposure can assist the neurodiversity movement in educating the public about understanding disabilities such as autism and sifting out misinformation.[84] By sharing neurodiverse experiences from a first hand perspective, social media can educate the public and destigmatize certain disorders, but negative portrayals of neurodiversity can have an obstructive impact on members of the community.[87][88]

Challenges within media

Although representation of the neurodiverse community has grown with the help of social media platforms, those users are often criticized and misunderstood.[89] Social media has not entirely removed the social barriers that restrict inclusion of neurodiverse peoples. Some have reported needing to conform to the mainstream view of their disability to be seen as "authentic" users.[89] While the premise of sifting through "inauthentic" users was not a broach to the ND community[clarification needed], it has indirectly made it more difficult for neurodiverse users to grow platforms.[89][90] Non-disabled users evaluating the authenticity of neurodivergent users based on stereotypes shows that the neurodiversity movement has not reached its goal of inclusion.[89]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Autism spectrum
Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders
Discrimination
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