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((Use dmy dates|date=September 2019))
((Use Indian English|date=December 2018))
((more citations needed|date=March 2014))
((Infobox dam
| name = Sardar Sarovar Dam
| name_official = Sardar Sarovar Dam
| image_caption = The Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river
| image_alt = 15
| location_map_caption = 
| location = Navagam, [[Kevadia]], [[Narmada District]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = ((coord|21|49|49|N|73|44|50|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title))
| status = Operational
| construction_began = April 1987
| opening = 17 September 2017
| demolished = 
| cost = 
| owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| operator = Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam]]
| dam_crosses = [[Narmada River]]
| dam_height_foundation = ((convert|163|m|abbr=on))
| dam_height_thalweg = 
| dam_length = ((convert|1210|m|abbr=on))
| dam_elevation_crest = 
| dam_width_crest = 
| dam_width_base = 
| dam_volume = 
| spillway_count = 30 (Chute spillway (auxiliary) – 7 : 18.30 m x 18.00 m, Service Spillway – 23 : 18.30 m x 16.75 m)
| spillway_type = Ogee
| spillway_capacity = ((convert|86,944|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on))
| res_name = Sardar Sarovar Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = ((convert|9.460|km3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on)) (334.12 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_active = ((convert|5.760|km3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on)) (203.44 tmc ft)
| res_capacity_inactive = ((convert|3.700|km3|acre.ft|lk=out|abbr=on))
| res_catchment = ((convert|88,000|km2|abbr=on))
| res_surface = ((convert|375.33|km2|abbr=on))
| res_max_length = ((convert|214|km|mi|abbr=on))
| res_max_width = ((convert|16.10|km|mi|abbr=on))
| res_max_depth = 140m
| res_elevation = ((convert|138|m|abbr=on))
| res_tidal_range = 
| plant_operator = Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited
| plant_decommission = 
| plant_type = 
| plant_turbines = Dam: 6 × 200 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis pump-turbine]]<br />Canal: 5 × 50 MW [[Kaplan-type]]<ref>((cite web|title=Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plants&nbsp;— Asia-Pacific|url=http://www.industcards.com/ps-asia-pacific.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208130029/http://www.industcards.com/ps-asia-pacific.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2012|publisher=IndustCards|access-date=20 January 2012))</ref>
| plant_capacity = 1,450 MW
| plant_annual_gen = Varies from 1 Billion kWh in surplus rainfall year to 0.86 Billion kWh in deficit year.
| website = ((URL|www.sardarsarovardam.org/))
| extra = 
| image = Sardar Sarovar Dam 1.jpg
| image_size = 
| location_map = India Gujarat
| location_map_size = 
| dam_height = 138.68 meters
))
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 3.jpg|thumb|Sardar Sarovar Dam on [[Narmada River]]]]
The '''Sardar Sarovar Dam''' is a concrete [[gravity dam]] built on the [[Narmada River]] near the town of [[Kevadiya]], in [[Narmada District]], in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. The dam was constructed to provide water and electricity to the Indian states of [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]].

India's first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] laid the foundation of the project on 5 April 1961.<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-sardar-sarovar-dam-gujarat-narmada-jawaharlal-nehru-1046511-2017-09-17 | title=56 years of Sardar Sarovar Dam: Narendra Modi dedicates Jawaharlal Nehru's temple of resurgent India to nation | access-date=25 April 2023 | archive-date=25 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425190240/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-sardar-sarovar-dam-gujarat-narmada-jawaharlal-nehru-1046511-2017-09-17 | url-status=live ))</ref> The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme funded by the [[World Bank]] through their [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], to increase [[irrigation]] and produce [[hydroelectricity]], using a loan of US$200 million.<ref name="wb1985">((cite book |title=Original report – Narmada dam development project |date=6 February 1985 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington DC |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159651468034814390/pdf/multi-page.pdf |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404052015/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159651468034814390/pdf/multi-page.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref> The construction for dam begun in 1987, but the project was stalled by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1995 in the backdrop of [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] over concerns of displacement of people. In 2000–01 the project was revived but with a lower height of 111 meters under directions from SC, which was later increased in 2006 to 123 meters and 139 meters in 2017. The Sardar Sarovar Dam is 1210 meters long.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sardar-sarovar-dam-years-of-dispute-finally-full-height-narmada-river-narendra-modi-4848513/|title=Sardar Sarovar Dam: Years of dispute, finally full height|date=18 September 2017|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517145036/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sardar-sarovar-dam-years-of-dispute-finally-full-height-narmada-river-narendra-modi-4848513/|url-status=live))</ref> The dam was inaugurated in 2017 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="Huffingtonpost">((Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/amp/2017/09/17/modi-to-inaugurate-worlds-second-largest-dam-on-his-birthday_a_23212068/|title=Modi Inaugurates World's Second Biggest Dam On His Birthday|date=17 September 2019|newspaper=Huffingtonpost|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119012638/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/amp/2017/09/17/modi-to-inaugurate-worlds-second-largest-dam-on-his-birthday_a_23212068/|url-status=live))</ref> The water level in the Sardar Sarovar Dam eventually reached its highest capacity at 138.7 metres on 15 September 2019.<ref name="The Economic Times">((Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark/articleshow/71140009.cms|title=Sardar Sarovar dam water level touches its highest mark|date=15 September 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209123901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark/articleshow/71140009.cms|url-status=live))</ref><ref name="news18.com">((Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark-pm-modi-to-visit-site-on-sept-17-2309971.html|title=Sardar Sarovar Dam Water Level Touches its Highest Mark, PM Modi to Visit Site on Sept 17|website=News18|date=15 September 2019|access-date=16 September 2019|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921222754/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sardar-sarovar-dam-water-level-touches-its-highest-mark-pm-modi-to-visit-site-on-sept-17-2309971.html|url-status=live))</ref>

As one of the 25 dams planned on river Narmada, the Sardar Sarovar Dam is the largest structure to be built. It is the second largest concrete dam in the world in terms of the volume of concrete used in its construction, after the [[Grand Coulee Dam]] across the [[Columbia River]], US.<ref>((cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-worlds-second-biggest-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-september-17-4843132/ | title=PM Modito inaugurate world's second biggest dam on September 17 | date=14 September 2017 | newspaper=The Indian Express | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | access-date=31 December 2018 | archive-date=4 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704162042/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-worlds-second-biggest-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-september-17-4843132/ | url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite news | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/narendra-modi-inaugurates-sardar-sarovar-dam-170917123309247.html | title=Narendra Modi inaugurates Sardar Sarovar Dam | date=17 September 2017 | publisher=Al Jazeera | access-date=31 December 2018 | archive-date=6 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106173035/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/narendra-modi-inaugurates-sardar-sarovar-dam-170917123309247.html | url-status=live ))</ref> It is a part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large [[hydraulic engineering]] project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectricity multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. After a number of cases before the [[Supreme Court of India]] (1999, 2000, 2003), by 2014 the Narmada Control Authority had approved a series of changes in the final height&nbsp;and the associated displacement caused by the increased reservoir, from the original ((convert|80|m|abbr=on)) to a final ((convert|163|m|abbr=on)) from foundation.<ref name="go" /><ref>((cite web|title=Sardar Sarovar Power Complex|url=http://www.nca.gov.in/power_index.htm|publisher=Narmada Control Authority|access-date=20 January 2012|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330085818/http://nca.gov.in/power_index.htm|url-status=dead))</ref> The project will irrigate 1.9 million hectare area, most of it in drought prone areas of [[Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].

The dam's main power plant houses six 200&nbsp;megawatts (MW) [[Francis pump-turbine]]s to generate electricity and include a [[pumped-storage]] capability. Additionally, a power plant on the intake for the main canal contains five 50MW [[Kaplan turbine]]-generators. The total installed capacity of the power facilities is 1,450&nbsp;MW.<ref name="wboriginal">((cite web |title=World bank projects in India – Narmada development |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159651468034814390/India-Narmada-River-Development-Gujarat-Sardar-Sarovar-Dam-and-Power-Project |publisher=World Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404052006/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/159651468034814390/India-Narmada-River-Development-Gujarat-Sardar-Sarovar-Dam-and-Power-Project |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live))</ref> The tallest statue in the world, the [[Statue of Unity]], faces the dam. This statue has been created as a symbol of tribute to [[Vallabhbhai Patel]].<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/did-you-know-how-height-of-sardar-patels-statue-of-unity-was-decided-day-3-onboard-garvi-gujarat-7207525.html|title=Did You Know How Height of Sardar Patel's 'Statue of Unity' Was Decided? ((!)) Day 3 Onboard 'Garvi Gujarat'|date=3 March 2023|publisher=News 18|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425190551/https://www.news18.com/news/india/did-you-know-how-height-of-sardar-patels-statue-of-unity-was-decided-day-3-onboard-garvi-gujarat-7207525.html|url-status=live))</ref>

==Geography==
The dam is located in Gujarat's Narmada district and Kevadia village, on the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. To the west of the dam, is Madhya Pradesh's [[Malwa]] plateau, where the Narmada river dissects the hills tracts and culminates in the Mathwar hills.<ref>((Cite web |title=Sardar Sarovar Dam Narmada View · RPJW+VQH, Narmada, Gujarat 393140, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sardar+Sarovar+Dam+Narmada+View/@21.8324325,73.7462987,17.6z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x39601dd8bca69993:0xe74ad1afdd1547ea!8m2!3d21.8321802!4d73.7469882?shorturl=1 |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Sardar Sarovar Dam Narmada View · RPJW+VQH, Narmada, Gujarat 393140, India |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017212909/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sardar+Sarovar+Dam+Narmada+View/@21.8324325,73.7462987,17.6z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x39601dd8bca69993:0xe74ad1afdd1547ea!8m2!3d21.8321802!4d73.7469882?shorturl=1 |url-status=live ))</ref>

The dam is 1,210 meters long and stands 163 meters tall. The Sardar Sarovar reservoir has a gross capacity of 0.95 million hectares meter and live storage capacity of 0.586 million hectares meter. It occupies an area of 37,000ha with an average length of 214&nbsp;km and width of 1.7&nbsp;km. The river catchment area above the dam site is 88,000 square kilometers. It has a spillway discharging capacity of 87,000 cubic meters a second.<ref>((Cite web |title=Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD), Gujarat - Water Technology |url=https://www.water-technology.net/projects/sardar-sarovar-dam-gujarat/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=www.water-technology.net |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019031636/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/sardar-sarovar-dam-gujarat/ |url-status=live ))</ref> This dam is one case study to learn about Integrated River Basin Planning, Development and Management.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Rajiv K. |date=March 2001 |title=River Basin Management: A Case Study of Narmada Valley Development with Special Reference to the Sardar Sarovar Project in Gujarat, India |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713672562 |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=55–78 |doi=10.1080/713672562 |bibcode=2001IJWRD..17...55G |s2cid=154927607 |issn=0790-0627 |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143411/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713672562 |url-status=live ))</ref>

=== Water management ===
The reservoir operation in the catchment area during the monsoons (from July to October) is well synchronized with the rain forecast. The River Bed Power House (RPBH) is responsible for strategically maximizing the annual allocation of water share. It ensures that minimum water flows downstream, and maximum water is used in the dam overflow period (generally in Monsoons).  In non-monsoon months, RPBH takes measures to minimize the conventional and operational losses, avoiding water storage, restricting water intensive perennial crops, adoption of underground pipelines, proper maintenance of canals, related structures and operation of canals on a rotational basis.<ref>((Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=Explained: How Sardar Sarovar Dam is providing irrigation water in summer for the first time in history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-sardar-sarovar-dam-is-providing-irrigation-water-in-summer-for-the-first-time-in-history-7350969/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019235347/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-sardar-sarovar-dam-is-providing-irrigation-water-in-summer-for-the-first-time-in-history-7350969/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

== History ==
This project was envisioned by the first Home Minister of India, [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]]. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] laid the foundation stone of this project in 1961. A thorough survey was carried out by his government to study the usage of the Narmada River which flows through states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat to the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2017-09-17 |title=A short history of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-short-history-of-the-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-river-narmada-4847807/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019030049/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-short-history-of-the-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-river-narmada-4847807/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

As the river was shared between the three states (Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh) there were disputes regarding sharing of water and other important resources. As the negotiations were not successful a report was created, and the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) was established in 1969. In 1979 the NWDT gave its verdict after assessing all the reports.<ref>((Cite web |title=History of NWDT ((!)) Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited |url=https://sardarsarovardam.org/history-of-nwdt.aspx |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=sardarsarovardam.org |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019031804/https://sardarsarovardam.org/history-of-nwdt.aspx |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Importance in Gujarat==
This dam is called 'the lifeline of Gujarat'. Seventy five percent of Gujarat's command area is considered a drought prone area, this dam will cater for domestic water supply to the regions of [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashatra]]. In 2021, for the first time Sardar Sarovar Dam provided waters for irrigation in summers.<ref>((Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=Explained: How Sardar Sarovar Dam is providing irrigation water in summer for the first time in history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-sardar-sarovar-dam-is-providing-irrigation-water-in-summer-for-the-first-time-in-history-7350969/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019235347/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-sardar-sarovar-dam-is-providing-irrigation-water-in-summer-for-the-first-time-in-history-7350969/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

=== Narmada Canal ===
((main|Narmada Canal))

The dam irrigates ((convert|17920|km2|abbr=on)) of land spread over 12&nbsp;districts, 62&nbsp;talukas, and 3,393 villages (75% of which is drought-prone areas) in [[Gujarat]] and ((convert|730|km2|abbr=on)) in the arid areas of [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] and [[Jalore]] districts of [[Rajasthan]]. The dam provides drinking water to 9490 villages and 173 urban centers in Gujarat; and 1336 villages & 3 towns in Rajasthan. The dam also provides flood protection to riverine reaches measuring ((convert|30000|ha|abbr=on)) covering 210 villages and [[Bharuch]] city and a population of 400,000 in Gujarat.<ref name="support">((cite web
| url        = http://www.supportnarmadadam.org/features-narmada-canal-india.htm
| title        = Main Features of the Dam
| publisher        = supportnarmadadam.org
| access-date        = 15 April 2010
| archive-date        = 14 December 2009
| archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20091214115841/http://www.supportnarmadadam.org/features-narmada-canal-india.htm
| url-status        = live
))</ref> [[Saurashtra Narmada Avtaran Irrigation]] is a major program to help irrigate a lot of regions using the canal's water.

=== Solar power generation ===
((Main article|Canal Solar Power Project))

In 2011, the government of Gujarat announced plans to generate solar power by placing solar panels over the canal, making it beneficial for the surrounding Villages to get power and also helping to reduce the evaporation of water. The first phase consists of placing panels along a 25&nbsp;km length of the canal, with a capacity for up to, 25 MW of power.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_soon-solar-power-panels-on-narmada-canal-narendra-modi_1594864|title=Soon, solar power panels on Narmada canal:Modi|work=dna|access-date=15 October 2011|archive-date=8 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008044246/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_soon-solar-power-panels-on-narmada-canal-narendra-modi_1594864|url-status=live))</ref>

=== Statue of Unity ===
The [[Government of Gujarat]] constructed a statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as a symbol of tribute. The statue stands in front of the dam and is considered as one of the major tourist attraction.<ref>((Cite web |title=Statue of Unity |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/central-zone/narmada/statue-of-unity.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=gujrattourism |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103233948/https://www.gujarattourism.com/central-zone/narmada/statue-of-unity.html |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Rehabilitation==

=== Resettlement policy and strategy ===
The Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal, setup by Indian government has provided a policy framework under which rehabilitation of affected people has been implemented. The guiding principles of this policy are:

* Improve or at least regain the living standard of the project affected people prior to displacement.
*Should be relocated to villages units or section according to their preference.
*Integration with host community where they have settled.
*Appropriately compensated for adequate social and physical rehabilitation including infrastructure and community services.
*Active participation of affected people in planning of their rehabilitation.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Shelat |first=Uday |title=Resettlement in Narmada River Basin |url=https://www.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/alumni/papers/ad2000/ad2000-08.pdf |journal=Department of Architecture and Planning the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India |pages=16 |access-date=30 October 2022 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030044340/https://www.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/alumni/papers/ad2000/ad2000-08.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref>
According to a research paper and survey done by Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar and Neeraj Kaushal: "Are Resettled Out sees from the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project Better off Today than their Former - despite implementation glitches, those displaced were far better off than their former forest neighbors in ownership of a range of assets including TVs, cellphones, vehicles, access to schools and hospitals, and agricultural markets. The gap in asset ownership and other outcomes between the treatment and comparison groups was often statistically larger if the heads of the household were illiterate compared to the gap if they were literate. This finding suggests that resettlement helped vulnerable groups more than the less vulnerable and that fears that resettlement will destroy the lives and lifestyles of tribal have been grossly exaggerated."<ref>((Cite journal |last=Swaminathan |title=Are Resettled Outsees from the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project Better off Today than their Former |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w24423/w24423.pdf |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 24423 |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118014047/https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w24423/w24423.pdf |url-status=live ))</ref>

== Activism ==
((Main|Narmada Bachao Andolan))
The dam is one of India's most controversial, and its environmental impact and net costs and benefits are widely debated.<ref name="Verghese">
((Cite news
| url        = https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-verdict-and-after-18964
| title      = The verdict and after
| last       = Verghese
| first      = Boobli George
| author-link = B. G. Verghese
| newspaper  = DownToEarth
| date       = 30 November 2000 
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171112193908/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-verdict-and-after-18964
| archive-date = 12 November 2017
| url-status = unfit
))</ref> The [[World Bank]] was initially funding, but withdrew in 1994 at the request of the Government of India when the state governments were unable to comply with the loan's environmental and other requirements.<ref>((Cite book|author=World Bank |year=1995 |chapter=Annex 2: Government Cancellation of Bank Loan |title=Project Completion Report: India: Narmada River Development — Gujarat: Sardar Sarovar Dam and Power Project: Annexes to Part I, and Part III |page=148 (page 23 of 61 of Annex 2) ))</ref> The Narmada Dam has been the center of controversy and protests since the late 1980s.<ref name="Scudder">((Citation|last=Scudder |first=Thayer |author-link=Thayer Scudder |year=2003 |title=India's Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) |series=unpublished manuscript |url=http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/13861/138617771.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527180625/http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/13861/138617771.pdf |archive-date=27 May 2020 |url-status=live ))</ref>

One such protest takes center stage in the Spanner Films documentary ''[[Drowned Out]]'' (2002), which follows one tribal family who decide to stay at home and drown rather than make way for the Narmada Dam.<ref name="drowned">((cite web|url=http://tv.oneworld.net/2009/07/28/drowned-out-the-first-10-mintues/ |title=Drowned Out: The first 10 minutes of Drowned Out |publisher=OneWorldTV |date=28 July 2009))</ref>
An earlier documentary film is called ''[[A Narmada Diary]]'' (1995) by [[Anand Patwardhan]] and Simantini Dhuru. The efforts of [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] ("Save Narmada Movement") to seek "social and [[environmental justice]]" for those most directly affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam construction feature prominently in this film. It received the ([[Filmfare Award for Best Documentary]]-1996).<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.frif.com/cat97/k-o/a_narmad.html|title=A Narmada Diary|access-date=13 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221235854/http://www.frif.com/cat97/k-o/a_narmad.html|archive-date=21 February 2008))</ref>

The figurehead for most part of the protest is [[Medha Patkar]], the leader of the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan|NBA]].<ref name="frn">Friends of River Narmada. Retrieved 9 July 2007 [http://www.narmada.org/sardarsarovar.html The Sardar Sarovar Dam: a Brief Introduction] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714094302/http://www.narmada.org/sardarsarovar.html |date=14 July 2007 ))</ref> Patkar's role is questioned in the protest as she is accused of money laundering.<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=FIR against social activist Medha Patkar in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/fir-against-social-activist-medha-patkar-in-madhya-pradesh-101657472253674.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117040447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bhopal-news/fir-against-social-activist-medha-patkar-in-madhya-pradesh-101657472253674.html |url-status=live ))</ref> Other notable figures who participated in the protest were [[Baba Amte]], [[Arundhati Roy]] and [[Aamir Khan]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2017-09-17 |title=A short history of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on river Narmada |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-short-history-of-the-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-river-narmada-4847807/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019030049/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-short-history-of-the-sardar-sarovar-dam-on-river-narmada-4847807/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

==Height increases==
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2006, India.jpg|thumb|The Sardar Sarovar Dam undergoing height increase in 2006]]
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2.jpg|thumb|Sardar Sarovar Dam after height increase]]
* In February 1999, the Supreme Court of India gave the go ahead for the dam's height to be raised to ((convert|88|m|abbr=on)) from the initial ((convert|80|m|abbr=on)).
* In October 2000 again, in a 2-to-1 majority judgment in the Supreme Court, the government was allowed to construct the dam up to ((convert|90|m|abbr=on)).<ref name=go>((cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/978064.stm|title=BBC News&nbsp;— SOUTH ASIA&nbsp;— Go-ahead for India dam project|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 March 2010|archive-date=25 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325122209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/978064.stm|url-status=live))</ref>
* In May 2002, the Narmada Control Authority approved increasing the height of the dam to ((convert|95|m|abbr=on)).
* In March 2004, the Authority allowed a ((convert|15|m|abbr=on)) height increase to ((convert|110|m|abbr=on)).
* In March 2006, the Narmada Control Authority gave clearance for the height of the dam to be increased from ((convert|110.6|m|abbr=on)) to ((convert|121.9|m|abbr=on)). This came after 2003 when the Supreme Court of India refused to allow the height of the dam to increase again.
* In August 2013, heavy rains raised the reservoir level to ((Convert|131.5|m|ft|abbr=on)), which forced 7,000 villagers upstream along the Narmada River to relocate.<ref>((cite news|title=7000 villagers relocated after water level in Narmada dam crosses 130m|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/7000-villagers-relocated-after-water-level-in-narmada-dam-crosses-130m/1159828/|access-date=25 August 2013|newspaper=Express News Service|date=25 August 2013|archive-date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831122417/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/7000-villagers-relocated-after-water-level-in-narmada-dam-crosses-130m/1159828/|url-status=live))</ref>
* In June 2014, Narmada Control Authority gave the final clearance to raise the height from ((convert|121.9|m|abbr=on)) metres to ((convert|138.6|m|abbr=on)).<ref>((cite news|title=NCA permits raising Narmada dam height after eight years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCA-permits-raising-Narmada-dam-height-after-eight-years/articleshow/36436408.cms|access-date=12 June 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 June 2014|archive-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612111411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCA-permits-raising-Narmada-dam-height-after-eight-years/articleshow/36436408.cms|url-status=live))</ref>
* The Narmada Control Authority decided on 17 June 2017 to raise the height of the Sardar Sarovar Dam to its fullest height 163-metre by ordering the closure of 30 gates.
* The water level in the Sardar Sarovar Dam at [[Kevadia]] in [[Narmada district]] reached its highest capacity at 138.7 metres on 15 September 2019.<ref name="The Economic Times"/>
((Portal|India|Water|Renewable energy))

==References==
((reflist|33em))

==References==
* Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam. (01/2002) Retrieved 7 September 2007 [http://www.sardarsarovardam.org/ Narmada for People and Environment]
* Dam-Affected Resettlement in Gujarat, by Chhandasi Pandya. Retrieved 13 July 2007 [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10 Article]
* ((Cite web|title=Second Interim Report of the Committee for Assessment of Survey / Studies / Planning and Implementation, of the Plans on Environmental Safe Guard Measures for Sardar Sarovar & Indira Sagar Projects |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/SECOND%20INTERIM%20REPORT%20OF%20THE%20COMMITTEE%20FOR%20ASSESSMENT%20OF%20SURVEY.doc  ))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100512052556/http://aidindia.org/main/content/view/1226/457/ Association for India's Development website]

==External links==
((stack|))
((Commons category|Narmada Dam Project))
* [http://narmada.org Friends of River Narmada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808110036/http://nvda.nic.in/ Official Website of NVDA – Narmada Valley Development Authority]
* [http://www.sardarsarovardam.org Official website of Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited]
* [http://newsrack.in/Browse.do?owner=subbu&issue=narmada&catID=7 Regularly updated news clippings about Narmada dams]
* Concluding letter from Independent Review (also known as Morse Committee) constituted by World Bank in 1992 to assess Sardar Sarovar Dam Project [https://web.archive.org/web/20071222120804/http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~vvaish/shared/index.php?Adir= djvu format] or in [https://web.archive.org/web/20071222120804/http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~vvaish/shared/index.php?Adir= pdf format].

((Gujarat))
((Hydrography of Gujarat))
((Narmada basin))
((Narmada River dams))

[[Category:Dams completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jalore district]]
[[Category:Dams in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in India]]
[[Category:Dams on the Narmada River]]
[[Category:Tapi district]]
[[Category:Vallabhbhai Patel]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Gujarat]]

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