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((short description|Group of West Germanic languages))
((more citations needed|date=December 2009))
((Infobox language family
| name = Anglo-Frisian
| region = Originally [[England]], [[Scottish Lowlands]] and the [[North Sea]] coast from [[Friesland]] to [[Jutland]]; today worldwide
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4 = [[North Sea Germanic]]
| child1 = [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
| child2 = [[Frisian languages|Frisian]]
| glotto = angl1264
| glottorefname = Anglo-Frisian
| map = Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg
| mapcaption = Approximate present day distribution of the Anglo-Frisian languages in Europe.
Anglic:
((legend|#ffa500|[[History of the English language|English]]))
((legend|#D2691E|[[History of the Scots language|Scots]]))
[[Frisian languages|Frisian]]:
((legend|#000066|[[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]))
((legend|#3366CC|[[North Frisian language|North Frisian]]))
((legend|#66CCFF|[[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]))
Hatched areas indicate where [[multilingualism]] is common.
| mapsize = 250px
))

The '''Anglo-Frisian languages''' are the Anglic ([[English language|English]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Fingallian]]†, and [[Yola language|Yola]]†) and [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] ([[North Frisian language|North Frisian]], [[East Frisian language|East Frisian]], and [[West Frisian languages|West Frisian]]) varieties of the [[West Germanic languages]].

The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinct from other West Germanic languages due to several [[sound change]]s: besides the [[Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law]], which is present in [[Low German]] as well, [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]] and [[phonological history of Old English#Palatalization|palatalization]] of ((IPA|/k/)) are for the most part unique to the modern Anglo-Frisian languages: 
* English ''cheese'', Scots ''((lang|sco|cheese))'' and [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] ''((lang|fy|tsiis))'', but [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''((lang|nl|kaas))'', Low German ''((lang|nds|Kees))'', and [[German language|German]] ''((lang|de|Käse))''
* English ''church'', and West Frisian ''((lang|fy|tsjerke))'', but Dutch ''((lang|nl|kerk))'', Low German ''((lang|nds|Kerk))'', ''((lang|nds|Kark))'', and German ''((lang|de|Kirche))'', though Scots ''((lang|sco|kirk))''
* English ''sheep'', Scots ''((lang|sco|sheep))'' and West Frisian ''((lang|fy|skiep))'', but Dutch ((lang|nl|schaap)) (pl. ((lang|nl|schapen))), Low German ((lang|nds|Schaap)), German ((lang|de|Schaf)) (pl. ((lang|de|Schafe)))

The grouping is usually implied as a separate branch in regards to the [[tree model]]. According to this reading, English and Frisian would have had a proximal ancestral form in common that no other attested group shares. The early Anglo-Frisian varieties, like [[Old English]] and Old Frisian, and the third Ingvaeonic group at the time, the ancestor of Low German [[Old Saxon]], were spoken by intercommunicating populations. While this has been cited as a reason for a few traits exclusively shared by Old Saxon and either Old English or Old Frisian,<ref name=":0">((Cite book|last=Stiles|first=Patrick|date=2018-08-01|title=Friesische Studien II: Beiträge des Föhrer Symposiums zur Friesischen Philologie vom 7.–8. April 1994|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/57114915/9Remarks_Anglo-Fris.pdf|access-date=2020-10-23|via=www.academia.edu|series=NOWELE Supplement Series|volume=12|language=en|doi=10.1075/nss.12|isbn=978-87-7838-059-3))((dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic))</ref> a genetic unity of the Anglo-Frisian languages beyond that of an [[North Sea Germanic|Ingvaeonic]] subfamily cannot be considered a majority opinion. In fact, the groupings of Ingvaeonic and West Germanic languages are highly debated, even though they rely on much more innovations and evidence. Some scholars consider a Proto-Anglo-Frisian language as disproven, as far as such postulates are falsifiable.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, the close ties and strong similarities between the Anglic and the Frisian grouping are part of the [[scientific consensus]]. Therefore, the concept of Anglo-Frisian languages can be useful and is today employed without these implications.<ref name=":0" /><ref>((Cite book|last=Hines|first=John|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1013723499|title=Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours.|date=2017|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-78744-063-0|oclc=1013723499))</ref>

Geography isolated the settlers of [[Great Britain]] from [[Continental Europe]], except from contact with communities capable of open water navigation. This resulted in more [[Old Norse]] and [[Norman language]] influences during the development of [[Modern English]], whereas the modern Frisian languages developed under contact with the southern Germanic populations, restricted to the continent.

==Classification==

The proposed Anglo-Frisian family tree is:
* Anglo-Frisian
** Anglic
*** [[English language|English]]
**** [[Northumbrian dialect|Northumbrian]] and [[Cumbrian dialect|Cumbrian]] (see the article about the [[Humber-Lune Line]])
*** [[Scots language|Scots]]
**** [[Insular Scots]]
**** [[Northern Scots]]
**** [[Central Scots]]
**** [[Southern Scots]]
**** [[Doric Scots]]
**** [[Ulster Scots dialect|Ulster Scots]]
*** Irish Anglo-Norman<ref name=Hickey2005>((cite book |last= Hickey |first= Raymond|title= Dublin English: Evolution and Change |year= 2005 |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing |isbn= 90-272-4895-8 |pages=196–198))</ref><ref name=Hickey2002>((cite book |last= Hickey |first= Raymond|title= A Source Book for Irish English |year= 2002 |publisher= John Benjamins Publishing |isbn= 9027237530 |pages= 28–29))</ref><ref>((Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2834 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Irish Anglo-Norman |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717050346/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2834 |archive-date=2023-07-17 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=Leipzig, Germany |doi=10.5281/zenodo.8131084 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free ))</ref>
**** [[Fingalian language|Fingalian]] (extinct)
**** [[Yola language|Yola]] (extinct)
** [[Frisian languages|Frisian]]
*** [[West Frisian languages|West Frisian]]
**** [[Hindeloopen Frisian]]
**** [[Schiermonnikoog Frisian]]
**** Westlauwers–Terschellings
***** [[Terschelling Frisian]]
***** [[West Frisian language|Mainland West Frisian]]
*** [[East Frisian language|East Frisian]]
**** [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]] (last remaining dialect of East Frisian)
*** [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]]

===Anglic languages===
((See also|List of dialects of English|World Englishes))
'''Anglic''',<ref>Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Anglic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Woolf |first=Alex |author-link= Alex Woolf |title=From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 |date=2007|series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1234-5 )), p. 336</ref> '''Insular Germanic''', or '''English languages'''<ref>J. Derrick McClure ''Scots its range of Uses'' in A. J. Aitken, Tom McArthur, Languages of Scotland, W. and R. Chambers, 1979. p.27</ref><ref>Thomas Burns McArthur, The English Languages, Cambridge University Press, 1998. p.203</ref> encompass [[Old English]] and all the [[Variety (linguistics)|linguistic varieties]] descended from it. These include [[Middle English]], [[Early Modern English]], and [[Modern English]]; [[Early Scots]], [[Middle Scots]], and [[Modern Scots]]; and the extinct [[Fingallian]] and [[Yola language|Yola]] languages in [[Ireland]].

[[English-based creole languages]] are not generally included, as mainly only their [[lexicon]] and not necessarily their grammar, phonology, etc. comes from [[Modern English|Modern]] and [[Early Modern English]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="8" style="text-align:center" |[[Proto-English]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |[[Northumbrian Old English]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[Mercian Old English]]
|style="text-align:center"|[[Kentish Old English]]
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center" |[[West Saxon Old English]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" |Northern Early Middle English
|style="text-align:center"|Midland Early Middle English
|style="text-align:center"|Southeastern Early Middle English
|style="text-align:center"|Southern Early Middle English
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |Southwestern Early Middle English
|-
|style="text-align:center"|Early Scots
|style="text-align:center"|Northern Middle English
|style="text-align:center"|Midland Middle English
|style="text-align:center"|Southeastern Middle English
|style="text-align:center"|Southern Middle English
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |Southwestern Middle English
|-
|style="text-align:center"|Middle Scots
|style="text-align:center"|Northern Early Modern English
|style="text-align:center"|Midland Early Modern English
|style="text-align:center"|Metropolitan Early Modern English
|style="text-align:center"|Southern Early Modern English
|style="text-align:center"|Southwestern Early Modern English
|style="text-align:center"|Fingallian
|style="text-align:center"|Yola
|-
|style="text-align:center"|Modern Scots
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|Modern English
|style="text-align:center"|''extinct''
|style="text-align:center"|''extinct''
|}

===Frisian languages===
((main|Frisian languages))
The Frisian languages are a group of languages spoken by about 500,000 [[Frisian people]] on the southern fringes of the [[North Sea]] in the [[Netherlands]] and [[Germany]]. [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]], by far the most spoken of the three main branches with 875,840 total speakers,<ref name="Frisian &#124; Ethnologue Free">((cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fry/ | title=Frisian &#124; Ethnologue Free ))</ref> constitutes an official language in the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Provinces of the Netherlands|province]] of [[Friesland]]. [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] is spoken on some [[North Frisian Islands]] and parts of mainland [[North Frisia]] in the northernmost [[Germany|German]] [[Districts of Germany|district]] of [[Nordfriesland]], and also in [[Heligoland]] in the [[German Bight]], both part of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] state (Heligoland is part of its mainland [[Pinneberg (district)|district of Pinneberg]]). North Frisian has approximately 8,000 speakers.<ref name="ethnologue.com">((cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/frr/ | title=Frisian, Northern &#124; Ethnologue Free ))</ref> The [[East Frisian language]] is spoken by only about 2,000 people;<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/stq/ | title=Saterfriesisch &#124; Ethnologue Free ))</ref> speakers are located in [[Saterland]] in Germany.<br>
There are no known East Frisian dialects, but there are three dialects of West Frisian and ten of North Frisian.
* West Frisian dialects:<ref name="Frisian &#124; Ethnologue Free"/>
** Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
** South or Southwest Frisian (Súdhoeksk)
** Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
* North Frisian dialects:<ref name="ethnologue.com"/> 
**Insular dialects
*** [[Sylt Frisian]] (Söl'ring)
*** Föhr-Amrum Frisian (Fering, Öömrang) 
*** [[Heligolandic Frisian]] (Halunder)
**Mainland dialects
*** [[Wiedingharde Frisian]] (Wiringhiirder)
*** [[Bökingharde Frisian]] (Mooringer)
*** [[Karrharde Frisian]] (Karrharder)
*** [[Goesharde Frisian]] (Gooshiirder)
**** Northern Goesharde Frisian (incl. Hooringer Fräisch & Hoolmer Freesch)
**** Central Goesharde Frisian
**** Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct since early 1980s)
*** [[Halligen Frisian]] (Halifreesk)


==Anglo-Frisian developments==
The following is a summary of the major sound changes affecting vowels in chronological order.<ref>((cite book|last=Fulk|first=Robert D.|chapter=The Chronology of Anglo-Frisian Sound Changes|title=Approaches to Old Frisian Philology|editor1-last=Bremmer Jr.|editor1-first=Rolf H.|editor2-last=Johnston|editor2-first=Thomas S.B.|editor3-last=Vries|editor3-first=Oebele|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Rodopoi|year=1998|page=185))</ref> For additional detail, see [[Phonological history of Old English]]. That these were simultaneous and in that order for all Anglo-Frisian languages is considered disproved by some scholars.<ref name=":0" />
# Backing and nasalization of West Germanic ''a'' and ''ā'' before a nasal consonant
# Loss of ''n'' before a spirant, resulting in [[compensatory lengthening|lengthening]] and [[nasalization]] of preceding vowel
# Single form for present and preterite plurals
# ''A-fronting'': West Germanic ''a'', ''ā'' > ''æ'', ''ǣ'', even in the diphthongs ''ai'' and ''au'' (see [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]])
#  [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] of [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ((PIE|*k)) and ((PIE|*g)) before front vowels (but not phonemicization of palatals)
# ''A-restoration'': ''æ'', ''ǣ'' > ''a'', ''ā'' under the influence of neighboring consonants
# ''Second fronting'': OE dialects (except [[West Saxon dialect|West Saxon]]) and Frisian ''ǣ'' > ''ē''
# ''A-restoration'': ''a'' restored before a back vowel in the following syllable (later in the [[Southumbrian]] dialects); Frisian ''æu'' > ''au'' > Old Frisian ''ā''/''a''
# OE breaking; in West Saxon palatal diphthongization follows
# ''i''-mutation followed by [[Syncope (phonetics)|syncope]]; Old Frisian breaking follows
# Phonemicization of palatals and assibilation, followed by second fronting in parts of West Mercia
# Smoothing and back mutation

==Comparisons==
===Numbers in Anglo-Frisian languages===
These are the words for the numbers one to 12 in the Anglo-Frisian languages, with Dutch, West-Flemish and German included for comparison:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
|-
! English
| one
| two
| three
| four
| five
| six
| seven
| eight
| nine
| ten
| eleven
| twelve
|-
! West Riding Yorkshire 
| one
| two
| three
| fower
| five
| six
| seven
| eight
| nine
| ten
| (e)leven
| twelve
|-
! Scots<ref group="note">Depending on dialect 1. ((IPA-sco|en|)), ((IPA-sco|jɪn|)), ((IPA-sco|in|)), ((IPA-sco|wan|)), ((IPA-sco|*eː|)), ((IPA-sco|jeː|))  2. ((IPA-sco|twɑː|)), ((IPA-sco|twɔː|)), ((IPA-sco|tweː|)), ((IPA-sco|twaː|))  3. ((IPA-sco|θrəi|)), ((IPA-sco|θriː|)), ((IPA-sco|triː|))  4. ((IPA-sco|ˈfʌu(ə)r|)), ((IPA-sco|fuwr|))  5. ((IPA-sco|faiːv|)), ((IPA-sco|fɛv|))  6. ((IPA-sco|saks|))  7. ((IPA-sco|ˈsiːvən|)), ((IPA-sco|ˈseːvən|)), ((IPA-sco|ˈsəivən|))  8. ((IPA-sco|ext|)), ((IPA-sco|ɛçt|))  9. ((IPA-sco|nəin|)), ((IPA-sco|nin|))  10. ((IPA-sco|tɛn|)).</ref>
| ane<br>ae*<br>een
| twa
| trey<br>three
| fower
| five
| seks<br>sax
| seiven
| aicht
| nine
| ten
| eleiven
| twaal
|-
! Yola
| oan
| twye
| dhree
| vour
| veeve
| zeese
| zeven
| ayght
| neen
| dhen
| ellven
| twalve
|-
! West Frisian
| ien
| twa
| trije
| fjouwer
| fiif
| seis
| sân
| acht
| njoggen
| tsien
| alve
| tolve
|-
! West-Flemish
| jin
| twi
| drieje
| viere
| vuvve
| zesse
| zeevne
| achte
| neegn
| tiene
| elve
| twolve
|-
! Saterland Frisian
| aan (m.)<br>een (f., n.)
| twäin (m.)<br>two (f., n.)
| träi (m.)<br>trjo (f., n.)
| fjauer
| fieuw
| säks
| sogen
| oachte
| njúgen
| tjoon
| alven
| twelig
|-
! North Frisian (Mooring dialect)
| iinj<br>ån
| tou<br>tuu
| trii<br>tra
| fjouer
| fiiw
| seeks
| soowen
| oocht
| nüügen
| tiin
| alwen
| tweelwen
|-
! Dutch
| een
| twee
| drie
| vier
| vijf
| zes
| zeven
| acht
| negen
| tien
| elf
| twaalf
|-
! High German
| eins
| zwei
| drei
| vier
| fünf
| sechs
| sieben
| acht
| neun
| zehn
| elf
| zwölf
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Ae'' ((IPA-sco|eː|)), ((IPA-sco|jeː|)) is an adjectival form used before nouns.<ref>((cite book|last1=Grant|first1=William|last2=Dixon|first2=James Main|year=1921|title=Manual of Modern Scots|location=Cambridge|publisher=University Press|page=105))</ref>

=== Words in English, West Riding Yorkshire, Scots, Yola, West Frisian, Dutch, German and West-Flemish===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! English !! West Riding Yorkshire !! Scots !! Yola !! West Frisian !! Dutch !! German !! West-Flemish
|-
| day || day || day || dei || dei || dag || Tag ||dah
|-
| world || warld || warld || eord || wrâld || wereld || Welt ||wèreld
|-
| rain || rain || rain || rhyne || rein || regen || Regen ||rinne
|-
| blood || blooid || bluid || blooed || bloed || bloed || Blut||bloed
|-
| alone || aloan || alane || alane || allinne || alleen || allein ||oaljinne
|-
| stone || stoan || stane || sthoan || stien || steen || Stein||stjin
|-
| snow || snaw || snaw || sneow|| snie || sneeuw || Schnee ||snji(w)
|-
| summer || summer || simmer || zimmer|| simmer || zomer || Sommer ||zomer
|-
| way || way || wey|| wye || wei || weg || Weg ||weh
|-
| almighty || almeety || awmichtie || aulmichty || almachtich || almachtig || allmächtig || oalmahtih
|-
| ship || ship || ship || zhip || skip || schip || Schiff||skip/sjgip
|-
| nail || nail || nail|| niel || neil || nagel || Nagel || noagle
|-
| old || owd || auld || yola || âld || oud || alt||oed
|-
| butter || butter || butter || buther || bûter || boter || Butter || beuter
|-
| cheese || cheese || cheese || cheese || tsiis || kaas || Käse || koas
|-
| apple || apple || aiple || appel || apel || appel || Apfel || apple
|-
| church || church (older kurk) || kirk||| chourche || tsjerke || kerk || Kirche || kerke
|-
| son || son || son || zon || soan || zoon || Sohn || zeune
|-
| door || door || door || dher || doar || deur || Tür || deure
|-
| good || gooid || guid || gooude || goed || goed || gut|| hoed
|-
| fork || fork || fork || vork || foarke || vork || Gabel <br/> Forke (dated) || vork
|-
| sib || sib (obsolete) || sib || meany / sibbe (dated) || sibbe || sibbe (dated) || Sippe ||
|-
| together || together|| taegither|| agyther || tegearre || samen <br/> tegader || zusammen || tegoare
|-
| morn(ing) || morn(in) || morn(in)|| arich || moarn || morgen || Morgen || morhn
|-
| until, till || whol || until, till || del || oant || tot || bis || tot
|-
| where || wheer || whaur<sup>''or whare''</sup> || fidie || wêr || waar || wo || woa(r)(e)
|-
| key || key || key<ref group="note">Depending on dialect ((IPA-sco|kiː|)) or ((IPA-sco|kəi|)).</ref> || kei / kie || kaai || sleutel || Schlüssel || sleutle
|-
| have been (was) || wor || wis || was || ha west || ben geweest || bin gewesen || zy(n)/è gewist
|-
| two sheep || two sheep || twa sheep || twye zheep || twa skiep || twee schapen || zwei Schafe || twi skoapn
|-
| have || have/heve/ha || hae|| ha || hawwe || hebben || haben || èn
|-
| us || uz || us || ouse || ús || ons || uns || oes
|-
| horse || hoss || horse|| caule || hynder <br/>hoars (rare) || paard <br/>ros (dated)|| Pferd <br/> Ross (dated) || pèrd
|-
| bread || breead || breid || breed || brea || brood || Brot || brwot
|-
| hair || hair || hair|| haar || hier || haar || Haar || oar
|-
| heart || heart || hert || hearth || hert || hart || Herz || èrte
|-
| beard || beard || beard || bearde || burd || baard || Bart || board
|-
| moon || mooin || muin || mond || moanne || maan || Mond || moane
|-
| mouth || maath, gob || mooth || meouth || mûn || mond || Mund || moend
|-
| ear || ear, lug || ear, lug (colloquial) || lug || ear || oor || Ohr || wore/ôre 
|-
| green || green || green|| green || grien || groen || grün  || groene
|-
| red || red || reid || reed || read || rood || rot || rwod/rôd
|-
| sweet || sweet || sweet || sweet || swiet || zoet || süß || zoet 
|-
| through || through/thrugh || throu<ref group="note">Depending on dialect ((IPA-sco|θruː|)) or ((IPA-sco|θrʌu|)).</ref> || draugh || troch || door || durch || deur
|-
| wet || weet || weet || weate || wiet || nat || nass || nat
|-
| eye || ee || ee || ei / iee || each || oog || Auge || wooge/ôoge
|-
| dream || dreeam || dream || dreem || dream || droom || Traum || droom
|-
| mouse || maase || moose || meouse || mûs || muis || Maus || muzze
|-
| house || haase || hoose || heouse || hûs || huis || Haus || hus
|-
| it goes on || it goes/goas on || it gaes/gangs on|| it goath an || it giet oan || het gaat door || es geht weiter/los || tgoa deure
|-
| good day || gooid day || guid day || gooude dei ||| goeie (dei) || goedendag || guten Tag || goein dah 
|}

==Alternative grouping==
((main|Ingvaeonic languages))
[[Ingvaeonic languages|Ingvaeonic]], also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the [[West Germanic languages]] that encompasses [[Old Frisian]], [[Old English language|Old English]],<ref group="note">Also known as ''Anglo-Saxon''.</ref> and [[Old Saxon]].<ref>Some include [[West Flemish]]. Cf. Bremmer (2009:22).</ref>

However, since Anglo-Frisian features occur in Low German and especially in its older language stages, there is a tendency to prefere the Ingvaeonic classification instead of the Anglo-Frisian one, which also takes Low German into account. Because Old Saxon came under strong Old High German and Old Low Franconian influence early on and therefore lost many Ingveonic features that were to be found much more extensively in earlier language states.<ref>((Cite book |title=Handbuch des Friesischen: = Handbook of Frisian studies |date=2001 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=978-3-484-73048-9 |editor-last=Munske |editor-first=Horst Haider |location=Tübingen |editor-last2=Århammar |editor-first2=Nils))</ref>

It is not thought of as a monolithic [[proto-language]], but rather as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison.<ref>For a full discussion of the areal changes involved and their relative chronologies, see Voyles (1992).</ref>

The grouping was first proposed in ''Nordgermanen und Alemannen'' (1942) by the German linguist and philologist [[Friedrich Maurer (linguist)|Friedrich Maurer]] (1898–1984),  as an alternative to the strict [[tree structure|tree diagrams]] that had become popular following the work of the 19th-century linguist [[August Schleicher]] and which assumed the existence of an Anglo-Frisian group.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.germanistik.uni-freiburg.de/auer/?Geschichte_des_Lehrstuhls |title=Friedrich Maurer (Lehrstuhl für Germanische Philologie – Linguistik) |publisher=Germanistik.uni-freiburg.de |access-date=2013-06-24))</ref>

==See also==
* [[High German languages]] 
* [[Low Franconian languages]]

==Notes==
<references group="note" />

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* ((cite book|last=Maurer|first=Friedrich|year=1942|title=Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde|location=Strasbourg|publisher=Hünenburg|language=de))   
* ((cite book|last=Euler|first=Wolfram|author-link=Wolfram Euler|year=2013|title=Das Westgermanische|trans-title=West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction|page=244|language=de|publisher=Verlag Inspiration Un Ltd.|location=London/Berlin|isbn=978-3-9812110-7-8))
* ((cite book|last1=Ringe|first1=Don|author-link1=Donald Ringe|last2=Taylor|first2=Ann|year=2014|title=The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English|volume=2|location=Oxford|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0199207848))

((Germanic languages))
((History of English))

((DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Frisian Languages))
[[Category:Anglo-Frisian languages| ]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
[[Category:North Sea Germanic]]

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