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((More citations needed|date=December 2023))((cleanup lang|date=July 2021))
((Infobox language family
 |name     = East Papuan
 |acceptance=obsolete
 |region   = [[Melanesia]]
 |familycolor = Papuan
 |family   = Proposed [[language family]]
 |child2   = [[Anêm language|Anêm]]
 |child3   = [[Ata language|Ata]]
 |child4   = [[Baining languages|Baining (East New Britain)]]
 |child5   = [[North Bougainville languages|North Bougainville]]
 |child6   = [[South Bougainville languages|South Bougainville]]
 |child7   = [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomon]]
 |child8   = [[Sulka language|Sulka]]
 |child9   = [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|Kol]]
 |child10  = [[Kuot language|Kuot]] (Panaras)
 |child11  = ((nowrap|× [[Reefs – Santa Cruz languages|Reefs – Santa Cruz]]))<br/>(now Austronesian)
 |child12  = × [[Kazukuru language]] <br/>(now Austronesian)
 |child13  = × [[Yele language|Yele]]
 |glotto   = none
))

The '''East Papuan languages''' is a defunct proposal for a [[language family|family]] of [[Papuan languages]] spoken on the islands to the east of [[New Guinea]], including [[New Britain]], [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], [[Solomon Islands]], and the [[Santa Cruz Islands]]. There is no evidence that these languages are related to each other, and the Santa Cruz languages are no longer recognized as Papuan.

All but two of the starred languages below ([[Yele language|Yélî Dnye]] and [[Sulka language|Sulka]]) make a gender distinction in their pronouns. Several of the heavily Papuanized Austronesian languages of New Britain do as well. This suggests a pre-Austronesian [[Sprachbund|language area]] in the region.

==History of the proposal==

The East Papuan languages were proposed as a family by linguist [[Stephen Wurm]] (1975) and others. However, their work was preliminary, and there is little evidence that the East Papuan languages actually have a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relationship]]. For example, none of these fifteen languages marked with asterisks below share more than 2–3% of their basic vocabulary with any of the others. Dunn and colleagues (2005) tested the reliability of the proposed 2–3% [[cognate]]s by randomizing the vocabulary lists and comparing them again. The nonsense comparisons produced the same 2–3% of "shared" vocabulary, demonstrating that the proposed cognates of the East Papuan languages, and even of proposed families within the East Papuan languages, are as likely to be due to chance as to any genealogical relationship. Thus in a conservative classification, many of the East Papuan languages would be considered [[language isolate]]s.

Since the islands in question have been settled for at least 35&nbsp;000 years, their considerable linguistic diversity is unsurprising. However, [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]] (2001; 2005) has presented evidence from comparing [[pronoun]]s from nineteen of these languages that several of the lower-level branches of East Papuan may indeed be valid families. This is the classification adopted here. For Wurm's more inclusive classification, see the [[Glottolog]] page [https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/135107 here].

==Classification (Ross 2005)==

===Small families===
Each of the first five entries in '''boldface''' is an independent language family, not known to be related to the others. Languages that are transparently related to each other are listed together on the same line. The first family is a more tentative proposal than the others and awaits confirmation.

Reconstructed pronoun sets for each of the families are given in the individual articles.

*'''? [[Yele – West New Britain languages|Yele – West New Britain]]''' family [tentative]
((clade
|1=((clade
|1=''Yélî Dnye ([[Yele language|Yele]])''* ([[Louisiade Archipelago|Rossel Island]])
|label2=&nbsp;West &nbsp;New&nbsp;Britain&nbsp;
|2=((clade
|1=''[[Anêm language|Anêm]]''* ([[New Britain]])
|2=''[[Ata language|Ata]] (Pele-Ata, Wasi)''* (New Britain)
))
))
))

*'''[[East New Britain languages|East New Britain]]''' family
((clade
|1=((clade
|1=[[Baining languages|Baining]]: [[Mali language|Mali]]*, [[Qaqet language|Qaqet]], [[Kairak language|Kairak]], [[Simbali language|Simbali]], [[Ura language (Papua New Guinea)|Ura]], [[Makolkol language|Makolkol]]
|2=[[Taulil–Butam languages|Taulil–Butam]]: [[Taulil language|Taulil]]**, [[Butam language|Butam]] (extinct)**
))
))

*'''[[North Bougainville languages|North Bougainville]]''' family (Bougainville)
((clade
|1=((clade
|1=''[[Keriaka language|Keriaka]]''
|2=''[[Konua language|Konua]] (Rapoisi)''** 
|3=Rotokas: [[Rotokas language|Rotokas]]*, [[Eivo language|Eivo]] 
))
))

*'''[[South Bougainville languages|South Bougainville]]''' family (Bougainville)
((clade
|1=((clade
|label1=&nbsp;Buin&nbsp;
|1=((clade
|1=''[[Buin language|Buin]]''* 
|2=''[[Motuna language|Motuna]] (Siwai)''*
|3=''[[Uisai language|Uisai]]''
))
|2=Nasioi: [[Koromira language|Koromira]], [[Lantanai language|Lantanai]], [[Naasioi language|Naasioi]]*, [[Nagovisi language|Nagovisi]] (Sibe)**, [[Oune language|Oune]], [[Simeku language|Simeku]] 
))
))

*'''[[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomon]]''' family
((clade
|1=((clade
|1=''[[Bilua language|Bilua]]''* ([[Vella Lavella]] Island)
|2=''[[Touo language|Touo]] (Baniata)''* (southern [[Rendova Island]], part of the [[New Georgia Islands]])
|3=''[[Lavukaleve language|Lavukaleve]]''* ([[Russell Islands]])
|4=''[[Savosavo language|Savosavo]]''* ([[Savo Island]])
))
))

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Dunn and colleagues found no demonstrable shared vocabulary between these fifteen languages.

<nowiki>**</nowiki> Ross considered these four languages in addition to the fifteen studied by Dunn and colleagues.

===True language isolates===
These three languages are not thought to be demonstrably related to each other or to any language in the world.

*'''[[Sulka language|Sulka]]''' isolate* – New Britain (poor data quality; the possibility remains that Sulka will be shown to be related to Kol or Baining)
*'''[[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|Kol]]''' isolate* – New Britain
*'''[[Kuot language|Kuot]] (Panaras)''' isolate* – [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]]

''<nowiki>*</nowiki> Dunn and colleagues found no demonstrable shared vocabulary between these fifteen languages.''

===Austronesian languages formerly classified as East Papuan===
Wurm classified the three languages of the [[Santa Cruz Islands|Santa Cruz]] and [[Reef Islands]] as an additional family within East Papuan. However, new data on these languages, along with advances in  the reconstruction of [[Proto-Oceanic language|Proto-Oceanic]], has made it clear that they are in fact [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: 
* '''[[Reefs – Santa Cruz languages]]''': [[Santa Cruz language|Santa Cruz]], [[Nanggu language|Nanggu]], [[Äiwoo language|Äiwoo]]

Similarly, Wurm had classified the extinct [[Kazukuru language]] and its possible sister languages of [[New Georgia]] as a sixth branch of East Papuan. However, in a joint 2007 paper, Dunn and Ross argued that this was also Austronesian.
* '''Kazukuru family''': [[Kazukuru language]]

==Lexical comparison==
The tables below give lexical comparisons for the East Papuan languages (i.e., all Papuan languages spoken in [[New Britain]] and islands to the east), with languages listed roughly from west to east. All lexical items are from the Trans-New Guinea database<ref>((Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/language/kuot |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05))</ref> unless noted otherwise.

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Body parts
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! head !! hair !! ear !! eye !! nose !! tooth !! tongue !! leg !! blood !! bone !! skin !! breast
|-
! isolate
! [[Ata language|Ata]]<ref>((Cite book |last=Hashimoto |first=Kazuo |title=Ata-English Dictionary with English-Ata Finderlist |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/31097 |year=2008 |location=Ukarumpa |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics))</ref>
|  ||  || sangalie || iei || usine'i || anaxu ilaanu (anaxu = 'mouth') || levexe || tava'a || sialuxu || xine || vasime'a || susu
|-
! isolate
! [[Anêm language|Anêm]]<ref>Thurston, William. 1982. ''A comparative study of Anêm and Lusi''. Pacific Linguistics: Series B, 83. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref>
| og || ki || gêt || ei || piŋi || lo || êlêŋ || ti 'foot' || esin || exe || palau || 
|-
! isolate
! [[Kol language (Papua New Guinea)|Kol]]
| 'kel.a; kela keřne || 'komɒ; komɔʔ kalɛane || 'bula; bula kɛřlɛ || pelnɛl; 'penel || ta'li:; tali keřne || 'mire; mi̠řɛ kɛřnɛ || dal kɛřnɛ; raal || pe:re || 'be:la || 'ti:le || tomalu gomo; to'molu || 'tombo; to̠to la̠nɛ
|-
! isolate
! [[Sulka language|Sulka]]<ref>Tharp, Douglas. 1996. Sulka grammar essentials. In John M. Clifton (ed.), ''Two non-Austronesian grammars from the islands'', 77-179. [[Ukarumpa]]: [[Summer Institute of Linguistics]].</ref>
| lpek || ngiris || ngaela ||  || vorngap ||  ||  ||  || ɨndiɨl ||  || ptaik || 
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[Mali language|Mali (Arambum dialect)]]
| uʷʌski || ǥʌsɛŋ || asdɛmgi || saǥoŋ || ulɩmgi || ǥɛŋ || ǥɔbɩnga || aǥař || abⁱʌska || atlɨp || ŋᶺndᶺŋ || ǥumukʰ
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[Qaqet language|Qaget]]
| niŋaǥa; ʌ niŋʌg̶ʌ || aǥsiŋ; ʌg̶asiŋ || asⁿdəmgi; sᵊdᵊmki || ʌ rʌsʌkŋiʌm; saknaǥa || ǥəřɩmki; ʌ rʌg̶ʌrimgi || ařkiŋ; ařkingi || ǥalbiⁿka; og̶lbinga || ʌ laiŋyat; ɩlaⁱŋ || ʌg̶ʌřʌkʌ; ǥᵊřᵊka || lan; sləpki || ǥət·dinki; ʌrʌgʌtdəŋit || ǥomʌk; og̶əmək
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[Ura language (Papua New Guinea)|Ura]]
| amʌ niŋʌǥi; auwʌski; ʌmʌ niŋʌǥɩ || aɣʌsɛŋ; kʌsiŋ; kʌsɩŋ || asdʌmgi; dʌsdəmgɩ; dʌsdəmgi || asauɣoŋ; ʌ̂ sʌǥon; ʌ sʌǥoŋ || awʌlyʌmgi; ʌ ǥulimgɩ; ʌ ǥulimgi || atkiŋgi; ʌ ǥʌřʌ; naeyɛŋ; næyɛŋ || aɣuebunga; duɛbingʌ || ʌgʌřʌ || a biaska; biʌskʌ || a Lləp; ʌ Lləp; o slʌpki || aslɩɣɩge; ʌ sliyɩgɛ; ʌ sliyigɛ || at gəmuk; atkʌmuk
|-
! [[Taulil–Butam languages|Taulil–Butam]]
! [[Taulil language|Taulil]]
| 'ulun || 'dɔmɔn || ul-tʌŋʌn || 'kɔlmʌřɩn || 'bulsun || 'lɩgim; lɩkɩn || ul-kɛmɛn || fʌn || dɛh || 'suhnʌ 'kunʌ || pʰʌlkⁿeⁱn; pʰʌlɩn || susun
|-
! isolate
! [[Kuot language|Kuot]]
| bukom || kapuruma || kikinəm || irəma || akabunima; ŋof || laukima || məlobiem ||  || oləbuan || muanəm || kumalip; neip; pəppək || sisima
|-
! [[North Bougainville languages|North Bougainville]]
! [[Rotokas language|Rotokas]]<ref>Firchow, Irwin B. and Jacqueline Firchow, compilers. 2008. ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/31319 Rotokas-English dictionary]''. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref>
| uvu || orui || uvareoua || osireito || iruvaoto || reuri || arevuoto || kokotoa || revasiva || kerua || areiua; kakauoa; gago || rorooua
|-
! [[South Bougainville languages|South Bougainville]]
! [[South Bougainville languages|proto-South Bougainville]]<ref>Evans, Bethwyn. 2009. Beyond pronouns: further evidence for South Bougainville. In Bethwyn Evans (ed.), ''Discovering history through language: Papers in honour of Malcolm Ross'', 73-101. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.</ref>
| *bore ||  || *rome || *rutɔ || *keni ||  || *meneŋ ||  || *ereŋ || *kōna ||  || 
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Mbilua language|Mbilua (Ndovele dialect)]]
| lezu || tou || taliŋa || vilu || ŋgame || taka || leño || kiti || ndara || piza || tupu || susu
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Mbaniata language|Mbaniata (Lokuru dialect)]]
| uɔ || zufu || ōŋgoto || mberɔ || emɔ || nāne || ānl || ɔe || vo || minu || zuɔna || susu
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Lavukaleve language|Lavukaleve]]
| vatu || memea || hovul || lemi || sisi || neo || let || tau furime || ravu || sosokio || keut || ɔfu
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Savosavo language|Savosavo]]
| batu || luta; sivuɰa || tagalu || nito || ɲoko || nale || lapi ||  || ɰabu || tovolo || korakora || susu
|-
! isolate
! [[Yele language|Yélî Dnye]]<ref>Henderson, James E. and Anne Henderson, compilers. 1999. ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52299 Rossel to English, English to Rossel Dictionary]''. Dictionaries of Papua New Guinea, Vol. 9. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref>
| ny:oo || gh:aa || ngweńe || ngwolo || ń:uu || nyóó || dêê || yi || wêê || dînê || too || ngmo
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Nature
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! louse !! dog !! pig !! bird !! egg !! tree !! sun !! moon !! water !! fire !! stone !! path
|-
! isolate
! [[Ata language|Ata]]
| meni || a'aa || memee || ngiala || atolu || aiinu; ovu || aso || so'io || lexa || navu || lavo'o || vote'i
|-
! isolate
! [[Anem language|Anem]]
| seim || kaua ||  || êknîn || nil || aŋ || ado || klîŋ || komu || kmî || pa || iuŋ
|-
! isolate
! [[ISO 639:kol|Kol]]
| 'tare; ta̠řɛ || ku'ɒ:; kwa || bu || 'ule; ulɛ || 'kondola; kondo̠la || 'ti:nel; ti̠nɛl || 'karege; kařɛ̠qɛ || 'igu; i̠qu || 'gonu; qu̠nu || ku'oŋ; kuɔŋ || 'lela; lɛla || kɛrɛa; 'keria
|-
! isolate
! [[Sulka language|Sulka]]
|  ||  ||  || ngaining ||  || ho ||  ||  || yi ||  ||  || ngaelot, ngaelaut
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[ISO 639:gcc|Mali (Arambum dialect)]]
| it || imga || ƀɛmgaʰ || i sʌmga || la || ŋumuŋ || ʷunɛŋga || 'aǥɔngi || řiŋgi || mudʌmbʌs || diǥa || iskaʰ
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[ISO 639:byx|Qaget]]
| ᶩaⁱt; ʌ ɛɛtki || daŋka; ʌ dʌŋgʌ || ƀiləmgʌ; ƀlam || waⁱṱki; ʌ wʌitka || luaǥa; ʌ luʌg̶ʌ || mʌŋkʰa; munkʌ || ʌ niřag̶a; niřaǥa; nɩlaǥa || yaǥunki; ʌ yɔg̶ungi || ǥřapki; ʌ kʌinʌg̶i || altiŋki; ʌltiŋgi || ʌ dulkʌ; dulka || aiskʌ; aⁱska
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[ISO 639:uro|Ura]]
| ((lang|uro|məaᶥt)); məaⁱt; ɩr̰aɩt || imga; mɛmgʌ || ƀɩɛmgʌ; ƀiɛmgʌ; wemga || ɛɛ'sumgʌ; ɛɛsumgʌ; isʌmga || duřaiṱ; ((lang|uro|duřaᶥt̯)); luaɣa || ʌ muŋgʌ; ŋʌmuga || ɣunʌga; wunʌgʌ || yaǥunǥɩ; yaɣungi; yʌǥungi || mʌřiŋgi; mʌřɩŋgɩ; rigi || mundʌbʌs; mundʌm || duɩɣa; mʌ duɩ; mʌ dui || iska; mʌiskʌ; mʌɩskʌ
|-
! [[Taulil–Butam languages|Taulil–Butam]]
! [[ISO 639:tuh|Taulil]]
| huᵗ || luf || bui || sɩgʌʔ || 'kʰɔřɔl || waⁱ || wʌsuʔ || 'kɛᵐbɛn || 'mʌlum || yʌf || fʌᵗ || ŋas
|-
! isolate
! [[ISO 639:kto|Kuot]]
| ineima || kapuna ||  || amani; kobeŋ || dəkər; səgər ||  || panbinim || uləŋ || burunəm; danuot || kit || adəs || alaŋ
|-
! [[North Bougainville languages|North Bougainville]]
! [[Rotokas language|Rotokas]]
| iirui || kaakau; kevira || koie; koue || kokioto || takura || evaova || ravireo || kekira || uukoa || tuitui || aveke || raiva
|-
! [[South Bougainville languages|South Bougainville]]
! [[South Bougainville languages|proto-South Bougainville]]
|  || *masika ||  || *bɔrege ||  || *koi || *rua ||  || *doŋ ||  ||  || 
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Mbilua language|Mbilua (Ndovele dialect)]]
| sipi; tiŋgau || siele ||  || mbiaŋambiaŋa || tɔruru ||  ||  || kamboso || nĵu || uza || lando || keve
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Mbaniata language|Mbaniata (Lokuru dialect)]]
| lisa; vutu || sie ||  || mānozo || āndena ||  ||  || īndi || fiɔ || hirɔ || hɛŋga || e
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[ISO 639:lvk|Lavukaleve]]
| kea; lai || mitakeu ||  || malaɣul || keruv ||  ||  || kua || lafi || lake || mbeko; veko || lake
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[ISO 639:svs|Savosavo]]
| dole || misu ||  || kosu || kolei; si ||  ||  || kuɰe || piva || keda || kato || keva
|-
! isolate
! [[Yele language|Yélî Dnye]]
| y:emê wee || w:ââ || mbwêmê || ńmê; ńmo || w:uu || yi || kââdî || d:ââ || mbwaa; tolo || ndê; ndyuw:e || chêêpî || maa
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Miscellaneous
! ''family'' !! ''language'' !! man !! woman !! name !! to eat !! one !! two
|-
! isolate
! [[Ata language|Ata]]
| aliko || sema  || uala || ’ie || vile || tamei
|-
! isolate
! [[Anem language|Anem]]
| axaŋ || dobalîŋ || eŋi ||  || mîdê || niak
|-
! isolate
! [[ISO 639:kol|Kol]]
| mo; tɒ: 'ti:niŋ || daiƀɛ; ra:l || 'ole || mo raŋ kal oŋ; tam·a || 'pusuɒ; titus || tɛřɛŋ; te'tepe
|-
! isolate
! [[Sulka language|Sulka]]
| mhel 'person' ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[ISO 639:gcc|Mali (Arambum dialect)]]
| umʌska || aƀopᵊkin || ŋʌrɩpkiʰ || katɨs || sɛgɨkʰ || udion
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[ISO 639:byx|Qaget]]
| ǥʷatka; ʌ g̶wʌtkʌ || nanki; ʌ nʌngi || dʸiʌringi namgi; řɨnki || ka tɨs; kʌ tᵊs || ǥʷanaska; og̶unʌskʌ || ǥʷanasⁱam; og̶unʌsiʌm
|-
! [[Baining languages|Baining]]
! [[ISO 639:uro|Ura]]
| gamoɛɣa; gʌmuɛgʌ || ɛwəpkɩ; ɛwəpki; Ewopki || diŋyiřipki; diŋyɩrɩpkɩ; ŋʌr̰iþki || ɣat tʌs; ka ts; kʌ tᵊs || sɩgʌk; sʌgʌk; sigʌk || undiom; undɩom
|-
! [[Taulil–Butam languages|Taulil–Butam]]
! [[ISO 639:tuh|Taulil]]
| bʌᵏ; taⁱ || lʌᵘ || 'wɔᵘsɩn || ŋʌnɩʔ; nʌm || ikʌᵘ; kaᵘkʌʔ || 'daU; iⁿdʌᵘ
|-
! isolate
! [[ISO 639:kto|Kuot]]
| mikana; teima || makabun || bonim || o; parak || namurit || narain
|-
! [[North Bougainville languages|North Bougainville]]
! [[Rotokas language|Rotokas]]
| rare pie || avuo  || vaisia || aio || katai || erao
|-
! [[South Bougainville languages|South Bougainville]]
! [[South Bougainville languages|proto-South Bougainville]]
| *nugaŋ ||  || *mīŋ || *nai ||  || 
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Mbilua language|Mbilua (Ndovele dialect)]]
| mamba || reko || ŋi || vuato || mandeu || omuŋga
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[Mbaniata language|Mbaniata (Lokuru dialect)]]
| finɔzɔ || ŋgohe || nini || azafe || āroŋo; thufi || ēri
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[ISO 639:lvk|Lavukaleve]]
| ali || aira || laŋi || eu; eui; oune || dom; tetelom || lelal; lemal
|-
! [[Central Solomon languages|Central Solomons]]
! [[ISO 639:svs|Savosavo]]
| tada || adaki || nini || l-ou; samu || ela; pade || edo
|-
! isolate
! [[Yele language|Yélî Dnye]]
| pi || kumbwada; pyââ || pi || ma || ngmidi || miyó
|}

==See also==
*[[Papuan languages]]

==References==
((Reflist))
((Refbegin))
* ((cite journal | last = Dunn | first = Michael |author2=Ger Reesink |author3=Angela Terrill |date=June 2002 | title = The East Papuan languages: a preliminary typological appraisal | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 28–62 | doi = 10.1353/ol.2002.0019 | oclc = 89720097 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1ADC-1 | s2cid = 143012930 | hdl-access = free ))
* ((cite journal | last = Dunn | first = Michael |author2= Angela Terrill |author3=Ger Reesink | author4-link = Robert Foley (academic) |author4=Robert A. Foley | author5-link = Stephen C. Levinson |author5=Stephen C. Levinson | date = 2005-09-23 | title = Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 309 | issue = 5743 | pages = 2072–75 | doi = 10.1126/science.1114615 | pmid = 16179483 | bibcode = 2005Sci...309.2072D | oclc = 111923848 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1B84-E | s2cid = 2963726 | hdl-access = free ))
* ((cite journal | last = Dunn | first = Michael |author2=Malcolm Ross | year = 2007 | title = Is Kazukuru really non-Austronesian? | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | volume = 46 | pages = 210–231 | doi = 10.1353/ol.2007.0018| url = https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_60507_1/component/file_60508/dunn_2007_is%20kazukuru.pdf | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1EBB-9 | s2cid = 146355432 | hdl-access = free ))
* ((cite book | last = Ross | first = Malcolm | author-link = Malcolm Ross (linguist) | year = 2001 | chapter = Is there an East Papuan phylum? Evidence from pronouns | editor = Andrew Pawley | editor-link = Andrew Pawley |editor2=Malcolm Ross |editor2-link=Malcolm Ross (linguist) |editor3=Darrell Tryon |editor3-link=Darrell Tryon | title = The boy from Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton | location = Canberra | publisher = Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University | pages = 301–322 | isbn = 978-0-85883-445-3 | oclc = 48651069 ))
* ((Malcolm Ross Pronouns))
* ((cite book | last = Wurm | first = Stephen A. | author-link = Stephen Wurm | year = 1975 | chapter = The East Papuan phylum in general | editor = Stephen A. Wurm | editor-link = Stephen Wurm | title = Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1 | location = Canberra | publisher = Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | pages = 783–804 | oclc = 37096514 ))
((Refend))

((Papuan languages))

[[Category:East Papuan languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Proposed language families]]
[[Category:Papuan languages]]

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