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((short description|Scientific academy of the Vatican City))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2019))
((Infobox university
| name              = Pontifical Academy of Sciences
| native_name       = Pontificia accademia delle scienze
| image_name        = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
| image_size        = 120px
| latin_name        = 
| motto             =
| mottoeng          =
| established = ((Start date and age|1936 ))
| closed            =
| type              = [[Catholic school|Catholic]], [[Research institute]], [[Pontifical University]]
| endowment         =
| president         = [[Joachim von Braun]]<ref>((cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/06/23/new-head-pontifical-academy-science-natural-francis-choice/|title=New head of Pontifical Academy of Science a natural Francis choice|date=23 June 2017))</ref>
| chancellor        = [[Peter Turkson]]
| faculty           =
| staff             =
| students          =
| undergrad         =
| postgrad          =
| doctoral          =
| city              = Casina Pio IV<br>00120 [[Vatican City]]
| country           = 
| coor              = ((Coord|41|54|15|N|12|27|9|E|type:landmark_region:VA|display=title,inline))
| colors            =
| website           = [http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en.html casinapioiv.va]
| footnotes         =
))
((Politics of the Holy See))
[[File:0 Académie des Sciences - Casina Pio IV.JPG|right|thumb|[[Casina Pio IV]], home of the academy]]
The '''Pontifical Academy of Sciences''' (((lang-it|Pontificia accademia delle scienze)), ((lang-la|Pontificia Academia Scientiarum))) is a [[Academy of sciences|scientific academy]] of the [[Vatican City]], established in 1936 by [[Pope Pius XI]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium.html|title=Magisterium|website=www.casinapioiv.va))</ref> Its aim is to promote the progress of the mathematical, physical, and natural sciences and the study of related [[epistemology|epistemological]] problems. The Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes") was founded in 1847 as a more closely supervised successor to the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] ("Academy of Lynxes") established in Rome in 1603 by the learned Roman Prince, [[Federico Cesi]] (1585–1630), who was a young botanist and naturalist, and which claimed [[Galileo Galilei]] as its president. The Accademia dei Lincei survives as a wholly separate institution.<ref name=sola>((cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-xi_motu-proprio_19361028_multis-solaciis.html&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com))</ref>

The Academy of Sciences, one of the [[Pontifical academy|Pontifical academies]] at the Vatican in Rome, is headquartered in the [[Casina Pio IV]] in the heart of the [[Vatican Gardens]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/about/casina.html|title=Casina Pio IV|website=www.casinapioiv.va))</ref>

==History==
[[File:Courtyard of the Casina Pio IV.jpg|thumb|Academy courtyard]]

Cesi wanted his academicians to adhere to a research methodology based upon observation, experimentation, and the inductive method. He thus called his academy "dei lincei" because its members had "eyes as sharp as [[lynx]]es," scrutinizing nature at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. The leader of the first academy was the famous scientist [[Galileo Galilei]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Vatican City State, Pontifical Academy of Sciences |url=https://council.science/member/vatican-city-state-pontificia-academia-scientiarum/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=International Science Council |language=en-US))</ref>

Academy of Lynxes was dissolved after the death of its founder, but was re-created by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1847 and given the name Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes"). It was later re-founded in 1936 by [[Pope Pius XI]] and given its current name. [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1976 and [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1986 subsequently updated its statutes.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Tatay-Nieto |first=Jaime |date=2020 |title=Sustainability, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and the Catholic Church's Ecological Turn |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=488 |doi=10.3390/rel11100488 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free ))</ref>

Since 1936, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences has been concerned both with investigating specific scientific subjects belonging to individual disciplines and with the promotion of interdisciplinary co-operation. It has progressively increased the number of its academicians and the international character of its membership. The Academy is an independent body within the Holy See and enjoys freedom of research. The statutes of 1976 express its goal: "The Pontifical Academy of Sciences has as its goal the promotion of the progress of the mathematical, physical, and natural sciences, and the study of related epistemological questions and issues."<ref name=sola/>

==Activities==
((More citations needed|section|date=October 2021))
[[Image:Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican - entrance.jpg|thumb|Academy entrance]]
Since the Academy and its membership is not influenced by factors of a national, political, or religious character it represents a valuable source of objective scientific information which is made available to the Holy See and to the international scientific community. Today the work of the Academy covers six main areas:

*fundamental science
*the science and technology of global questions and issues
*science in favor of the problems of the Third World
*the ethics and politics of science
*bioethics
*epistemology

The disciplines involved are sub-divided into eight fields: the disciplines of physics and related disciplines; astronomy; chemistry; the earth and environmental sciences; the life sciences (botany, agronomy, zoology, genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, the neurosciences, surgery); mathematics; the applied sciences; and the philosophy and history of sciences.<ref>((Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://www.pas.va/en.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=www.pas.va |language=en))</ref>

Principal among the many publications produced by the Academy are:
* '''Acta''' – proceedings of the Plenary Sessions
* '''Scripta Varia''' – major works such as full reports on Study Weeks & Working Groups held at the Academy; some, due to their special importance, have been taken up by foreign publishers
* '''Documenta & Extra Series''' – for quick publication of summaries and conclusions of Study Weeks and Working Groups; also for rapid diffusion of Papal addresses to the Academy, and of significant documents such as the "Declaration on the Prevention of Nuclear War"
* '''Commentarii''' – notes and memoirs as well as special studies on scientific subjects.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/publications.html|title=Publications|website=www.casinapioiv.va))</ref>

With the goal of promoting scientific research, the Pius XI Medal is awarded by the Academy every two years to a young scientist who is under the age of 45 and shows exceptional promise. A few of the winners have also become members of the Academy.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/about/medal.html|title=Pius XI Medal|website=www.casinapioiv.va))</ref>

==Goals and hopes of the Academy==
[[File:Pontificia accademia delle scienze, aula magna 02.jpg|thumb|Aula Magna]]
The goals and hopes of the Academy were expressed by [[Pope Pius XI]] in the ''[[motu proprio]] "In multis solaciis"'' which brought about its re-foundation in 1936:

:"Amongst the many consolations with which divine Goodness has wished to make happy the years of our Pontificate, I am happy to place that of our having being able to see not a few of those who dedicate themselves to the studies of the sciences mature their attitude and their intellectual approach towards religion. Science, when it is real cognition, is never in contrast with the truth of the Christian faith. Indeed, as is well known to those who study the history of science, it must be recognized on the one hand that the Roman Pontiffs and the Catholic Church have always fostered the research of the learned in the experimental field as well, and on the other hand that such research has opened up the way to the defense of the deposit of supernatural truths entrusted to the Church.... We promise again that it is our strongly-held intention, that the 'Pontifical Academicians', through their work and our Institution, work ever more and ever more effectively for the progress of the sciences. Of them we do not ask anything else, since this praiseworthy intent and this noble work in the service of the truth is what we expect of them."<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/magisterium/piusxi.html|title=Pius XI|website=www.casinapioiv.va))</ref>

Forty years later (10 November 1979), [[John Paul II]] once again emphasized the role and goals of the Academy, on the 100th anniversary (centenary) of the birth of [[Albert Einstein]]:

:"The existence of this Pontifical Academy of Sciences, of which in its ancient ancestry Galileo was a member and of which today eminent scientists are members, without any form of ethnic or religious discrimination, is a visible sign, raised amongst the peoples of the world, of the profound harmony that can exist between the truths of science and the truths of faith.... The Church of Rome together with all the Churches spread throughout the world attributes a great importance to the function of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. The title of 'Pontifical' given to the Academy means, as you know, the interest and the commitment of the Church, in different forms from the ancient patronage, but no less profound and effective in character.... How could the Church have lacked interest in the most noble of the occupations which are most strictly human – the search for truth?"<ref name=jpii>((cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP2ALEIN.HTM|title=On the Centenary of the Birth of Albert Einstein|website=www.ewtn.com))</ref>

:"Both believing scientists and non-believing scientists are involved in deciphering the palimpsest of nature which has been built in a rather complex way, where the traces of the different stages of the long evolution of the world have been covered over and mixed up. The believer, perhaps, has the advantage of knowing that the puzzle has a solution, that the underlying writing is in the final analysis the work of an intelligent being, and that thus the problem posed by nature has been posed to be solved and that its difficulty is without doubt proportionate to the present or future capacity of humanity. This, perhaps, will not give him new resources for the investigation engaged in. But it will contribute to maintaining him in that healthy optimism without which a sustained effort cannot be engaged in for long."<ref name=jpii/>

On 8 November 2012 [[Pope Benedict XVI]] told members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences:
:"Dialogue and cooperation between faith and science are urgently needed for building a culture that respects people and the planet.... Without faith and science informing each other, the great questions of humanity leave the domain of reason and truth, and are abandoned to the irrational, to myth, or to indifference, with great damage to humanity itself, to world peace and to our ultimate destiny.... (As people strive to) unlock the mysteries of man and the universe, I am convinced of the urgent need for continued dialogue and cooperation between the worlds of science and of faith in building a culture of respect for man, for human dignity and freedom, for the future of our human family, and for the long-term sustainable development of our planet."<ref>[http://www.catholic-sf.org/news_select.php&newsid=27&id=58007/printer_friendly.php?id=60725 Benedict XVI] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207162813/http://www.catholic-sf.org/news_select.php%26newsid%3D27%26id%3D58007/printer_friendly.php?id=60725 |date=7 February 2017 ))</ref>

==Members==
The new members of the Academy are elected by the body of Academicians and chosen from men and women of every race and religion based on the high scientific value of their activities and their high moral profile. They are then officially appointed by the Roman Pontiff. The Academy is governed by a President, appointed from its members by the Pope, who is helped by a scientific Council and by the Chancellor. Initially made up of 80 Academicians, 70 who were appointed for life. In 1986 [[John Paul II]] raised the number of members for life to 80, side by side with a limited number of Honorary Academicians chosen because they are highly qualified figures, and others who are Academicians because of the posts they hold, including: the Chancellor of the Academy, the Director of the [[Vatican Observatory]], the Prefect of the [[Vatican Apostolic Library]], and the Prefect of the [[Vatican Secret Archives]].((Cn|date=October 2021))

===President===
The president of the Academy is appointed from its members by the Pope. The current president is [[Joachim von Braun]],<ref>((cite web|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2017/06/21/0435/00975.html|title=Rinunce e nomine|website=press.vatican.va))</ref> as of 21 June 2017. who takes over from [[Werner Arber]],<ref>((cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110116-314700/Vatican-appoints-Protestant-as-scientific-bodys-head|title=Vatican appoints Protestant|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006194546/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110116-314700/Vatican-appoints-Protestant-as-scientific-bodys-head|archive-date=6 October 2012))</ref> who is a Nobel Prize Laureate and was the first Protestant to hold the position.

The list of all current and past presidents of the Academy is below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Presidents of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
|-
! Name !! Start of Presidential Term !! End of Presidential Term
|-
| [[Agostino Gemelli]] [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|O.F.M.]] || 28 October 1936 || 15 July 1959
|-
| [[Georges Lemaître]] || 19 March 1960 || 20 June 1966
|-
| [[Daniel Joseph Kelly O'Connell]] || 15 January 1968 || 15 January 1972
|-
| [[Carlos Chagas Filho]] || 9 November 1972 || 30 October 1988
|-
| [[Giovanni Battista Marini Bettolo Marconi]]|| 31 October 1988 || 29 March 1993
|-
| [[Nicola Cabibbo]] || 30 March 1993 || 16 August 2010
|-
| [[Werner Arber]] || 20 December 2010 || 20 June 2017
|-
| [[Joachim von Braun]] || 21 June 2017 || -
|}

==See also==
*[[Catholic Church and science#Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Catholic Church & science]]
*[[Science and the Popes]]

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==References==
* Based on [https://www.pas.va/content/dam/casinapioiv/pas/pdf-volumi/extra-series/es38pas.pdf The Pontifical Academy of Sciences: A Historical Profile] (in PDF)
* [https://www.pas.va/en.html Pontifical Academy of Sciences website] (in English)

==External links==
((commons category|Pontifical Academy of Sciences))
*((official website|1=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en.html))
*[http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/JP961022.HTM Message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on Evolution] by Pope John Paul II, 22 October 1996
*[http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/about/history.html History]
*[http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/multimedia/photo.html Photo Galleries]
*[https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/index.htm Pontifical Academies – Website of the Holy See]
*[http://discovermagazine.com/2008/sep/18-how-to-teach-science-to-the-pope/ Article about inner workings and relationship to other councils]

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