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((Short description| Hunting for fish using a spear ))
((Redirect|Spearfisherman|the former diving gear company|Spearfisherman (company)))
((For|the targeted social engineering attack|spear-phishing))
((more citations needed|date=July 2011))

[[File:SpearfisherMonument.jpg|thumb|Spearfisher Monument in Croatia]]

'''Spearfishing''' is [[fishing]] using handheld elongated, sharp-pointed tools such as a [[spear]], [[gigging|gig]], or [[harpoon]], to [[penetrating trauma|impaling]] the fish in the body. It was one of the earliest [[fishing techniques]] used by [[mankind]], and has been deployed in [[artisanal fishing]] throughout the world for millennia. Early [[civilization]]s were familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers and streams using sharpened sticks.

Modern spearfishing usually involves the use of [[diving gear|underwater swimming gear]] and [[slingshot]]-like elastic [[speargun]]s or [[compressed gas]] powered pneumatic spearguns, which launch a tethered [[dart (missile)|dart]]-like [[projectile]] to strike the target fish. Specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish. Spearfishing uses no [[fishing bait|bait]] and is highly selective, with no [[by-catch]], but inflicts lethal injury to the fish and thus precludes [[catch and release]].

Spearfishing may be done using [[free-diving]], [[snorkelling]], or [[scuba diving]] techniques, but spearfishing while using scuba equipment is illegal in some countries. The use of mechanically powered spearguns is also outlawed in some countries and jurisdictions such as [[New Zealand]].

==History==
[[File:Tomb of Usheret 01.jpg|thumb|Fisherman with a spear in a wall painting from the tomb of Usheret in Thebes, 18 Dynasty, around 1430 BC|alt=Photo of painting displaying man standing on boat with two small dogs, pointing spear at fish]]
[[File:Scenes from every land, second series; a collection of 250 illustrations picturing the people, natural phenomena, and animal life in all parts of the world. With one map and a bibliography of (14767006695).jpg|thumb|A [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian]] spearfisher (1909).]]
Spearfishing with barbed poles ([[harpoon]]s) was widespread in palaeolithic times.<ref>Guthrie, Dale Guthrie (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&pg=PA298 ''The Nature of Paleolithic Art.''] Page 298. University of Chicago Press. ((ISBN|0-226-31126-0))</ref> [[Cosquer Cave]] in Southern France contains cave art over 16,000 years old, including drawings of seals which appear to have been harpooned.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

There are references to fishing with spears in ancient literature; though, in most cases, the descriptions do not go into detail. An early example from the [[Bible]] is in [[Book of Job|Job 41:7]]: ''Canst thou fill his [Leviathan] skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish spears?''.

The Greek historian [[Polybius]] (''ca'' 203 BC–120 BC), in his [[The Histories (Polybius)|Histories]], describes hunting for swordfish by using a [[harpoon]] with a barbed and detachable head.<ref>Polybius, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+34.3 "Fishing for Swordfish"], ''Histories'' Book 34.3 ([[Evelyn S. Shuckburgh]], translator). London, New York: Macmillan, 1889. Reprint Bloomington, 1962.</ref>

Greek author [[Oppian|Oppian of Corycus]] wrote a major treatise on sea fishing, the ''Halieulica'' or ''Halieutika'', composed between 177 and 180. This is the earliest such work to have survived intact. Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of spears and tridents.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/oppian-halieutica_fishing/1928/pb_LCL219.523.xml|title=General Index to Oppian|first=Jeffrey|last=Henderson|website=Loeb Classical Library))</ref>

In a parody of fishing, a type of [[gladiator]] called [[retiarius]] carried a [[trident]] and a [[Net casting|casting-net]]. He fought the [[murmillo]], who carried a short sword and a [[helmet]] with the image of a fish on the front.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.warriorsandlegends.com/gladiators/retiarius-gladiator/|title=Retiarius Gladiator &#124; Retiarius|website=www.warriorsandlegends.com))</ref>

[[Copper]] harpoons were known to the seafaring [[Harappa]]ns<ref>Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ((ISBN|0-521-01109-4)). page 93</ref> well into antiquity.<ref>F.R. Allchin in South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, Held in Paris (December 1979) edited by J.E.van Lohuizen-de Leeuw. Brill Academic Publishers, Incorporated. Page 106 ((ISBN|90-04-05996-2))</ref> Early hunters in India include the [[Mincopie]] people, aboriginal inhabitants of [[India]]'s [[Andaman and Nicobar]] islands, who have used harpoons with long cords for fishing since early times.<ref>Edgerton; et al. (2002). Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour. Courier Dover Publications. ((ISBN|0-486-42229-1)). page 74</ref>

<gallery>
Image:Poseidon sculpture Copenhagen 2005.jpg|Poseidon/Neptune sculpture in Copenhagen Port
Image:Astyanax vs Kalendio mosaic.jpg|Mosaic, 4th century BC, showing a [[retiarius]] or "net fighter", with a trident and cast net, fighting a [[secutor]].
Image:Trident fishing gallaeus.jpg|Dutch fishermen using tridents in the 17th century
</gallery>

===Traditional===
[[Image:Fishing arrow Guyana.JPG|thumb|right|Head of an arrow used for fishing, from [[Guyana]].]]
Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with an ordinary [[spear]] or a specialised variant such as an eel spear<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/claremuseum/riches_of_clare/water/eel_spear2.htm |website=www.clarelibrary.ie |publisher=Clare County Library |title=Water: The Riches of Clare |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160122/https://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/claremuseum/riches_of_clare/water/eel_spear2.htm |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Getting a Feel for the Eel |author=Alice Ross |url=http://www.journalofantiques.com/June03/hearthJun03.htm |website=Journal of Antiques and Collectibles |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813132157/http://www.journalofantiques.com/June03/hearthJun03.htm |url-status=dead ))</ref> or the [[trident]]. A small trident-type spear with a long handle is used in the American South and Midwest for [[Frog gigging|gigging]] [[American bullfrog|bullfrog]]s with a bright light at night, or for gigging [[carp]] and other fish in the shallows.

===Modern===
Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the [[speargun]], diving mask and swimfins allows fishing in deeper waters. With practice, some freedivers are able to hold their breath for up to ten minutes <ref>((Cite news |last=Skolnick |first=Adam |date=May 9, 2022 |title=A Free Diver's Training Partners: Sharks |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/09/sports/freediving-sharks.html |access-date=May 9, 2022))</ref>a diver with [[Scuba set|underwater breathing equipment]] can dive for much longer periods.

In the 1920s, sport spearfishing using only watertight swimming goggles became popular on the [[Mediterranean]] coast of [[France]] and [[Italy]]. This led to development of the modern [[diving mask]], [[swimfin|fins]] and [[Snorkel (swimming)|snorkel]]. Modern [[scuba diving]] had its genesis in the systematic use of [[rebreather]]s by [[Italy|Italian]] sport spearfishers during the 1930s. This practice came to the attention of the [[Italian Navy]], which developed [[Decima Flottiglia MAS|its frogman unit]], which affected [[World War II]].<ref name=quick>((cite journal |last=Quick |first=D. |title=A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus |journal=Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. |volume=[[RANSUM]]-1-70 |year=1970 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072728/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-25 ))</ref>

By 1940 small groups of people in California, USA had been spearfishing for less than 10 years. Most used imported gear from Europe, while innovators Charlie Sturgill, Jack Prodanovich,<ref name="legacy.com">((cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/utsandiego/obituary.aspx?n=drago-prodanovich-jack&pid=103664456|title=San Diego Union-Tribune Obituaries: Complete listing of San Diego Union-Tribune Obituaries powered by Legacy.com|work=San Diego Union-Tribune|access-date=26 January 2016))</ref> and Wally Potts<ref>((cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/feb/16/local/me-potts16|title=Wally Potts, 83; Pioneering Diver, Spear Fisherman|work=Los Angeles Times|date=16 February 2002 |access-date=26 January 2016))</ref> invented and built innovative equipment for California's divers.<ref name="legacy.com"/>

During the 1960s, attempts to have spearfishing recognised as an Olympic sport were unsuccessful. Instead, two organisations, the [[International Underwater Spearfishing Association]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.iusarecords.com |title=iusarecords.com |publisher=iusarecords.com |access-date=2014-03-24))</ref> (IUSA) and the [[International Bluewater Spearfishing Records Committee]] (IBSRC), list world record catches by species according to rules to ensure fair competition. Spearfishing is illegal in many bodies of water, and some locations only allow spearfishing during certain seasons.

====Conservation====
Spearfishing has been implicated in local disappearances of some species, including the [[Atlantic goliath grouper]] on the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Bonaire]], the [[Nassau grouper]] in the barrier reef off the coast of [[Belize]] and the giant [[Giant sea bass|black sea bass]] in [[California]], which have all been listed as endangered ((citation needed|date=July 2018)).
Modern spearfishing has shifted focus onto catching only what one needs and targeting sustainable fisheries. As gear evolved in the 1960s and 1970s spearfishermen typically viewed the ocean as an unlimited resource and often sold their catch. This practice is now heavily frowned upon in prominent spearfishing nations for promoting unsustainable methods and encouraging taking more fish than is needed.
In countries such as [[Australia]] and [[South Africa]] where the activity is regulated by state fisheries, spearfishing has been found to be the most  environmentally friendly form of fishing due to being highly selective, having no by-catch, causing no habitat damage, nor creating pollution or harm to protected endangered species.<ref>((cite conference|last1=Smith|first1=Adam|last2=Nakaya|first2=Seiji|title=Spearfishing – is it ecologically sustainable?|conference=3rd World Recreational Fishing Conference. 21–24 May 2002.|date=21–24 May 2002|pages=19–22|url=http://www.chbf.com/documents/sustainable_spearfishing.pdf|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-date=20 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620054917/http://www.chbf.com/documents/sustainable_spearfishing.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref> 
In 2007, the Australian Bluewater Freediving Classic became the first spearfishing tournament to be accredited and was awarded 4 out of 5 stars based on environmental, social, safety and economic indicators.<ref>((cite book|last1=Sawynok|first1=Bill|title=2006/057: Development of a national environmental management and accreditation system for business/public recreational fishing competitions|year=2008|publisher=Recfish Australia|location=Frenchville Qld|isbn=978-0-9775165-5-1|pages=15, 32|url=http://afc.info-fish.net/uploadedImages/media/153/3%20-%202006-057.pdf|last2=Diggles|first2=Ben|last3=Harrison|first3=John|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101803/http://afc.info-fish.net/uploadedImages/media/153/3%20-%202006-057.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref>

====Shore diving====
[[File:Spearfisherman Ryu Kyu Islands July 2007.JPG|thumb|Spearfisherman hunting [[Yellowfin tuna]] in the [[Ryukyu Islands]]]]

Shore diving is perhaps the most common form of spearfishing <ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.noobspearo.com/guide-for-shore-dive-spearfishing-part2/|title=Shore Dive Spearfishing|date=August 23, 2015))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://ultimatespearfishing.com/page/spearfishing-shore-dive-tips-tricks |title=Spearfishing Shore Dive Tips and Tricks |website=ultimatespearfishing.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510024515/http://ultimatespearfishing.com/page/spearfishing-shore-dive-tips-tricks |archive-date=2015-05-10)) </ref> and simply involves entering and exiting the sea from beaches or [[headlands]] and hunting around ocean structures,<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.noobspearo.com/shore-dive-spearfishing-part-1/|title=Guide for Shore dive spearfishing, how to plan and prepare|date=August 13, 2015))</ref> usually [[reef]], but also rocks, [[kelp]] or sand. Usually shore divers hunt at depths of ((convert|5|-|25|m)), depending on location. In some locations, divers can experience drop-offs from ((convert|5|to|40|m)) close to the shore line. [[Shark]]s and reef fish can be abundant in these locations.
In subtropical areas, sharks may be less common, but other challenges face the shore diver, such as managing entry and exit in the presence of big waves. Headlands are favoured for entry because of their proximity to deeper water, but timing is important so the diver does not get pushed onto rocks by waves. Beach entry can be safer, but more difficult due to the need to repeatedly dive through the waves until the surf line is crossed. Divers may enter from a relatively exposed headland, for convenience, then swim to a more protected part of the shore for their exit from the water.

Shore dives produce mainly reef fish, but oceangoing [[pelagic fish]] are also caught from shore dives in some places, and can be specifically targeted.

Shore diving can be done with trigger-less spears such as pole spears or [[Hawaiian sling]]s, but more commonly triggered devices such as spearguns.((citation needed|date=May 2017)) Speargun setups to catch and store fish include speed rigs((clarify|reason=what is a speed rig?|date=May 2017)) and fish stringers.

====Boat diving====
Boats, ships, kayaks, or even jetski can be used to access offshore reefs or ocean structure. Man-made structures such as oil rigs and [[Fish Aggregating Device]]s (FADs) are also fished. Sometimes a boat is necessary to access a location that is close to shore, but inaccessible by land.

Methods and gear used for boat diving are similar to shore diving or blue water hunting, depending on the target prey.

Boat diving is practiced worldwide. Hot spots include [[Mozambique]], the Three Kings islands of [[New Zealand]] ([[yellowtail (fish)|yellowtail]]), Gulf of Mexico oil rigs ([[cobia]], [[grouper]]) and the [[Great Barrier Reef]] ([[wahoo]], [[dogtooth tuna]]).
The deepwater fishing grounds off Cape Point, (Cape Town, South Africa) have become popular with [[trophy hunting]], freediving spearfishers in search of Yellowfin Tuna.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

====Blue water hunting====
Blue water hunting involves diving in open ocean waters for pelagic species. It involves accessing usually very deep and clear water and [[chumming]] for large pelagic fish species such as [[marlin]], [[tuna]], [[wahoo]], or giant [[trevally]]. Blue water hunting is often conducted in drifts; the boat driver drops divers and allow them to drift in the current for up to several kilometres before collecting them. Blue water hunters can go for hours without seeing any fish, and without any ocean structure or a visible bottom the divers can experience [[sensory deprivation]] and have difficulty determining the size of a solitary fish. One technique to overcome this is to note the size of the fish's eye in relation to its body. Large specimens have a proportionally smaller eye.

The creation of the Australian Bluewater Freediving Classic in 1995 in northern [[New South Wales]] was a way of creating interest and promotion of this format of underwater hunting, and contributed to the formation of the [[International Bluewater Spearfishing Records Committee]].((citation needed|date=May 2017)) The IBSRC formed in 1996, was the first dedicated organization worldwide, created by recognized world leaders in blue-water hunting, to record the capture of pelagic species by blue-water hunters.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

The Blue Water World Cup in La Ventana, BCS, Mexico has also brought a large amount of notoriety to the sport. Started in 2006 by Dennis Haussler. Elite spear fishermen from all over the world compete in a 4 day format that involves very selective spearing of pelagic species, with Wahoo, AmberJack, Dorado, Roosterfish, Marlin and Tuna being the target species. The diving is dynamic and challenging with depths that vary from 15&nbsp;ft to over 100&nbsp;ft.

Notably, some blue water hunters use large multi-band wooden guns and make use of breakaway rigs to catch and subdue their prey. If the prey is large and still has fight left after being subdued, a second gun can provide a kill shot at a safe distance. This is acceptable to IBSRC and IUSA regulations as long as the spearo loads it himself in the water.<ref>((Cite web|title=IUSA Rules|url=http://www.iusarecords.com/Rules.aspx|access-date=2021-12-06|website=www.iusarecords.com))</ref>

Blue water hunting is conducted worldwide, but notable hot spots include [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja Mexico]] ([[yellowfin tuna]], [[wahoo]]), [[Southern California]] ([[bluefin tuna]]), [[Tanzania]] ([[dogtooth tuna]], [[wahoo]] and [[yellowfin tuna]]), [[Mozambique]] ([[dogtooth tuna]], [[wahoo]] and  [[Carangoides fulvoguttatus|giant turrum]]), [[South Africa]] ([[Yellowfin tuna]], [[Spanish Mackerel]], wahoo, [[marlin]] and giant turrum), [[Australia]] (dogtooth tuna, wahoo and Spanish Mackerel) and the [[Pacific|South Pacific]] (dogtooth tuna).

====Freshwater hunting====
[[File:Freshwater spearfishing.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A common carp shot with a band-powered speargun by a diver using snorkelling gear, Minnesota, US]]
[[File:Hauki.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Freshwater pike catch in Finland]]
Many US states allow spearfishing in lakes and rivers, but most of them restrict divers to shooting only rough fish such as [[carp]], [[gar]], [[Ameiurus|bullheads]], suckers, etc. Some US states do allow the taking of certain gamefish such as [[Lepomis|sunfish]], [[crappies]], [[striped bass]], [[catfish]] and [[walleyes]]. Freshwater hunters typically have to deal with widely varying seasonal changes in [[water clarity]] due to flooding, algae blooms and lake turnover. Some especially hardy midwestern and north central scuba divers go spearfishing under the ice in the winter when [[water clarity]] is at its best.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

In the summer the majority of freshwater spearfishermen use snorkelling gear rather than scuba since many of the fish they pursue are in relatively shallow water. Carp shot by freshwater spear fishermen typically end up being used as fertilizer, bait for trappers, or are occasionally donated to zoos.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

====Without diving====
((Further|gigging))
[[Image:Spear fishing Peru.jpg|thumb|Night spear fishing, Amazon basin, Peru]]
[[Image:PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg|thumb|right|[[Menominee]]s spearfishing [[salmon]] at night by torchlight and canoe on [[Fox River (Wisconsin)|Fox River]]|alt=Painting of men in canoes holding torches with trees in the background]]
[[File:A smoky day at the Sugar Bowl--Hupa.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Hupa]] man with his spear|alt=Photo of man standing on rock holding spear with spearpoint in the water]]
[[Image:Inuit hunter with harpoon.jpg|thumb|right|Inuit hunter with harpoon in kayak, Hudson Bay, circa 1908-1914|alt=Photo of man sitting in kayak holding spear in throwing position with right arm raised and right hand extended above and behind his head]]
Spearfishing with a hand-held spear from land, shallow water or boat has been practised for thousands of years. The fisher must account for optical [[refraction]] at the water's surface, which makes fish appear higher in their line of sight than they are. By experience, the fisher learns to aim lower. Calm and shallow waters are favored for spearing fish from above the surface, as [[water clarity]] is of utmost importance.
Many people who grew up on farms in the midwest U.S. in the 1940s-'60s recall going spearing for carp with pitchforks when their fields flooded in the spring. Spearfishing in this manner has some similarities to [[bowfishing]].<ref name="GabrielLange2005">((cite book|author1=Otto Gabriel|author2=Klaus Lange|author3=Erdmann Dahm|author4=Thomas Wendt|title=Fish Catching Methods of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziAI8AZsmUoC|date=26 August 2005|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-85238-280-6))</ref>

==Equipment==
This is a list of equipment commonly used in spearfishing. Not all of it is necessary and spearfishing is often practised with minimal gear.

=== Speargun ===
A [[speargun]] is an underwater fishing tool designed to launch a tethered short spear at a fish or other marine animal (e.g. a [[lobster]]). The most popular spearguns are elastically powered by natural [[latex]] [[rubber band]]s like a [[slingshot]], while pneumatic powered spearguns are also used, but are less powerful.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.spearfishing.com.au/sf-blog/rubber-vs-pneumatic-spearguns/|title=Rubber vs Pneumatic Spearguns|work=Adreno Spearfishing Blog - Speargun & Wetsuit Online Megastore - Spearfishing - Freediving - Snorkeling - Brisbane - Australia|access-date=26 January 2016))</ref>

=== Polespear ===
[[Polespear]]s or hand spears consist of a long shaft with point at one end and an elastic loop at the other for propulsion. They also come in a wide variety, from [[aluminum]] or [[titanium]] metal, to [[fiberglass]] or [[carbon fiber]]. Often they are screwed together from smaller pieces or able to be folded down for ease of transport. In 1951 Charlie Sturgill beat the competition (who were all using spearguns) with his own pole spear design.<ref name="fathomiers.net">((cite web|last=Sellers|first=Bob|title=Charlie Sturgill|url=http://www.fathomiers.net/misc/WHO_WAS_CHARLIE_STURGILL.pdf|website=fathomiers.net|date=August 31, 2004|access-date=April 24, 2017))</ref>

=== Hawaiian slings ===
[[Hawaiian sling]]s consist of an elastic band attached to a tube, through which a spear is launched.<ref name="Barsky1997">((cite book|author=Steven M. Barsky|title=Spearfishing for Skin and Scuba Divers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItUYAQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Best Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-941332-59-0))</ref>

=== Wetsuit ===
[[Wetsuit]]s designed specifically for spearfishing are often two-piece (jacket and high waisted pants or  'long-john' style pants with shoulder straps) and are black or are fully or partially camouflage.

=== Weight belt or vest ===
[[Weight belt]] and [[weighted clothing#Vest|vest]] are used to compensate for wetsuit buoyancy and help the diver descend to depth.  Rubber belts which can be quickly released in an emergency have proven to be particularly popular for spearfishing worldwide. This is because the rubber stretches when fitted and retracts as the body and wetsuit compress underwater, keeping them in place more effectively than non-stretch webbing belts, which tend to slide around more underwater as they loosen with depth.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.maxspearfishing.com/spearfishing-tips/weight-belt-for-spearfishing|title=Spearfishing tips - The correct way to setup your weight belt for spearfishing|website=www.maxspearfishing.com |publisher=Max Spearfishing |last=Bennett |first=Travis |date=8 August 2017|access-date=4 September 2017))</ref> Most spearfishing equipment manufacturers now offer rubber weight belts.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

=== Swimfins ===
[[Swimfin]]s for freedive spearfishing are much longer than those used in scuba to aid in fast ascent.  Typically a closed foot design is used by freediving (snorkelling) spearos, usually worn with neoprene socks, while open foot designs (which allow diving boots to be worn) are more popular with scuba divers.

=== Diving knife or cutters ===
A [[utility knife]] or [[side cutter]] (typically made of [[saltwater]] [[corrosion-resistant]] material such as [[stainless steel]] or [[titanium alloy]]) is carried as a safety precaution in case the diver becomes tangled in a spearline or floatline. It can also be used to deliver a ''[[coup de grâce]]'' and kill the fish quickly.

=== Kill spike ===
In lieu of a knife, a sharpened metal spike can be used to kill the fish quickly and humanely upon capture. ''[[Ikejime]]'' is a Japanese term for kill-spiking a fish, a method traditionally used by Japanese fishermen. Killing the fish quickly is believed to improve the flavor of the flesh by limiting the buildup of [[lactic acid]] in the fish's muscles.((citation needed|date=May 2017))  It also reduces chance of attracting opportunistic [[shark]]s by stopping the fish thrashing.

=== Buoy and floatline ===
A [[buoy]] is usually tethered to the spearfisher's speargun or directly to the spear. A buoy helps to subdue large fish. It can also assist in storing fish. But is more importantly used as a safety device to warn boat drivers there is diver in the area - usually by being large, brightly colored and flying a [[dive flag]] (the red flag with white diagonal stripe in the USA or the blue & white "alpha" flag elsewhere in the world). A typical spearo [[dive float]] will be torpedo-shaped, orange or red in colour with a volume of between 7 and 36 litres and display a dive flag on a short mast.((citation needed|date=May 2017)) However, other designs, such as inflatable mini-dinghy, planche (box), Tommy Botha (big game)((clarify|reason=what about Tommy Botha?|date=May 2017)) and body-boards are also used.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

A floatline connects the buoy to the speargun or to the weight-belt. Often made from braided [[polyester]], they are also frequently made from mono-filament encased in an airtight plastic tube, or made from stretchable [[bungee cord]].((citation needed|date=May 2017))

=== Gloves ===
[[Cut-resistant gloves]] protect the hands when retrieving fish from coral or rock crevices, when loading the bands on rubber powered spearguns and from the teeth and spines of struggling fish. They are also used for thermal protection in colder water.

=== Stringer ===
[[Fish stringer]]s are used to store speared fish while diving. Usually a length of cable, cord, string or monofilament terminated by a loop (and sometimes a swivel) at one end and a large stainless steel pin/spike at the other. The pin is typically 15–30&nbsp;cm long, 4-8mm diameter, with a sharp point at one end, and with the cable threaded through a hole, usually in the middle, so the spike functions as a toggle once threaded. The pin can optionally be used as an [[iki jime]] spike, to dispatch speared fish. It can alternatively be a large, shaped loop of stainless steel.((clarify|reason=how does the loop work|date=May 2017)) The stringer may be attached to the dive float, especially in areas of high shark activity, although some divers will use a clip to attach their stringer to their weight belt, or the base of their speargun.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.maxspearfishing.com/spearfishing-accessories/need-spearfishing-stringer|title=Spearfishing accessories - Why You Need a Spearfishing Stringer|last=Bennett |first=Travis |publisher=Max Spearfishing |website=www.maxspearfishing.com|date=29 August 2017|access-date=18 October 2017))</ref>

=== Snorkel and diving mask ===
Spearfishing [[snorkel (swimming)|snorkel]]s and [[diving mask]]s are similar to those used for [[scuba diving]], although spearfishing masks usually have two eye lenses and a lower internal volume.

=== Diver down flag ===
The [[diver down flag|"Diver Down" flag]] (also called a "dive flag") is a warning flag floating on the water to indicate to other [[boat]]s, [[personal watercraft]]s and [[aircraft]] that there is a diver below. When in use, it signals to other boats to keep clear, watch for divers in the water, and approach at a slow speed.

==Management==
[[File:Hellenic Federation of Underwater Activity & Sport Fishing Office.jpg|thumb|Office of the Hellenic Federation of Underwater Activity & Sport Fishing]]
Spearfishing is intensively managed throughout the world.

[[Australia]] allows only recreational spearfishing and generally only breath-hold free diving. State & territory governments impose numerous restrictions, demarcating Marine Protected Areas, Closed Areas, Protected Species, size/bag limits and equipment.  Most of the authorities have different set of rules, recommendations, and regulations to be followed when it comes to spearfishing; for example; Dive Newcastle recommends spearfishing being accompanied by a friend.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=5 Things to Know About Spearfishing for Beginners |url=https://divenewcastle.com.au/blogs/news/spearfishing-for-beginners |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Dive Newcastle Scuba & Equipment |language=en))</ref> The body principally concerned with spearfishing is the [[Australian Underwater Federation]], Australia's peak recreational diving body. The AUF's vision for spearfishing is "Safe, Sustainable, Selective, Spearfishing". The AUF provides membership, advocacy and organises competitions.<ref>((cite web|title=Australian Underwater Federation - Spearfishing|date=24 June 2012|url=http://auf.com.au/sports/spearfishing/|publisher=Australian Underwater Federation|access-date=14 May 2015))</ref>

Regulations governing spearfishing in [[Tanzania]] have been the subject of controversy.  Commercial spearfishing is illegal<ref name=":0">((Cite web|url=https://extremebluewaterspearfishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/1993znzfishregtranslated.pdf|title=Zanzibar Fisheries Act no.8 of 1988))</ref> while spearfishing for sport is legal but requires that Tanzanian citizens hold a specific sport spearfishing license.<ref name=":0" />  Foreigners may spearfish for sport only if they are accompanied by a registered and authorized sport spearfishing charter operator.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://extremebluewaterspearfishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/tourismcommissionapproval.pdf|title=Approval for the Establishment of Recreational Sport Spearfishing of Zanzibar))</ref>

[[Norway]] has a relatively large ratio of coastline to population, and has one of the most liberal spearfishing rules in the northern hemisphere. Spearfishing with scuba gear is widespread among recreational divers. Restrictions in Norway are limited to [[Fish migration|anadrome]] species, like Atlantic [[salmon]], [[trout|sea trout]], and [[lobster]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.frivannsliv.no/spearfishing.no/Spearfishing.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927134426/http://www.frivannsliv.no/spearfishing.no/Spearfishing.html|url-status=dead |title=Spearfishing in Norway|archivedate=September 27, 2007))</ref>

In [[Mexico]] a regular fishing permit allows spearfishing, but not electro-mechanical spearguns. Spearfishing with scuba gear is illegal and the use of power heads as well. Penalties are severe and include fines, confiscation of gear and even imprisonment.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.conapescasandiego.org/contenido.cfm?cont=REGULATIONS |title=Sportfishing regulations, Conapesca Mexico San Diego Office |publisher=Conapesca San Diego |access-date=2014-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906231104/http://www.conapescasandiego.org/contenido.cfm?cont=REGULATIONS |archive-date=2013-09-06 ))</ref>

[[United States]] has different spearfishing regulations for each state. In [[Florida]] spearfishing is restricted to several hundred yards offshore in many areas and the usage of a [[Powerhead (firearm)|powerhead]] is prohibited within state waters. Many types of fish are currently under heavy bag restrictions.((citation needed|date=May 2017))
In [[California]] only recreational spearfishing is allowed. California also imposes numerous restrictions, demarcating [[Marine protected areas]], closed areas, protected species, size/bag limits and equipment.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/regulations.asp |title=Ocean Fishing: Laws and Regulations |publisher=Dfg.ca.gov |access-date=2014-03-24))</ref>

Spearfishing in Puerto Rico has its own set of rules. Here you are allowed to freedive with a speargun in marine waters. Spearfishing with scuba gear or in freshwater is not allowed.<ref>((cite web |title=Is Spearfishing Legal in the US, Australia, and the UK?) |date=3 December 2020 |url=https://outuro.com/best-spearfishing/ |publisher=Outuro |access-date=3 December 2020))</ref>

In the UK, while spearfishing is not explicitly regulated, it is instead subject to both local (typically [[Byelaws in the United Kingdom|bye-laws]]) and national-level legislation relating to permitted fish species and minimum size limits.  For example, it is not permitted to spearfish in freshwater and the non-tidal reaches of rivers.<ref>''Legal FAQs - Spearfishing in the UK'', https://www.gospearfishing.co.uk/spearfishing-uk-legal-faqs/. Retrieved on 23 July 2022.</ref>

Under recent EU guidelines, recreational spearfishing is now explicitly permitted in the EU's Atlantic waters.((citation needed|date=May 2017))

==Competitive spearfishing==
((see|Freediving#Competitive spearfishing))
Competitive spearfishing is defined by the world governing body [[World Underwater Federation|CMAS]] as "the hunting and capture of fish underwater without the aid of artificial breathing devices, using gear that depends entirely on the physical strength of the competitor." They publish a set of competition rules that are used by affiliated organisations.<ref name="CMAS Spearfishing" /><ref name="Spearfishing rules" />

((expand section|date=September 2022))

== Notable spearfishers ==
This is an alphabetic list of spearfishers who are confirmed by a reliable source or an existing Wikipedia article.<!--Unsourced entries will be removed without further warning after October 2017-->
* Rob Allen - South Africa<ref name="Spearo DvD" />
* Tommy Botha - South Africa<ref name="BlueWater">((cite web |url=http://www.freedive.net/Botha_sa/south_africa.htm |title=South African legend opens the tuna grounds |last=Mass |first=Terry |year=2005 |work=BlueWater Freedivers |access-date=14 April 2015))</ref>
* ((Anchor|Peter Crawford))Peter Crawford - England, 13 times UK champion<ref name="jersey spearfish">((cite web |url=http://www.jerseyspearfishing.co.uk/articles/articles_jsc_open_2003_report.asp |title=Jerseyman wins Open Spearfishing title |year=2003 |publisher=Jersey Spearfishing Club |access-date=15 September 2014))</ref>
* ((annotated link|Ben Cropp))
* ((annotated link|Ian Fleming)) - England; author of the James Bond books and ''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang''((Citation needed|date=September 2017))
* ((annotated link|Arthur C. Clarke)) - England; science-fiction author, also avid undersea explorer & writer
* Wally Gibbons<ref name="Sydney Morning Herald">((cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/in-the-depths-of-adventure/2006/09/17/1158431583029.html | title= In the depths of adventure| date= 18 September 2006| access-date = 23 September 2017))</ref>
* ((annotated link|Guy Gilpatric))
* James Grant - New Zealand<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/man-fights-off-shark-then-stitches-himself-up-20140127-hva2g.html|title = Man fights off shark, then stitches himself up|date = 27 January 2014))</ref>
* David J. Hochman - World Record Holder, Men's Speargun, Striped Bass, 31.0&nbsp;kg/68.4&nbsp;lbs; Men's Polespear, Striped Bass, 23.8&nbsp;kg/52.4&nbsp;lbs<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.iusarecords.com/ViewRecord.aspx?id=367|title=International Underwater Spearfishing Association World Record 31.0 kg, 68.4 lbs Bass, Striped Morone saxatilis Record Category: Men Speargun |date=July 4, 2008 |website=International Underwater Spearfishing Association |access-date=20 April 2020))</ref>
* ((annotated link|Harold Holt)) - Australian prime minister<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44559368 |title=National and personal tragedy |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] |volume=35 |issue=32 |location=Australia |date=3 January 1968 |access-date=2 April 2018 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref>
* Cameron Kirkconnell - 12x world record holder<ref name="Onefish">((cite web |url=http://onefish.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5 |title=Spearfishing with Cameron Kirkconnell |website=Onefish |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018034054/http://onefish.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5 |archive-date=18 October 2015 ))</ref><ref name="Spearo DvD">((cite web |url=http://spearodvd.com/ |title=Onefish Legends |work=Spearo DvD |access-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423143355/http://spearodvd.com/ |archive-date=23 April 2015 ))</ref>
* Mohammed Jassim Al-Kuwari - Qatar<ref name="Spearo DvD" />
* ((annotated link|George "Doc" Lopez))
* Terry Maas - USA<ref name="Spearo DvD" />
* Dr Adam Smith - Australian national champion, scientist, author of Underwater fishing in Australia and New Zealand <ref>AUF Life Members (2020) "Biography Adam Smith AUF Life Member" downloaded at https://auf.com.au/auf/biographies-of-auf-life-members/#Adam-Smith 1 August 2023</ref>
* Barry Paxman - Australia<ref name="Spearo DvD" />
* Raymond Pulvénis - France; equipment inventor and manufacturer; author of first French book entirely dedicated to spearfishing (''La chasse aux poissons'', 1940)<ref>Vianney Mascret (2010) ''L'aventure sous-marine : Histoire de la plongée sous-marine de loisir en scaphandre autonome en France (1865-1985)''. Thesis, Claude Bernard University, Lyon. p. 168. Full-text document at http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/83/90/91/PDF/TH2010_Mascret_Vianney.pdf. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</ref><ref>Patrick Mouton (1987) [http://museedumas.fr/li/SCANS/DOCS/PERSONNALITES/PULVENIS%20R/PERE%20DE%20LA%20CHASSE%20SOUS-MARINE%20-%20Roger%20PULVENIS%20-%20REVUE%20..........%20ANNEE%20.......%20-%203%20pages.pdf   Roger Pulvénis « Père » de la chasse sous-marine], ''le journal de la mer''. Retrieved on 12 January 2020.</ref>
* Charlie Sturgill - USA; US National spearfishing champion 1951; innovator of modern spearfishing equipment<ref name="fathomiers.net" />
* ((annotated link|Ron Taylor (diver)|Ron Taylor))
* ((annotated link|Valerie Taylor (diver)|Valerie Taylor))
* Valentine Thomas - former Lawyer and current spearfisher and sustainability advocate<ref>((Cite web|url=https://valentinethomas.net/|title=Valentine Thomas – The spearfishing woman))</ref>
* Daryl Wong - USA equipment maker<ref name="Wong Spearguns">((cite web |url=http://www.wongguns.com/aboutdaryl.php |title=Wong Spearguns |access-date=29 April 2020))</ref>

==See also==
* ((annotated link|Underwater target shooting))
* ((annotated link|Gaffing))
* ((annotated link|Bowfishing))

==References==
((Reflist|refs=

<ref name="CMAS Spearfishing">((cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/spearfishing/about-120327201610 |title=About Spearfishing |website=www.cmas.org |publisher=World Underwater Federation (CMAS) |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323115649/https://www.cmas.org/spearfishing/about-120327201610 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

<ref name="Spearfishing rules">((cite web |url = http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=3749&language=1 |title = Underwater Fishing (Spear fishing) International Rules - English version |date= 23 January 2015 |website=www.cmas.org |publisher=World Underwater Federation (CMAS) |access-date=25 August 2017 ))</ref>

))

==Further reading==
((Commons category))
* ((cite book| author1=Jones, Len |title=Len Jones' guide to freedive spearfishing | date=2002 | publisher=Adrenaline Spearfishing Supplies | edition=Australian | isbn=978-0-9580308-0-9 ))
* ((cite book |author1=Smith |first=Adam K |title=Underwater fishing in Australia and New Zealand |date=2000 |publisher=Mountain Ocean & Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-646-40642-8 |author-link=Adam Smith (marine biologist)))
* [http://www.auf-spearfishing.com.au/administration/documents/documents/23.pdf ''Spearfishing is it ecologically sustainable?''] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032419/http://www.auf-spearfishing.com.au/administration/documents/documents/23.pdf |date=2007-09-28 )) A paper given at the World Recreational Fishing Conference, Darwin, Australia by Adam Smith and Seji Nakaya
* ((cite book |title= ''Bluewater Hunting & Freediving'' |author= Terry Maas |publisher= BlueWater Freedivers |location= Ventura, CA|year= 1998 |isbn= 0-9644966-3-1 ))

((fishing tackle|expanded=techniques))
((fisheries and fishing))
((Underwater diving|undspo))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Underwater diving by purpose]]
[[Category:Freediving]]
[[Category:Recreational diving]]
[[Category:Fishing techniques and methods]]
[[Category:Recreational fishing]]

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