35 of 100 seats (33 seats of Class I +2 special elections)
Net seat change
Republican +2
2018 Senate results (Minnesota and Mississippi each held two Senate elections)
Democratic hold Republican hold Democratic gain Republican gain Independent hold
In the United States House of Representatives, Democrats made a net gain of 41 seats.[c] The Democratic party gained a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives, thereby ending the federal trifecta that the Republican Party had established in the 2016 elections. In the United States Senate, Republicans expanded their majority by two seats. As a result of the 2018 elections, the 116th United States Congress is the first Congress since the 99th United States Congress (elected in 1984) in which the Democrats control the U.S. House of Representatives and the Republicans control the U.S. Senate. In the gubernatorial elections, Democrats gained seven state governorships, control of at least 350 state legislative seats and control of seven state legislative chambers.
In May 2018, President Trump began to emphasize his effort to overcome the traditional strength of the non-presidential party in midterm elections, with the "top priority for the White House [being to hold] the Republican majority in the Senate". He was already at that time well into his own 2020 reelection campaign, having launched it on his inauguration day in January 2017.[1] By early August, the president's midterm efforts had included rallies in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, Montana and elsewhere "reprising the style and rhetoric of his 2016 campaign". He focused his message on the economy, his proposed border wall, the "trade war" with China, criticism of the media, and his proposal to create the space force, a new branch of the military devoted to operations space.[2] In late August 2018, the Huffington Post reported that Trump and his administration had been engaging in campaign activity on taxpayer-funded trips. According to the report, a top White House staffer identified 35 events by Cabinet and senior staff members "with or affecting House districts in August already". White House Deputy Press Secretary Lindsay Walters called the report "misleading".[3]
The 2018 elections featured a wider range and larger number of campaign advertisements than past midterm elections.[4] Almost a third of Republican ads focused on taxes, especially on the recently-enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.[5] By mid-October 2018, over 280,000 television advertisements related to immigration, costing some $124 million, had been aired in House, Senate and governor races, which represented a five-fold increase in spending on advertisements focused on immigration compared to the 2014 cycle.[6] In October 2018, The New York Times and The Washington Post characterized Republicans' 2018 campaign messaging as being chiefly focused on fear-mongering about immigration and race.[7][8] According to The Washington Post, President Trump "settled on a strategy of fear – laced with falsehoods and racially tinged rhetoric – to help lift his party to victory in the coming midterms, part of a broader effort to energize Republican voters".[8] In November 2018, Facebook, NBC, and Fox News withdrew a controversial pro-Trump advertisement that focused on a migrant caravan; Facebook noted that the ad violated Facebook's rules concerning "sensational content".[9]
Nearly half of all advertisements by Democrats focused on health care, in particular on defending the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare or the Affordable Care Act) and keeping in place protections for individuals with preexisting conditions.[5] A number of Republican candidates claimed to support provisions of the Affordable Care Act, such as protections for preexisting conditions, even though they supported efforts that either weakened or eliminated those provisions.[10][11][12] In the final weeks of the campaign, Democrats indicated their desire to keep the focus of the campaign on Republican efforts to repeal provisions of Obamacare through the proposed American Health Care Act of 2017.[13] A Gallup poll conducted days before the election found that voters considered healthcare and the economy to be the top issues among registered voters, though many voters also considered immigration to be a top priority.[14]
In the 2018 elections, Republicans sought to defend the Senate majority that they had maintained since the 2014 Senate elections. Thirty-five of the 100 Senate seats were up for election, including all 33 Class 1 Senate seats. Class 2 Senate seats in Minnesota and Mississippi each held special elections to fill vacancies. The Class 1 Senate elections were for terms lasting from January 2019 to January 2025 while the Class 2 special elections were for terms ending in January 2021. 24 of the seats up for election were held by Democrats, two of the seats up for election were held by independents caucusing with the Democrats and nine of the seats up for election were held by Republicans.[15] Three Republican incumbents did not seek election in 2018 while all Democratic and independent incumbents sought another term. 42 Republican senators and 23 Democratic senators were not up for election.
Assuming that the two independents won re-election and continued to caucus with them, Senate Democrats needed to win a net gain of two Senate seats to win a majority.[d] Including the two independents, Democrats held approximately 74 percent of the seats up for election, the highest proportion held by one party in a midterm election since at least 1914.[15] Prior to the 2018 elections, Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight wrote that Democrats faced one of the most unfavorable Senate maps that any party had ever faced in any Senate election. Silver noted that ten of the seats Democrats defended were in states won by Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election.[16][17] Meanwhile, the Class I Senate seat in Nevada was the lone Republican-held seat up for election in a state that had been won by Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.[18] Silver predicted that even a nine-point victory in the nationwide popular vote for Congress would not be enough to give Democrats a majority in the Senate.[16] Some observers speculated that Republicans might be able to pick up a net of nine seats, which would give them the 60-seat super-majority necessary to break filibusters on legislation.[19]
Republicans won a net gain of two seats in the Senate. The 2018 elections were the first midterm elections since 2002 in which the party holding the presidency gained Senate seats.[15] Republicans defeated Democratic incumbents in Indiana, Missouri, North Dakota and Florida. Democrats defeated the Republican incumbent in Nevada and picked up an open seat in Arizona. All four defeated Democratic incumbents represented states won by Trump in the 2016 presidential election.[18] Democratic incumbents tallied victories in the competitive Midwestern states of Ohio, Michigan and Wisconsin as well as the key Northeasternswing state of Pennsylvania.[20]Montana and West Virginia, each of which voted for Trump by a margin of at least 20 points, also re-elected Democratic incumbents.[21] After the election, Chris Cillizza of CNN noted that by limiting their Senate losses in 2018 Democrats put themselves in position to potentially take control of the Senate in the 2020 or 2022 Senate elections.[19]
The 2018 House elections saw the largest number of retirements by incumbents of any election cycle since at least 1992.[22] By June 2018, 20 House Democrats and 44 House Republicans, including Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, had announced their retirement.[23] The disproportionate number of Republican retirements may have harmed Republican prospects in the 2018 mid-term elections due to the loss of incumbency advantage.[24][25]
Democrats had 193 seats immediately prior to the November elections, and needed to net at least 25 seats to win a majority in the House of Representatives. In the November elections, Democrats won a net gain of 40 seats. As the elections also saw Democrats fill a couple of vacant seats that had previously been controlled by the party, the Democrats won control of a total of 235 seats, while Republicans won control of at least 199 seats.[c] The net gain of 40 seats represented the Democratic Party's largest gain in the House since the 1974 elections.[26] Democrats won the nationwide popular vote for the House of Representatives by 8.6 percentage points,[27] one of the highest margins won by either party since 1992.[24] Due in part to the surge in turnout, the total number of votes won by Democratic candidates for the House of Representatives nearly equaled the number of votes Trump won in the 2016 presidential election.[28] The 2018 elections were the third midterm elections since 2005 in which the President's party lost control of the House of Representatives.
Democrats defeated 29 Republican incumbents and picked up 14 open seats. Republicans did not defeat a single Democratic incumbent, though the party did pick up two open seats in Minnesota and one in Pennsylvania. Republicans defended the vast majority of their rural seats, but several urban and suburban seats flipped to the Democrats.[29] Many of the districts picked up by Democrats had given a majority or a plurality of their vote to Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.[30] Of the 447 individuals who served in the House during the 115th Congress, at least 104 did not win re-election in 2018—this represents the third-highest turnover rate of any election cycle since 1974.[31]
Special elections
There were a total of eight special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 2018. These elections were held to fill vacancies for the remainder of the 115th Congress. As a result of the special elections held prior to November 6, Democrats won a net gain of one seat.
Four special elections were held prior to November 6, 2018:
The vast majority of states held gubernatorial or state legislative elections in 2018. The 2018 state elections will impact the redistricting that will follow the 2020 United States Census as many states task governors and state legislators with drawing new boundaries for state legislative and Congressional districts.
Elections were held for the governorships of 36 U.S. states and three U.S. territories as well as for the Mayor of the District of Columbia. Democrats defended every seat they had controlled prior to the election and picked up seven governorships. They won open seats in Michigan, Nevada, Kansas, New Mexico and Maine and defeated Republican incumbents in Illinois and Wisconsin. They also picked up the independent-held seat in the U.S. Virgin Islands in a runoff election held November 20, 2018.[32] Most of the Democratic victories were in Democratic-leaning states or swing states. Democratic candidates ran well ahead of Hillary Clinton in South Dakota, Oklahoma, Idaho, South Carolina and other "red states" that had given large margins to Trump in the 2016 presidential. All of those candidates fell short, however, and Kansas was the lone red state to elect a Democratic governor in 2018.[33]
Republicans picked up the independent-held seat in Alaska, and Republican incumbents won election in competitive and Democratic-leaning states such as Arizona, Iowa, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maryland. The party also won competitive open seat elections held in Florida, Georgia and Ohio.[34] Democrats picked up the governorship of Guam, but the incumbent Republican governor of the Northern Marianas Islands won re-election.[f]
Legislative elections
Partisan control of congressional redistricting after the 2018 elections (note that most states will hold elections in 2019 or 2020 that could affect partisan control of the decennial redistricting that will occur prior to the 2022 elections)
Eighty-seven of the 99 state legislative chambers, in 46 states—6,069 seats out of the nation's 7,383 legislative seats (82%)—held regularly-scheduled elections.[36] Every territorial legislature except for the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico held elections for at least one chamber.[f] In some legislative chambers, all seats were up for election—some chambers with staggered terms held elections only for a portion of the seats in the chamber.[36][h]
Democrats gained a trifecta (control of the governor's office and both legislative chambers) in Colorado, Illinois, Connecticut, Maine, New Mexico, New York and Nevada as well as in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[43][37] Republicans lost trifectas in Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin and New Hampshire, but gained a trifecta in Alaska.[37][44] After the election, Democrats have 14 trifectas, Republicans have 23 trifectas and 13 states have a divided government (including Nebraska, which has a non-partisan legislature).[37] Following the 2018 elections, only a single state (Minnesota) had a legislature with divided control among the parties (Republicans maintained control of the state Senate while the House flipped to Democratic control). This was the first time in 104 years that only a single state had a divided legislature.[39]
Despite these Democratic gains, the party controlled a total of just 37 state legislative chambers after the election, far fewer chambers than it had controlled prior to the 2010 elections. Tim Storey of the National Conference of State Legislatures attributed the continuing Republican dominance of state legislatures in part to Republican control of redistricting in many states following 2010.[45] In at least three states (Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Michigan), Republicans retained control of the lower house even though a majority of voters voted for a Democratic candidate for the lower house.[46] In many states, Democrats indicated their hope that 2018 would be part of a "two-cycle process", with gains in 2018 putting the party within distance of taking control of more state legislative chambers in the 2020 elections.[47]
Many states have statewide elected officials other than the governor. Such positions include secretary of state, attorney general, treasurer and auditor. These officials can play important roles in setting policy and overseeing state functions. In 2018, Democrats won attorneys general races in Michigan, Wisconsin, Nevada and Colorado; each position had previously been held by a Republican. After the elections, Democrats held 27 of the 50 attorneys general positions in the country.[48] Democrats also won control of the office of secretary of state in Michigan, Arizona, and Colorado, although Republicans still held a majority of the elected secretary of state positions nationwide.[49] Other offices that Democrats won control of in 2018 include the Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction,[50] the Maine State Treasurer,[51] the Iowa State Auditor[52] and the Florida Commissioner of Agriculture.[53]
Ballot measures
Medicaid expansion proposal passed
Medicaid expansion previously implemented or passed
No Medicaid expansion
A total of 157 ballot measures were voted on in 34 states. These include initiatives on redistricting reform, voting rights, marijuana, infrastructure, health care and taxes.[54]
As a result of successful ballot measures, Colorado, Michigan and Utah[55] established independent redistricting commissions while Nebraska, Utah and Idaho expanded access to Medicaid. Florida voters approved Florida Amendment 4, which restored voting rights to some felons who have served out their sentence[56] and banned off shore drilling, vaping in indoor work spaces, and gambling institutions related to dog racing.[57] Nevada and Michigan approved automatic voter registration, and Michigan expanded absentee voting. Also, Maryland approved same-day voter registration, allowing voters to register as late as on Election Day. In Arkansas and North Carolina, voter ID ballot measures were approved.[58] Michigan, Missouri and Utah voters approved marijuana proposals, with Michigan approving recreational marijuana and Missouri approving medical marijuana. Utah voters also approved medical marijuana, although Utah lawmakers later rolled back some of the provisions of the measure.[59] North Dakota voters voted down a proposal to legalize recreational marijuana.[60][61] In California, voters declined to repeal the 2017 Road Repair and Accountability Act, which increased fuel taxes and vehicle license fees to fund infrastructure improvements.[62] Nationwide, 96 transportation ballot measures worth about $30.68 billion passed at the state and local levels on Election Day—41 transportation-related ballot measures failed.[63]
Although most local offices are nonpartisan, when looking at party identification of the officeholders, registered Republicans gained two mayorships during 2018. Linda Gorton won a seat previously held by a Democrat in Lexington, Kentucky and Bob Dyer won a seat previously held by an independent in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Following the November elections, registered Democrats hold 60 mayorships (−1) in the 100 largest cities in the United States, registered Republicans hold 28 (+2) and independents hold 7 (−1).[72]
Special elections
Two nonpartisan mayoral special elections were held in 2018:
In Lincoln, Nebraska, voters approved a term-limits amendment to the city charter, blocking three-term incumbent Mayor Chris Beutler from running for re-election.[80]
Tribal elections
Several notable Native American tribes held elections for top tribal leadership positions during 2018.
Ousted Northern Cheyenne Tribal Council President L. Jace Killsback was re-elected by two votes in a special election on January 2 after being removed from office in October 2017.[90] He resigned from the position in October 2018 due to conflicts with the Tribal Council, triggering a new special election for January 2019.[91]
Turnout
Turnout of the voting eligible population in midterm elections held since 1945
On November, 6, the United States Election Project estimated that 40 million early voters would cast ballots on November 6, breaking the record for the number of early votes.[92] Some states, such as Texas and Nevada, reported that officials had received more early ballots than the total number of ballots processed in the 2014 midterm election.[92] A total of 50.3 percent of eligible voters voted in 2018, compared to a turnout of just 36.7 of eligible voters in 2014.[93] The 2018 elections had highest turnout of any mid-term election held since the 1914 elections.[94] Twenty-three states had double-digit percentage-point increases compared to average turnout in midterm elections held between 1982 and 2014. Georgia had the greatest increase over its 1982-2014 midterm average. Its 55% turnout was 21 points higher. Texas had a turnout of 46% which was 14 points higher.[95]
Records and firsts
The number of women who sought and won election to Congress in each election cycle from 1974 to 2018.[96][97]
A total of $5.7 billion was spent in the 2018 elections for House and Senate races, the most expensive midterm race ever.[98] The most expensive was the Florida U.S. Senate campaign, in which candidates and outside groups spent $209 million to support or oppose Democratic nominee Bill Nelson and Republican nominee Rick Scott, the latter of whom spent over $63 million of his personal fortune on his candidacy.[98]
The 2018 elections saw a number of significant successes for women.[99] Following the 2018 election, there was a record number of women (127) in the 116th Congress, up from 110 in the previous 115th Congress. The share of women members in the 116th is 23.7 percent, up from 20.6 percent.[100][101] The number of Democratic women in the House increased by 25, while Republican women in the House declined by 10.[100] The number of women in the Senate increased by two, with both gains being Republicans.[102][97]
The 2018 elections also saw a number of significant successes for LGBT candidates and religious and ethnic minorities.[99]Jared Polis, who was elected governor of Colorado, became the first openly gay man to be elected governor;[i]Kevin Stitt, who was elected governor of Oklahoma, was elected the first Native American governor in the nation. Ilhan Omar of Minnesota and Rashida Tlaib of Michigan became the first Muslim women elected to the House of Representatives;[103]Ayanna Pressley became the first female African-American woman elected to the House from Massachusetts;[104]Sharice Davids of Kansas and Deb Haaland of New Mexico became the first Native American women elected to Congress, and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York became the youngest-ever female member of the House at age 29.[99] Other candidates failed to achieve historic firsts, including gubernatorial candidates Christine Hallquist (D-VT) and Paulette Jordan (D-ID). Hallquist was the first transgender person to be a major party's nominee for governor but lost to incumbent Republican Phil Scott in the general election,[99] and Jordan, who would have been the first Native American female governor (and would have tied with Stitt as the first Native American governor) lost to Republican Brad Little in the general election.[105]
Following the 2018 election, Minnesota became the only state in which each party controlled one chamber of the state legislature. Previously, 1914 had been the most recent year in which there was only one state with a divided legislature.[37] Nevada became the first state in U.S. history to have an overall female majority in the state legislature, with women holding 23 of 42 seats in the state Assembly and 9 of 21 seats in the state Senate. Women made up the majority of a single state legislative chamber, rather than the entire state legislature, on one previous occasion, in the 2009-2010 New Hampshire State Senate. The 2018 elections also saw Guam also elect a female majority to their territorial legislature.[106]
Ballot controversies and recounts
Arizona
In Arizona, a court settlement was reached on November 9 between Democrats and Republicans after Republicans filed a lawsuit on November 7 to attempt to prevent Maricopa and Pima counties from using procedures that permit mail-in ballot fixes to occur beyond election day. The settlement gave all counties until November 14 to address problems with the ballots for the state's Senate race.[107] Ultimately, Republican candidate Martha McSally conceded the race.[108]
Florida
Recounts of ballots were ordered for Florida's Senate, governor, and agriculture commissioner races on November 10 after the tallies from 67 counties were deemed too close to call.[109] Due to the recount ordered, Democratic candidate Andrew Gillum withdrew his earlier concession to Republican candidate Ron DeSantis.[110] In total there were 8 lawsuits that were filed in the days after November 7.[111] After recounts were held for each race, the Democratic candidates for Senate and governor and the Republican candidate for agriculture commissioner all conceded between November 17 and November 19.[112] On November 19, the Supervisor of Elections for Broward County, Florida, Brenda Snipes, announced her resignation from her post, effective January 4, 2019, after national scrutiny led to widespread condemnation by Republicans.[113]
Georgia
In Georgia, a judge placed a temporary restraining order on Doughterty County results on November 9 as, among other things, some of the 14,000 absentee ballots were allegedly re-routed through Tallahassee due to Hurricane Michael, resulting in a delay to the county election office certifying its results.[114][115] On November 17, Georgia Secretary of State Robyn Crittenden certified the election result, a day after the restraining order expired.[115]
Before the election there were allegations of voter suppression raised in Georgia, as well as outcry that candidate Brian Kemp did not resign from his position as Secretary of State, which oversaw the election.[116] On November 12, Democratic gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams filed a lawsuit to prevent two counties from rejecting absentee ballots with minor mistakes, such as if a voter moved and had not changed their address.[117] During her concession speech on November 16, Abrams announced her plans to file a federal lawsuit challenging the way the state elections were run. She alleged that Kemp used his position of Secretary of State and its office, to aggressively purge the rolls of inactive voters, enforce an "exact match" policy for checking voters identities that left many voters in limbo and other measures to tip the election in his favor.[118]
The North Carolina Board of Elections voted unanimously on December 4 to not certify the congressional race in North Carolina's 9th district after allegations of potential wide spread election fraud in the district.[119] The board then declared a public hearing for December 21 to ensure that the election could be declared without fraud or corruption.[120]The Washington Post reported on December 5 that the board had collected as evidence of election fraud six sworn statements from voters in Bladen County alleging that individuals called on them to pick up their absentee ballots.[119] Incoming Democratic Majority Leader Steny Hoyer announced that the House of Representatives would not seat the apparent winner, Republican Mark Harris, until the fraud investigation had been completed, leaving it vacant at the start of the 116th United States Congress.[121]
After a delay caused by a restructuring of the board, hearings resumed on February 18, 2019. On that day the regulator reported that it had found evidence of "a coordinated, unlawful and substantially resourced absentee ballot scheme" that may have involved more than 1,000 ballots or ballot request forms.[122] The board then unanimously voted on February 21, 2019, to call a new election,[123] which will be held on September 10, 2019.[124]
In early 2018, six U.S. intelligence agencies unanimously reported their conclusion[125] that Russian personnel were monitoring American electoral systems and promoting partisan causes on social media.[126] Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats stated during congressional testimony that "the United States [was] under attack" from Russian efforts to impact the results of the elections.[127]United States Secretary of StateMike Pompeo warned in a committee hearing that the federal government of the United States was not adequately protected from Russian interference in the 2018 midterm elections, saying: "No responsible government official would ever state that they have done enough to forestall any attack on the United States of America".[128] At the July 2018 Russia–United States summit, President Trump downplayed the conclusions of the United States Intelligence Community, stating that he believed Russian President Vladimir Putin's repeated denials of interference in American elections.[129] Trump would later accuse China of meddling in the U.S. midterm elections, asserting that "they don't want me or us to win" because of his imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods.[130] In August 2018, Coats and FBI director Christopher Wray—announced at a White House press conference that Russia was actively interfering in the 2018 elections.[131]
In July 2018, Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill alleged that Russian hackers unsuccessfully attempted to break into her Senate email account.[132] The following month, NPR reported that Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen from New Hampshire reported to the FBI several attempts to compromise her campaign[133] including both spearphishing attempts on her staff and a disturbing incident where someone called her offices "impersonating a Latvian official, trying to set up a meeting to talk [about] Russian sanctions and about Ukraine". Her opposition to Russian aggression and support of sanctions had placed her on an official Russian blacklist.[134] On August 8, 2018, U.S. senator Bill Nelson from Florida told the Tampa Bay Times that Russian operatives had penetrated some of Florida's election systems,[135] though he was criticized by The Washington Post's Fact Checker for providing no evidence of Russian hacking.[136] In 2019, Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation on Russian interference in the 2016 election concluded "at least one Florida county" was successfully penetrated, and Governor Ron DeSantis said that voter databases in two counties had been successfully penetrated.[137][138]
On December 22, 2018, Coats reported that there was no evidence of vote tampering, but that "influence operations" had persisted. "The activity we did see was consistent with what we shared in the weeks leading up to the election. Russia, and other foreign countries, including China and Iran, conducted influence activities and messaging campaigns targeted at the United States to promote their strategic interests".[139] That same month, Politico reported that the National Republican Congressional Committee had been hacked, though it was unclear which group was responsible for the data breach.[140]
Republican President Donald Trump and Democratic House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi each declared victory for their respective parties in the 2018 elections
Democratic control of the House of Representatives means that they can prevent the passage of Republican legislation in the 116th United States Congress which will meet from January 2019 to January 2021. The party will also gain control of congressional committees with the power to issue subpoenas and investigate various issues. However, by keeping control of the Senate Republicans will be able to confirm President Trump's nominees without Democratic support.[141]
After the election, despite the Democratic takeover of the House, President Trump stated that he had won a "big victory". He indicated that he looked forward to "a beautiful bipartisan-type situation," but promised to assume a "warlike posture" if House Democrats launched investigations into his administration. House minority leader Nancy Pelosi stated that her party won gains because of voter desire to "[restore] the Constitution’s checks and balances to the Trump administration".[142] Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer stated that Senate Democrats performed "much better than expected" in a difficult election cycle.[143] Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell stated that election day was "a very good day" for his party.[144]
The election was widely characterized as a "blue wave" election.[145][146][147][148] At the end of election night, Democratic gains in the House appeared modest and the Democratic candidates trailed in Senate races in Arizona and Montana and looked set to make a net loss of as many as four Senate seats, leading some news outlets to characterize the election as a "split decision" whereas other outlets described it as a "blue wave".[149][150] However, over the next days and weeks, Democrats won several seats in the House and won the Arizona and Montana Senate elections, leading to a re-evaluation of the initial election night analyses.[151][152] One week after the election, Nathaniel Rakich of FiveThirtyEight stated that the election was "by any historical standard, a blue wave".[145] Two weeks after the election, Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight wrote: "There shouldn’t be much question about whether 2018 was a wave election. Of course it was a wave".[147] It was third-largest midterm change of seats for either party in the House in the post-Watergate era,[146] and the largest Democratic House gain since 1974.[153]Gerrymandering and voting restrictions prevented larger gains for the Democratic Party.[154][155][156][157] In two of the most heavily gerrymandered states, Ohio and North Carolina, Democrats failed to pick up a single seat despite winning close to half the vote. Despite almost winning half the vote in Ohio, Democrats only controlled a quarter of its House seats.[154] Democrats also made among the largest gains in House seats in Pennsylvania, where the state Supreme Court had struck down a heavily gerrymandered map that favored Republicans.[157]
This table shows the partisan results of Congressional, gubernatorial and state legislative races held in each state and territories in 2018. Note that not all states and territories held gubernatorial, state legislative, and United States Senate elections in 2018—the territories and Washington, D.C. do not elect members of the United States Senate. Washington, D.C. and the five inhabited territories each elect one non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives. Nebraska's unicamerallegislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are officially non-partisan. Several seats in the House of Representatives were vacant at the time of the election.[158]
^ abDemocrats won a net gain of 40 seats on election day, but gained one more seat in a special election held earlier in 2018. One House seat in North Carolina remained vacant after the elections due to allegations of election fraud. A special election will be held to fill that seat in 2019.
^Democrats needed to win 51 seats to acquire a Senate majority. In a hypothetical tied Senate where each caucus had 50 senators, the vote of Republican Vice President Mike Pence would have given Senate Republicans the majority.
^One non-voting member of the House of Representatives, the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, serves a four-year term and was not up for election in 2018.
^ abThe 2018 general election in the Northern Marianas Islands were delayed until November 13 due to Typhoon Yutu, which struck the territory shortly before the scheduled November 6 election date.
^States labeled as "no redistricting necessary" currently only have one congressional district, and thus do not need to redistrict. However, some projections show that, prior to the next round of redistricting, Rhode Island could lose its second district and Montana could gain a second district.[35]
^There were no legislative elections in the four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey and Virginia) which hold state elections in odd-numbered years. There were also no elections to the Kansas Senate, Minnesota Senate, New Mexico Senate and South Carolina Senate since all seats in those chambers are elected in presidential-election years.[36]
^ abOne of Maine's senators, Susan Collins, is a Republican. The other senator from Maine, Angus King, is an independent who has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2013.
^ abOne of Vermont's senators, Patrick Leahy, is a Democrat. The other senator from Vermont, Bernie Sanders, was elected as an independent and has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2007.
^ abThe Democratic Senate caucus consisted of 47 Democrats and 2 independents prior to the 2018 elections and 45 Democrats and two independents after the elections.
^ abWashington, D.C. does not elect a governor or state legislature, but it does elect a mayor and a city council.
^ abAlthough elections for governor of American Samoa are non-partisan, Governor Lolo Matalasi Moliga has affiliated with the Democratic Party at the national level since re-election in 2016.
^ abDelegate Gregorio Sablan was elected as an independent, but he has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2009.
^ abPuerto Rican Governor Ricardo Rosselló was elected as a member of the New Progressive Party and affiliates with the Democratic Party at the national level.
^ abPuerto Rico's Resident Commissioner, Jenniffer González, was elected as a member of the New Progressive Party and has caucused with the Republicans since taking office in 2017.
^Billiot, Bette; Chaisson, Richard "Bosco". "RE: Principal Chief Inauguration"(PDF) (Press release). Golden Meadow, Louisiana: United Houma Nation. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
^Coleman, Miles. "2016 State PVI Changes". Decision Desk HQ. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017. ((cite web)): Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
