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((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=June 2021))
((Original research|date=April 2011))
))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2021))
((Infobox political party
| colorcode        = #E60026<!--#D10047-->
| name             = Ethnocacerism
| native_name      = Etnocacerismo
| logo             = Emblem of the Ethnocacerist movement.svg
| flag             = Flag of the Ethnocacerist Movement (Chinchay Suyu).svg
| flag_title       = Dual flag
| leader           = [[Antauro Humala]]<!--<br>[[Ollanta Humala]] renounced Ethnocacerism in 2005-->
| founder          = [[Isaac Humala]]
| foundation       = ((start date and age|1987))
| dissolved        = 
| youth_wing       = 
| headquarters     = [[Lima]]
| ideology         = ((nowrap|[[Indigenismo]]<br>[[Ethnic nationalism]]<br>[[Ultranationalism|Andean ultranationalism]]<br>[[Economic nationalism]]<br>[[Revolutionary nationalism]]<br>[[Social conservatism]]((citation needed|date=January 2023))<br>[[Anti-Chilean sentiment]]<br>[[Anti-capitalism]]<br>[[Anti-communism]]<br>[[Anti-Fujimorism]]<br>[[Neo-fascism]]))
| position         = [[Syncretic politics|Syncretic]] (economic: [[Far-left]], social: [[Far-right]])
| national         = 
| membership       = '''Current:'''<br/>[[ANTAURO]]<br>[[Union for Peru]]<br />'''Historical''':<br/>[[Go on Country – Social Integration Party|Go on Country]]<br>[[Peruvian Nationalist Party]]
| colours          = ((color box|#E60026|border=silver)) Red ((Colorbox|black|border=silver)) Black
| website          = 
| country          = Peru
))
((Nationalism sidebar|types))
The '''Ethnocacerist movement''' (((lang-es|Movimiento etnocacerista)), also sometimes referred to as the ((Lang|es|Movimiento Nacionalista Peruano)) or "Peruvian Nationalist Movement") is a [[Peru]]vian [[Ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalist]] movement that espouses an [[ideology]] called '''ethnocacerism''' (((lang-es|etnocacerismo|links=no))). The movement seeks to establish a [[Dictatorship of the proletariat|proletarian dictatorship]] led by the country's [[Indigenous peoples in Peru|Indigenous communities]] and their descendants. It draws on the ideas and history of Indigenous and anticolonial movements, including those of [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]], [[Evo Morales]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Abdel Nasser]], [[Muammar Gaddafi]], and [[Che Guevara]]. Ethnocacerism is considered an [[Indigenism|Indigenist]] ideology and is currently represented in mainstream politics by the [[Union for Peru]] party and other smaller parties. The ideology is followed by Peruvian [[Militant|militant groups]] like the [[Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists]] and ''Ejército de Reservistas Andino Amazónico – T''.

The name "ethnocacerism" is composed of two parts: the first evokes Peru's [[Ethnicity|ethnic identity]] (specifically, its origins with the [[Quechua people|Quechua]], a [[Indigenous peoples in Peru|Native Peruvian]] people often identified in the popular imagination with the [[Inca]], a pre-Columbian royal group); the second indicates the movement's veneration of 19th century [[President of Peru|president]] and war hero [[Andrés Avelino Cáceres]], who led a guerrilla resistance campaign against occupying [[Chile]]an troops during the [[War of the Pacific]]. Due to the latter, the movement also demands the return of the territories of [[Arica]] and [[Tarapacá]] that were lost to Chile in the war.

Many members of the movement are armed forces veterans of [[Internal conflict in Peru|Peru's internal wars]] or the border disputes with [[Ecuador]] in the [[Paquisha War|1980s]] and [[Cenepa War|1990s]].<ref>((Cite journal|last=Jara Coa|first=Sandra|title=La Gesta de Locumba|url=https://en.calameo.com/books/0000748019493ab9e0fb3|journal=[[Antauro: La revista etnocacerista que el Perú necesita]]|volume=Edición Especial No.1))</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins ===
The ideas of ethnocacerism originated from lawyer [[Isaac Humala]] and its practice as a doctrine was begun by his sons Ollanta Humala and Antauro Humala in 1987 during the [[Internal conflict in Peru|Internal War against the Shining Path]].<ref>((Cite book|last=Humala|first=Ollanta|title=De Locumba A Candidato A La Presidencia en Perú|publisher=Ocean Sur|year=2009|isbn=978-1-921438-43-1|location=México|pages=39–41))</ref><ref name=":1">((Cite web|title=A Notorious Rebel Leader Just Got Peru's President Impeached From Prison|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wx8den/a-notorious-rebel-leader-just-got-perus-president-impeached-from-prison|access-date=2021-12-26|website=[[Vice Media]]|date=12 November 2020 |language=en))</ref> Etnocacerism began as a military doctrine and organizing strategy, not a political doctrine, that was contesting the military doctrine and strategic errors of the Peruvian armed forces, which viewed the Indigenous countryside as a foreign territory and colony. Ollanta Humala explains that Etnocacerism began from the personal experiences of soldiers on the field in clandestine study groups. While critical of high military and political officials, it was not a conspiratorial movement against these official. Rather, Etnocacerism was developed to be an effective military doctrine that spoke to the experiences of Indigenous peoples (Quechua, Aymara, Amazonians), viewed the war as much a political campaign as a military one, and would win over Indigenous peoples in contested territories against the Shining Path.((Citation needed|date=December 2021))

Isaac Humala founded the Instituto de Estudios Etnogeopolíticos (IEE) in 1989 to serve as an ethnocacerist think tank and then publishing company in Peru.<ref>((Cite web|last=Radu|first=Michael|date=May 4, 2005|title=Andean Storm Troopers|url=http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20050504.latin.radu.andeanstormtroopers.html|archive-date=December 10, 2008|website=Foreign Policy Research Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210014925/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20050504.latin.radu.andeanstormtroopers.html))</ref>

=== Locumba Uprising ===
((main|Locumbazo))
Ethnocacerism becomes a political doctrine following an uprising in [[Locumba]], [[Tacna]], on 29 October 2000, led by the Humala brothers. The goal was the overthrow of [[Alberto Fujimori]] from the presidency over the "vladi-video" corruption scandal where Vladimiro Montesinos, the head of the [[National Intelligence Service (Peru)|National Intelligence Service]], was caught on video bribing a congressman on the opposition to defect and join Fujimori's party.<ref name=":2">((Cite journal|last=Alarcón|first=Daniel|date=September 2006|title=Let's Go, Country|url=https://harpers.org/archive/2006/09/lets-go-country/|journal=[[Harper's Magazine]]|volume=313|issue=1876|pages=77–84))</ref> The brothers surrendered on 16 December and were pardoned by congress six days later, with the event being praised by Peruvian media due to its anti-Fujimorist nature, though the political views of the brothers were largely overlooked.<ref name=":2"/>

=== Andahuaylazo ===
((main|Andahuaylazo))
Antauro gained international prominence on 1 January 2005 by occupying a rural police station in [[Andahuaylas]], [[Apurímac Region|Apurimac]], an action dubbed [[:es:Andahuaylazo|El Andahuaylazo]].<ref>((cite news|date=28 March 2008|title=Antauro Humala begins trial for 2005 assault on police station|publisher=Andean Air Mail & PERUVIAN TIMES|url=http://www.peruviantimes.com/tag/antauro-humala/|accessdate=16 May 2011))</ref> Four police officers and one gunman died on the first day of the siege.<ref name=":2"/><ref name="bbcmundo">((cite news|date=4 January 2005|title=Perú: insurgentes se rinden|language=Spanish|trans-title=Peru: insurgents surrender|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4144000/4144497.stm|accessdate=16 May 2011))</ref> The following day Humala agreed to surrender, though had still failed to do so by the third day, claiming that the government had reneged on its promise to guarantee a "surrender with honour". Eventually he surrendered and was taken to [[Lima]] under arrest on 4 January 2005 and was sentenced to 19 years in prison, expected to be released in 2024.<ref name=":1" />

=== Contemporary history ===
While not affiliated with Antuaro Humala, the [[Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists]] (ASPRET) was formed as a Etnocarcerist militia in 2011<ref>((Cite web |title=Etnonacionalistas: la otra transformación |url=https://panamericana.pe/panorama/nacionales/186913-etnonacionalistas-transformacion |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Panamericana Televisión))</ref>

The main current political party adopting ethnocacerism is [[Union for Peru]].<ref name=":1" /> Union for Peru was the main party that spearheaded the impeachment movement that resulted in the [[removal of Martín Vizcarra]] from Peru's presidency, with Antauro organizing his followers in congress through phone calls and prison visits.<ref name=":1" /> Antauro was banned from contacting others from prison following this incident.<ref name=":1" />

In 2018, members of ASPRET formed an alliance with the [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]] (MCPP), called the [[United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru]] (((Lang-es|Frente Unido Democrático Andino Revolucionario del Perú))).<ref name="mil">((Cite web|date=13 June 2018|title=El Militarizado PC mantiene contactos con exmilitares ultranacionalistas|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180613/4593260757/el-militarizado-pc-mantiene-contactos-con-exmilitares-ultranacionalistas.html|access-date=27 May 2021|website=La Vanguardia|language=es))</ref> The alliance was disolved in 2022, following allegations that the MCPC supported [[Pedro Castillo]] during the [[2021 Peruvian general election]]. 

[[ANTAURO]], another party founded by Antauro Humala, was formed in 2023.

== Ideology ==
The movement has been described as having [[fascist]] traits,<ref name=":1" /><ref>((Cite journal|date=11 January 2005|title=Peru: Siege highlights public order problems|journal=Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service|publisher=[[Oxford Analytica]]))</ref><ref>((Cite web|date=2006-04-02|title=Opposites Attracting Voters in Peru's Race|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-apr-02-fg-peru2-story.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite news|date=2005-01-06|title=Tragi-comic farce|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2005/01/06/tragi-comic-farce|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0013-0613))</ref><ref>((Cite web|last=|date=23 April 2019|title=Fascism Now: The Legacy of World War II in Today's Latin America|url=https://www.coha.org/fascism-now-the-legacy-of-world-war-ii-in-todays-latin-america/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]]|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite news|last=Pez|first=Angel|date=14 December 2005|title=Peru: Champion of Indigenous Causes Surges in Presidential Poll|page=1|work=[[Global Information Network]]))</ref> with [[Vice Media|Vice]] summarizing ethnocacerism as "an idiosyncratic mix of economic [[populism]], [[xenophobia]] — especially towards Peru's southern neighbor Chile — and the mythologizing of the supposed [[racial superiority]] of 'copper skinned' Andeans. It also takes an old school ''[[Machismo|machista]]'' view of women’s rights while [[Isaac Humala]], ... called for the summary shooting of homosexuals and corrupt officials".<ref name=":1"/> The movement's newspaper ''Ollanta'' (later named ''Antauro''), according to ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', was where "[[Antisemitism|[a]nti-Semitic]], [[Anti-Chilean sentiment|anti-Chilean]] 'news' ran alongside xenophobic editorials".<ref name=":2"/> Etnocacerists call for 25% of children to belong to the state to be utilized as a [[military conscript]]s.<ref name=":2"/> Anthropologist Norma Correa of the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] stated "Supposedly, ethnocacerism is about inclusion, but really it excludes so many citizens in a society as diverse as [Peru's], ... It’s not just whites. Ethnocacerism has no place for Afro-Peruvians, Amazonian natives or even mestizos".<ref name=":1" />

Ethnocacerists distinguish themselves from both the political [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] (free markets, liberalism) and "Eurocentric" [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] (European radical theories, Marxist doctrine) in Peru, saying they oppose capitalism, fascism, and Marxism, arguing instead that they intend to create an organic indigenous ideology based on Peru's historical civilizations.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|last=Saldaña Ludeña|first=Pedro|title=Conversaciones con Antauro Humala|publisher=|year=2011|isbn=978-9972-33-534-1|location=Lima, Peru|pages=441))</ref> Their use of the slogan "ni derecha ni izquierda" traces itself to Juan Velasco Alvarado's military government which was unaligned to either the United States (First World) or Soviet Union (Second World).<ref>((Cite book|last=Saldaña Ludeña|first=Pedro|title=Conversaciones con Antauro Humala|year=2007|isbn=978-9972-33-534-1|location=Lima, Peru|pages=206))</ref> This position of non-alignment and [[Third-Worldism]] meant looking for solutions in Peruvian and Latin American history, such as the rebel hero [[Túpac Amaru II|Tupac Amaru]] and writer [[José Carlos Mariátegui]]. Anticolonial policies are still advocated by Antauro Humala and the Etnocacerists.

=== Territorial views ===
Following from his rejection of Peruvian nationalism, Antauro has pronounced himself against Peru's borders as colonial impositions traced back to Spanish colonization. A common slogan of his ethnic nationalism is that Peruvian nationalism wants to “reclaim the word ‘Peru’” while his ethnic nationalism wants to reclaim “the concept of tawantinsuyo” (the Quechua name for the Inca Empire), because “as an ethnic nationalist, I cannot respect criollo borders, because when I reclaim Tawantinsuyo, my ancestral homeland encompasses Tucumán (Argentina) all the way to Pasto (Colombia). We are a single people disseminated amongst various criollo states”.<ref name=":0" />

Antauro calls the Andeans countries and regions “the Inkan International” (La Internacional Inkaica) showing solidarity with Bolivians, Ecuadorians, and the Andean regions of Southwestern Colombia, Northwestern Argentina, and Northern Chile.<ref>((Cite book|last=Humala Tasso|first=Antauro|title=Etnocacerismo: Izquierda y Globalidad (Visión Etnocacerista)|publisher=Ediciones Antaurpi.|year=2011|location=Lima, Peru))</ref> The territorial views of ethnocacerists would expand Peru's population from around 30 million to over 100 million people.<ref name=":2"/>

Ethnocacerists supported Evo Morales's re-election to the presidency in 2019 and condemned the removal of Morales as "fascist" and "neocolonialist".<ref>((Cite journal|title=Resistencia en Bolivia|url=https://www.slideshare.net/FABIOINDIGO/antauro-lima-numero-02-version-final|journal=Antauro: Prensa Etnocacerista Regional de Lima|date=29 December 2019|volume=Año 2: Dec 2019|pages=5, 15))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ollanta Humala]]
* [[Anti-Chilean sentiment|Chilenophobia]]
* [[Locumba uprising]]
* [[Peruvian Nationalist Party]]
* [[Union for Peru]]
* [[Go on Country – Social Integration Party|Go on Country]]
* [[Peru Wins]]
* [[Indigenism]]
* [[National Bolshevism]]
* [[Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists]]
* [[Racial nationalism]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.latinreporters.com/peroupol05012005.html L'un des frères Humala sera-t-il le Hugo Chávez du Pérou?] (latinreporters.com; in French)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4140000/4140565.stm Quiénes son los etnocaceristas] (BBC; in Spanish)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4143000/4143315.stm Ollanta Humala habla con la BBC] (BBC; in Spanish)

((Internal conflict in Peru))
((Peruvian political crisis))
((Nationalism))
((Ethnic nationalism))

[[Category:Anti-Chilean sentiment]]
[[Category:Ethnic supremacy]]
[[Category:Ethnocentrism]]
[[Category:Guerrilla movements in Latin America]]
[[Category:Indigenist political parties in South America]]
[[Category:Indigenous nationalism in the Americas]]
[[Category:Indigenous politics in South America]]
[[Category:Nationalist movements in South America]]
[[Category:Peruvian nationalism]]
[[Category:Ideologies]]
[[Category:Racism in Peru]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Peru]]
[[Category:Political movements in Peru]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Peru]]
[[Category:Third Position]]

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Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
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Return to Ethnocacerism.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocacerism"