| Southern Loloish | |
|---|---|
| Hanoish | |
| Geographic distribution | South China and Indochina |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Glottolog | hani1249 |
The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish or Hanish languages, constitute a branch of the Loloish languages that includes Akha and Hani.
Languages
[edit]The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are:
| Hanoish | |
Hanoid in Lama (2012) is alternatively called Akoid in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group.
Other Southern Loloish languages are:
- Muda
- Paza (Phusang), a recently discovered language of northern Laos related to Sila[1]
- Bana or Bala[2] in Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu.
- Suobi 梭比, spoken in Yinyuan Township 因远镇, Yuanjiang County
- Nuobi 糯比, closely related to Suobi
- Cosao, a Southern Loloish language closely related to Khir
- Yiche 奕车, spoken in Honghe County
Kato (2008) also documents:
Other Southern Loloish language varieties in south-central Yunnan include Bukong 布孔, Budu 布都,[3] Asuo 阿梭, Duota 堕塔,[4] Amu 阿木, Lami 腊米, Qiedi 切弟, Kabie 卡别,[5] Woni 窝尼, Duoni 多尼, and Habei 哈备. Habei is unclassified within Southern Loloish.
Hsiu (2016, 2018)
[edit]A 2016 computational phylogenetic lexical analysis by Hsiu (2016)[6] distinguished the following five branches of Southern Loloish, providing further support for the Hanoid (Akoid) and Bisoid branches in Lama (2012) and Bradley (2007). A new Siloid branch was added.
The Southern Loloish tree above was subsequently revised by Hsiu (2018)[7] as follows, with 6 subgroups included.
Hsiu (2018) considers the Hani-Akha and Bi-Ka subgroups to be part of a northern linkage in south-central Yunnan, while the Siloid, Bisoid, Jino, and Mpi subgroups are part of a southern linkage in the China-Laos border region.[7]
Innovations
[edit]Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as Hanoish innovations.
- *m- → zero /__[u] (Hani and Haoni)
- *kh- > x- (Hani and Haoni)
- *N- > NC or C (nasal hardening rule in Bisu and Sangkong)
- Reversed order of syllables (family-wide)
References
[edit]- ^ "Paza". lingweb.eva.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29.
- ^ Bradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. Language diversity endangered. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ 中国少数民族社会历史调查资料丛刊》修订编辑委员会. 2009. 哈尼族社会历史调查, p.94, 99. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
- ^ Jiangcheng County Gazetteer (1989:351)
- ^ Jiang Ying [蒋颖], Cui Xia [崔霞], Qiao Xiang [乔翔]. 2009. A study of Ximoluo [西摩洛语研究]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社].
- ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2016. The classification of Cosao: a Lolo-Burmese language of China and Laos. Presented at the 22nd Himalayan Languages Symposium, Guwahati, India. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127809
- ^ a b Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.
- Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
- Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, and Tadahiko Shintani. 1999 Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Shintani, Tadahiko, Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
- Kato, Takashi. 2008. Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
| Mondzish |
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| Loloish (Yi) (Ngwi) |
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| Burmish |
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