* Kabugao is the officially recognized capital and seat of government, although the province carries out many of its operations in a new government center established in Luna.
Apayao, officially the Province of Apayao (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Apayao; Itawit: Provinsiya ya Apayao; Isnag: Provinsia nga Apayao; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Apayao), is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial capitol and its associated offices are located at the New Government Center in Luna.
The province borders Cagayan to the north and east, Abra and Ilocos Norte to the west, and Kalinga to the south. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao comprised a single province named Kalinga-Apayao, which was partitioned to better service the needs of individual ethnic groups.
With a population of 124,366 (as of the 2020 census)[3] covering an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi),[1] Apayao is the least densely-populated province in the Philippines, the least developed province in Luzon and one of the poorest.
History
By 20th century, Apayao is predominated by the Isneg people. They are located primarily in the highland municipalities of Kabugao and Calanasan. Majority of them live in scattered settlements along the upper reaches of the Apayao-Abulug River; while some along a major tributary of the Matalag River in Conner.[4]
Spanish colonial era
Although Apayao which was then part of Cagayan,[5] was among the earliest areas penetrated by the Spaniards in the Cordilleras, the region, inhabited by the Isneg tribe, remained largely outside Spanish control until late in the 19th century. As early as 1610, the Dominican friars established a mission in what is now the town of Pudtol. In 1684, the friars again made attempts to convert the people and established a church in what is now Kabugao.
Ruins of Pudtol Church, built in 1684 by the Dominicans and abandoned in 1815
The Spanish authorities were then able to establish in Cagayan the comandancias of Apayao and Cabugaoan in 1891,[5][6][7] which covered the western and eastern portions of what is now Apayao. The comandancias, however, failed to bring total control and the Spanish government only maintained a loose hold over the area.
American invasion era
Apayao was established through Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907 as a sub-province of Cagayan province.[8]
The Americans established the Mountain Province on August 13, 1908, with the enactment of Act No. 1876. Apayao was incorporated; and along with Amburayan, Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Lepanto, became sub-provinces of this new province.[4][6][7][9]
In the early years, the sub-province underwent series of territorial changes:[10]
1922: A barrio of municipal district of Bayag (now Calanasan) was transferred to Namaltugan.
1927: Parts of the municipal district of Pinukpuk in Kalinga were annexed to Conner.
Through EO 200, approved on September 6, 1929, barrios in Tauit were organized into a separate municipal district, Luna, effective October 1.[11]
Through EO 13, approved on January 21, 1936, Tauit was abolished and was annexed as a single barrio to Luna, effective February 1.[12]
Through EO 78, approved on December 23, 1936, Namaltugan was abolished and was annexed to Bayag and Kabugao, effective January 1, 1937.[13]
In the early years, Apayao as a sub-province was divided into seven municipal districts, all Isneg predominated.[4]
While the Isneg clashed with the Philippine Constabulary in the early years, the families attempted to escape the area and go into the mountains of Ilocos Norte and Abra. They were involved in an attack in Tauit in 1913.[4]
Japanese occupation era
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During the Second World War, Kabugao was occupied for a year by the Japanese; an Isneg guerilla force was organized under a United States Army captain who had escaped the Fall of Bataan. Little fighting occurred in the sub-province, but a number of Isneg fought with the American and Filipino forces in the Cagayan Valley and in the neighboring areas. The war and the post-war era seen development among the Isnegs, although slowly.[4]
On June 18, 1966, the huge Mountain Province was split into four provinces with the enactment of Republic Act No. 4695. The four provinces were Benguet, Bontoc (renamed "Mountain Province"), Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.[7][14] Kalinga-Apayao, along with Ifugao, became one of the provinces of the Cagayan Valley region in 1972.[14]
Finally, on February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao was split into two independent provinces with the passage of Republic Act No. 7878.[7][14][17]
Biodiversity and biosphere reserve
Apayao is biologically diverse. The province is sanctuary to 139 bird species, 61 of which are endemic and 4 threatened.[18] It also has 43 species of wild food plants eaten by the indigenous people and 50 species of medicinal plants.[19] The province is home to critically endangered rufous hornbills, lawaan or dipterocarp trees, Raflesia flowers, and the white-winged flying fox.[18]
The Philippine Eagle Foundation began its search of eagles in Apayao in 2011 after reports of huge eagles were roaming the area for centuries.[20] On March 22, 2013, scientists discovered the stronghold of critically endangered Philippine eagles, the country's national bird, in Luzon island within the vicinity of the Calanasan Lowland Forest.[21] In January 2015, the town of Calanasan initiated a program which protected 3,000 hectares of forests under its jurisdiction.[22] Additionally, the province of Apayao is one of the very few in the country that has an approved forest land use plan (FLUP).[23] The first active Philippine eagle nest in Apayao was discovered in July 2015.[20]
On 9 July 2018,[23] the provincial government of Apayao announced their intent for the province to be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The province, which possesses more than 286,000 hectares of virgin forests, also noted that they have sent four of their personnel to train in the United States under the US Foreign Service to hasten the declaration of the site.[24] On January 16, 2019, the provincial government announced that they were doing "legwork for the inscription."[25]
Tauit
Tauit (or Tawit), an Isneg settlement along the lower Apayao-Abulug River, was a former municipal district and Apayao's first sub-provincial capital (1907–1915) until the capital was moved to Kabugao in August 1915 by virtue of Executive Order No. 45.[4][8][10][26] It had been existed by the time of creation of the sub-province of Apayao.[27]
Tauit is said to be the forerunner of the present-day Pudtol.[28][29] Its seat of government at Barrio Tawit was later divided into four barangays in the municipality.[27][30]
In 1913, a band of Isneg attacked Tauit, as they were infuriated by the large number of Ilocano settling in the territory under the protection of the local government.[4]
In 1926, Allacapan was founded as its municipal district. In July 1927, the area was separated from Tauit and was organized into an independent one with the same name by virtue of EO No. 68.[10] It was ceded to the province of Cagayan in 1928.[31]
In 1929, a separate municipal district taken from Tauit, Macatel (later renamed Luna through a resolution), was organized through EO No. 200.[27][30][32]
Difficulties in transportation led to the decision to abandon Tauit as a municipal district and to be represented by Luna.[30]
Tauit was abolished through EO No. 13, issued on January 21, 1936 and effective February 1, with remaining territories annexed as a single barrio to Luna.[12][30] These territories were established as the municipal district of Pudtol upon its creation on December 3, 1956 through EO No. 217.[27][33]
Parts of the territories of Pudtol and Luna were later established as the municipalities of Flora and Santa Marcela; meanwhile, Tauit also comprised some parts of Lasam in Cagayan. At present, remnants of Tauit are located in northeastern Apayao and in few parts of Cagayan.[27][28][30]
Apayao is basically situated within the Cordillera Central mountains, traversed by many rivers. The province covers an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi)[34] forming the northern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region, and is bounded on the north and east by Cagayan, west by Ilocos Norte, southwest by Abra and south by Kalinga.
The province is geographically subdivided into Upper Apayao (composed of the upland municipalities: Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao) and Lower Apayao (the lowland municipalities: Luna, Pudtol, Flora and Sta. Marcela).[35]
Plains and valleys are used for farming. Apayao is basically composed of farmlands.[citation needed]
Climate
The prevailing climate in the province falls under Corona's Type III Classification. It is characterized by relatively dry and wet seasons, from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain during December to February while the month of May is the warmest.
The 7 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 133 barangays, with Barangay Malama in Conner as the most populous in 2015, and Eleazar in Calanasan as the least.[37][34]
The population of Apayao in the 2020 census was 124,366 people,[36] with a density of 28 inhabitants per square kilometre or 73 inhabitants per square mile.
The Isnag people were the first inhabitants of Apayao. Their numbers were eventually overtaken by the Ilokano people who migrated under the orders of then president Marcos, making the Isnag a minority in their ancestral lands.
Based on the 2000 census survey, Ilocanos comprised 49,328 (50.82%) of the total provincial population of 97,058, while almost 1/3 of the population were Isnag at 29,071 (29.95%). Other ethnic groups in the province were the Malaueg at 3,580 (3.69%), Isneg at 3,380 (3.48%), Kalinga at 2,992 (3.08%), Kankanaey at 1,208 (1.24%), Bontoc at 1,014 (1.04%), and Ibaloi at 979 (1.01%).[40]
Economy
Poverty Incidence of Apayao
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Economic activity is also based on livestock and poultry breeding such as swine, carabao, cattle, goat and sheep. Other additional investment includes manufacturing, food processing, furniture, crafts and house wares making.[52]
Updated records of the Department of Trade and Industry Provincial Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture, garment craft, food processing, gifts and house wares, and agricultural support.
The people of Apayao also have a rich tradition of basket, handicraft, and textile weaving.[53]
References
^ ab"List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
^ abcdLancion, Jr., Conrado M.; de Guzman, Rey (cartography) (1995). "The Provinces". Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces (The 2000 Millenium ed.). Makati, Metro Manila: Tahanan Books. pp. 76, 86, 108. ISBN971-630-037-9. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ ab"DA allots P278M for irrigation, agri projects in Apayao". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Last year, Apayao produced a total of 98,489 metric tons of palay (paddy rice), according to the DA's Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. The volume is equivalent to 64,017 MT of rice at 65 percent milling recovery.
^Galvez, James Konstantin (14 January 2014). "Government agri program to promote Apayao's wild fruits". The Manila Times. Retrieved 23 April 2016. The province of Apayao is host to some of the country's indigenous crops including: lubeg, bignay, bignay kalabaw, calumpit, saging matsing, other than the fruit-bearing trees like durian, marang, lanzones, rambutan, pineapple, mangosteen, coconut, santol, among others.
