The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents. It includes those said to have ruled a portion of the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka.
The earliest Indian rulers are known from Sanskrit literature, Jain literature and a few in Buddhist literature in context of literary sources. Archaeological sources included archological remains in Indian subcontinent which give many details about earlier kingdoms, monarchs, and their interactions with each other.
Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least the dynasty, at the time. These Punch-marked coins issued around 600s BCE and in abundance under the Maurya Empire in 300s BCE.
There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time. The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but the many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India is less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history is Sangam Literature dated from 300s BCE.
Time period of ancient Indian rulers rulers are speculative, or at least uncertain. The early history of many dynasties of Ancient India and are currently uncertain.
Main article: Heheya Kingdom |
Later they were divided among different sub-castes which include Kansara, Kasera, Tamrakar, Thathera, Tambat and many more.[3]
A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the Kalachuri and Mushika Kingdom of Kerala, claimed their descent from the Haihayas.[4]
Main article: Magadha |
Main article: Brihadratha dynasty |
Ruler | Reign (BCE) |
---|---|
Brihadratha | |
Jarasandha | |
Sahadeva of Magadha | |
Somadhi | 1661–1603 BCE |
Srutasravas | 1603–1539 BCE |
Ayutayus | 1539–1503 BCE |
Niramitra | 1503–1463 BCE |
Sukshatra | 1463–1405 BCE |
Brihatkarman | 1405–1382 BCE |
Senajit | 1382–1332 BCE |
Srutanjaya | 1332–1292 BCE |
Vipra | 1292–1257 BCE |
Suchi | 1257–1199 BCE |
Kshemya | 1199–1171 BCE |
Subrata | 1171–1107 BCE |
Dharma | 1107–1043 BCE |
Susuma | 1043–970 BCE |
Dridhasena | 970–912 BCE |
Sumati | 912–879 BCE |
Subala | 879–857 BCE |
Sunita | 857–817 BCE |
Satyajit | 817–767 BCE |
Viswajit | 767–732 BCE |
Ripunjaya | 732–682 BCE |
(Ripunjaya was the last ruler of dynasty, dethorned by Pradyota in 682 BCE)
Main article: Pradyota dynasty |
Ruler | Reign (BCE) | Period |
---|---|---|
Pradyota Mahasena | 682–659 BCE | 23 |
Palaka | 659–635 BCE | 24 |
Visakhayupa | 635–585 BCE | 50 |
Ajaka | 585–564 BCE | 21 |
Varttivarddhana | 564–544 BCE | 20 |
(Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE)
Main article: Haryanka dynasty |
Ruler | Reign (BCE) |
---|---|
Bimbisara | 544–491 BCE |
Ajatashatru | 491–461 BCE |
Udayin | 461–428 BCE |
Anirudha | 428–419 BCE |
Munda | 419–417 BCE |
Darshaka | 417–415 BCE |
Nāgadāsaka | 415–413 BCE |
(Nāgadāsaka was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by Shishunaga in 413 BCE)
Main article: Shaishunaga dynasty |
Ruler | Reign (BCE) |
---|---|
Shishunaga | 413–395 BCE |
Kalashoka | 395–377 BCE |
Kshemadharman | 377–365 BCE |
Kshatraujas | 365–355 BCE |
Nandivardhana | 355–349 BCE |
Mahanandin | 349–345 BCE |
(Mahanandin lost his empire by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE)
Main article: Nanda Empire |
See also: Conquest of the Nanda Empire |
Ruler | Reign (BCE) |
---|---|
Mahapadma Nanda | 345–340 BCE |
Pandhukananda | 340–339 BCE |
Panghupatinanda | 339–338 BCE |
Bhutapalananda | 338–337 BCE |
Rashtrapalananada | 337–336 BCE |
Govishanakananda | 336–335 BCE |
Dashasidkhakananda | 335–334 BCE |
Kaivartananda | 334–333 BCE |
Karvinathanand | 333–330 BCE |
Dhana Nanda | 330–322 BCE |
(Dhana Nanda lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)
Main article: Maurya Empire |
Ruler | Reign | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
Chandragupta Maurya | 322–297 BCE | Founder of first Indian united empire. | |
Bindusara | 297–273 BCE | Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of Vidarbh revolt. | |
Ashoka | 268–232 BCE | Greatest emperor of dynasty. His son Kunala was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for Kalinga war victory. | |
Dasharatha Maurya | 232–224 BCE | Grandson of Ashoka. | |
Samprati | 224–215 BCE | Brother of Dasharatha. | |
Shalishuka | 215–202 BCE | ||
Devavarman | 202–195 BCE | ||
Shatadhanvan | 195–187 BCE | The Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign | |
Brihadratha | 187–184 BCE | Assassinated by his Commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE. |
(Brihadratha was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE)
Main article: Shunga Empire |
Ruler | Reign (BCE) |
---|---|
Pushyamitra Shunga | 185–149 BCE |
Agnimitra | 149–141 BCE |
Vasujyeshtha | 141–131 BCE |
Vasumitra | 131–124 BCE |
Bhadraka | 124–122 BCE |
Pulindaka | 122–119 BCE |
Ghosha | 119–108 BCE |
Vajramitra | 108–94 BCE |
Bhagabhadra | 94–83 BCE |
Devabhuti | 83–73 BCE |
(Devabhuti was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by, dethroned Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE)
Main article: Kanva dynasty |
Ruler | Reign | Period |
---|---|---|
Vasudeva Kanva | 73–64 BCE | 9 |
Bhumimitra | 64–50 BCE | 14 |
Narayana | 50–38 BCE | 12 |
Susarman | 38–28 BCE | 10 |
(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Simuka of Satavahana Empire)
Main article: Kalinga (historical region) |
According to Mahabharata and some Puranas, the prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of Kalinga, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.[5][6] The Mahabharata also mentions one Srutayudha as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the Kaurava camp.[7] In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.[8]
This dynasty is mentioned in Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka. The first king Kalinga I is said to have broken away from the Danda kingdom along with the kings of Asmaka and Vidarbha as its feudal states.
His son, Prince Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya was exiled and as per Maldivian history, established the first kingdom Dheeva Maari and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.[9]
Main articles: Gonanda dynasty and Kashmir |
Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds between 1800 BCE – 1700 BCE.[10]
The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.[11]
Ruler | Reign[12] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Gonanda III | 35 years | 1182 BCE | Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to Rama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites |
Vibhishana I | 53 years, 6 months | 1147 BCE | |
Indrajit | 35 years | 1094 BCE | |
Ravana | 30 years, 6 months | – | A Shivalinga attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana. |
Vibhishana II | 35 years, 6 months | 1058 BCE | |
Nara I (Kinnara) | 40 years, 9 months | 1023 BCE | His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. |
Siddha | 60 years | 983 BCE | Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. |
Utpalaksha | 30 years, 6 months | 923 BCE | Son of Siddha |
Hiranyaksha | 37 years, 7 months | 893 BCE | Son of Utpalaksha |
Hiranyakula | 60 years | 855 BCE | Son of Hiranyaksha |
Vasukula (Mukula) | 60 years | 795 BCE | Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly Hunas) overran Kashmir. |
Mihirakula | 70 years | 735 BCE | According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was Toramana. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.[13] According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the Sinhala Kingdom, and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through Chola, Karnata and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation. |
Vaka (Baka) | 63 years, 18 days | 665 BCE | A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. |
Kshitinanda | 30 years | 602 BCE | The only surviving child of Vaka |
Vasunanda | 52 years, 2 months | 572 BCE | "Originator of the science of love" |
Nara II | 60 years | 520 BCE | Son of Vasunanda |
Aksha | 60 years | 460 BCE | Son of Nara II |
Gopaditya | 60 years, 6 days | 400 BCE | Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries. |
Gokarna | 57 years, 11 months | 340 BCE | Son of Gopaditya |
Narendraditya I (Khingkhila) | 36 years, 3 months, 10 days | 282 BCE | Son of Gokarna |
Yudhisthira I | 34 years, 5 months, 1 day | 246 BCE | Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. |
No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.[13] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.[12]
Ruler | Reign[12] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Pratapaditya I | 32 years | 167 BCE | Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). |
Jalauka | 32 years | 135 BCE | Son of Pratapaditya |
Tungjina I | 36 years | 103 BCE | Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed sati. The couple died childless. |
Vijaya | 8 years | 67 BCE | From a different dynasty than Tungjina. |
Jayendra | 37 years | 59 BCE | Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. |
Sandhimati | 47 years | 22 BCE | Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with rishis (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne. |
Main article: Gonanda dynasty (II) |
Ruler | Reign[12] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Meghavahana | 34 years | 25 CE | Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter. |
Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II) | 30 years | 59 CE | Son of Meghavahana |
Hiranya | 30 years, 2 months | 89 CE | Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[13] |
Matrigupta | 4 years, 9 months, 1 day | 120 CE | According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606–47 CE).[15] The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.[16] |
Pravarasena II | 60 years | 125 CE | Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.[13] According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details.[17] |
Yudhishthira II | 39 years, 8 months | 185 CE | Son of Pravarasena |
Narendraditya I (Lakshmana) | 13 years | 206 CE | Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati |
Ranaditya I (Tungjina III) | 300 years | 219 CE | Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual. |
Vikramaditya | 42 years | 519 CE | Son of Ranaditya |
Baladitya | 36 years, 8 months | 561 CE | Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama Kayastha caste. |
Main article: Gandhara Kingdom |
Gandhara region centered around the Peshawar Valley and Swat river valley, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the Taxila region in Potohar Plateau and westwards into the Kabul and Bamiyan valleys in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the Karakoram range.[18][19]
Main article: Kuru Kingdom |
Main article: Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata) |
Ajamida II had a son named Rishin. Rishin had two sons namely Samvarana II, whose son was Kuru and Brihadvasu whose descendants were Panchalas.[22][23][24]
Main article: Anga |
Main article: Kambojas |
Main article: Pandya dynasty |
Main article: Early Pandyan Kingdom |
(Earliest Known Pandyan king)
(Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan) (he was mentioned in legend of Kannagi)
(Pasumpun Pandiyan)
(Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan)
During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.
(1422–1463)
(1429–1473)
(1534–1543)
(1543–1552)
(1564–1604)
Main article: Chera dynasty |
Main article: Karur |
(The Perumals, formerly Kulasekharas)
Main article: Kulasekhara |
Main article: Chola dynasty |
Main article: Kingdom of Tambapanni |
Main article: House of Vijaya |
Portrait | Name | Birth | Death | King From | King Until | Marriages | Claim |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vijaya | ? Sinhapura son of Sinhabahu, and Sinhasivali |
505 BC Tambapanni |
543 BC | 505 BC | Kuveni two children Pandu Princess |
Founded Kingdom Marriage to Kuveni | |
Upatissa (regent) |
- | - | 505 BC | 504 BC | Prince Vijaya's Chief Minister | ||
Panduvasdeva | - | - | 504 BC | 474 BC | Nephew of Vijaya | ||
Abhaya | - | - | 474 BC | 454 BC | Son of Panduvasdeva | ||
Tissa (regent) |
- | - | 454 BC | 437 BC | Younger brother of Abhaya |
Main article: Satavahana dynasty |
The beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 230 BCE to 220 CE.[25] Satavahanas dominated the Deccan region from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.[26] It lasted till the early 3rd century CE. The following Satavahana kings are historically attested by epigraphic records, although the Puranas name several more kings (see Satavahana dynasty#List of rulers):
Main article: Mahameghavahana dynasty |
Mahamegha Vahana was the founder of the Kalingan Chedi or Cheti Dynasty.[27][28] The names of Sobhanaraja, Chandraja, Ksemaraja also appear in context.[29] But, Kharavela is the most well known among them. The exact relation between Mahamegha Vahana and Kharavela is not known.[27]
Main articles: History of Manipur and List of Manipuri kings |
The Meitei people are made up of seven major clans, known as Salai Taret The clans include–
Main article: Ningthouja dynasty |
Main article: Kangleipak State |
(Came to power with Burmese support).
(Restored after the First Anglo-Burmese War)
Main article: Kuninda Kingdom |
The Kingdom of Kuninda was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom documented from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, located in the southern areas of modern Himachal Pradesh and far western areas of Uttarakhand in North India.
See also: Middle kingdoms of India |
These empires were vast, centered in Persia or the Mediterranean; their satrapies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.
The sequence of there invasions are-
Main article: Indo-Greek Kingdom |
Main article: Indo-Scythians |
Main article: Apracharajas |
Main article: Northern Satraps |
Main article: Western Satraps |
Main article: Paratarajas |
Main article: Kushan Empire |
Ruler | Reign | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
Heraios | 1–30 | King or clan chief of the Kushans. Founder of the dynasty. | |
Kujula Kadphises | 30–80 | United the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century, and became the first Kushan emperor. | |
Vima Takto Soter Megas | 80–90 | Alias The Great Saviour. His empire covered northwestern Gandhara and greater Bactria towards China, where Kushan presence has been asserted in the Tarim Basin. Under his reign, embassies were also sent to the Chinese court. | |
Vima Kadphises | 90–127 | The first great Kushan emperor. He introduced gold coinage, in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage. Most of the gold seems to have been obtained through trade with the Roman Empire. | |
Kanishka I the Great | 127–144 | Came to rule an empire in Bactria extending to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain. His conquests and patronage of Buddhism played an important role in the development of the Silk Road, and in the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China. | |
Huvishka | 144–191 | His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire. | |
Vasudeva I | 191–232 | He was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanians as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanians or Kushanshahs from around 240. | |
Kanishka II | 232–245 | It is likely he lost part of his empire to the Kushano-Sassanians. | |
Vashishka | 245–250 | ||
Kanishka III | 250–275 | ||
Vasudeva II | 275–310 | ||
Chhu | 310–325 | ||
Vasudeva III | c.300? | Kings whose existence is uncertain. | |
Vasudeva IV | |||
Vasudeva V | |||
Shaka Kushan/Shaka I | 325–350 | ||
Kipunada | 350–375 | May have been a subject of Samudragupta from Gupta Empire. |
Main article: Indo-Parthian Kingdom |
Main article: Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom |
Main article: Alchon Huns |
Main article: Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur |
Following is the list of Nagvanshi rulers according to Nagpuri poem "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta and book "Nagvansh" written by Lal Pradumn Singh. The list of Kings and chronology varies in these books. 57th Nagvanshi king Dripnath Shah (c.1762–1790 CE) submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to Governor general of India in 1787.[35]
Main article: Nagas of Padmavati |
(Possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd Century).
(May also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga).
(Probably the first king to rule from Padmavati)
Main articles: Chandra dynasty and Harikela |
# | King | Period | Reign (CE) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Chandrodaya | 27 | 202–229 |
2 | Annaveta | 5 | 229–234 |
3 | Chandra | 77 | 234–311 |
4 | Rimbhiappa | 23 | 311–334 |
5 | Kuverami (Queen) | 7 | 334–341 |
6 | Umavira (Queen) | 20 | 341–361 |
7 | Jugna | 7 | 361–368 |
8 | Lanki | 2 | 368–370 |
9 | Dvenchandra | 55 | 370–425 |
10 | Rajachandra | 20 | 425–445 |
11 | Kalachandra | 9 | 445–454 |
12 | Devachandra | 22 | 454–476 |
13 | Yajnachandra | 7 | 476–483 |
14 | Chandrabandu | 6 | 483–489 |
15 | Bhumichandra | 7 | 489–496 |
16 | Bhutichandra | 24 | 496–520 |
17 | Nitichandra (Queen) | 55 | 520–575 |
18 | Virachandra | 3 | 575–578 |
19 | Pritichandra (Queen) | 12 | 578-90 |
20 | Prithvichandra | 7 | 590–597 |
21 | Dhirtichandra | 3 | 597–600 |
22 | Mahavira | 12 | 600-12 |
23 | Virayajap | 12 | 612-24 |
24 | Sevinren | 12 | 624-36 |
25 | Dharmasura | 13 | 636-49 |
26 | Vajrashakti | 16 | 649-65 |
27 | Dharmavijaya | 36 | 665–701 |
28 | Narendravijaya | 2 yr 9 months | 701–703 |
29 | Dharmachandra | 16 | 703–720 |
30 | Anandachandra | 9+ | 720-729+ |
Harikela Dynasty | |||
1 | Traillokyachandra | 30 | 900–930 |
2 | Srichandra | 45 | 930–975 |
3 | Kalyanachandra | 25 | 975–1000 |
4 | Ladahachandra | 20 | 1000–1020 |
5 | Govindachandra | 30 | 1020–1050 |
Main article: Abhira dynasty |
The following is the list of the sovereign and strong Abhira rulers:[38]
Main article: Gupta Empire |
Ruler | Reign | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
Srigupta | ![]() |
240–290 | Founder of the dynasty. |
Ghatotkacha | ![]() |
290–320 | |
Chandragupta I | 320–325 | His title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power. | |
Samudragupta | 325–375 | Defeated several kings of northern India, and annexed their territories to his empire. He also marched along the south-eastern coast of India, advancing as far as the Pallava kingdom. In addition, he subjugated several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies. His empire extended from Ravi River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west; several rulers along the south-eastern coast were his tributaries. | |
Kacha | 4th-century | Rival brother/king, possibly an usurper, there are coins who attest him as ruler; possibly identical with Samudra-Gupta. | |
Ramagupta | 375–380 | ||
Chandragupta II Vikramaditya | 380–415 | Continued the expansionist policy of his father Samudragupta: historical evidence suggests that he defeated the Western Kshatrapas, and extended the Gupta empire from the Indus River in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Narmada River in the south. | |
Kumaragupta I | 415–455 | He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from Gujarat in the west to Bengal region in the east. | |
Skandagupta | 455–467 | It is stated that he restored the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family, which has led to suggestions that during his predecessor's last years, the Empire may have suffered reverses, possibly against the Pushyamitras or the Hunas. He is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors. | |
Purugupta | 467–472 | ||
Kumaragupta II Kramaditya | 472–479 | ||
Buddhagupta | 479–496 | He had close ties with the rulers of Kannauj and together they sought to run the Alchon Huns (Hunas) out of the fertile plains of Northern India. | |
Narasimhagupta Baladitya | 496–530 | ||
Kumaragupta III | 530–540 | ||
Vishnugupta Candraditya | 540–550 | ||
Bhanugupta | ? | A lesser-known king with uncertain position in the list. |
Main article: Vakataka dynasty |
Main article: Pallava dynasty |
Main articles: Aulikara Empire and Dashapura |
Rulers of First Aulikara dynasty-
Rulers of Second Aulikara dynasty-
Main article: Kadamba dynasty |
Banavasi branch rulers-
Triparvatha branch rulers-
Main article: Kadambas of Goa |
Main article: Kadambas of Hangal |
Main articles: Varman dynasty and Kamarupa |
The dynastic line, as given in the Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions:[39]
Reign | Name | succession | Queen | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 350-374 | Pushyavarman | (unknown) | |
2 | 374-398 | Samudravarman | son of Pushyavarman | Dattadevi |
3 | 398-422 | Balavarman | son of Samudravarman | Ratnavati |
4 | 422-446 | Kalyanavarman | son of Balavarman | Gandharavati |
5 | 446-470 | Ganapativarman | son of Kalyanavarman | Yajnavati |
6 | 470-494 | Mahendravarman | son of Ganapativarman | Suvrata |
7 | 494-518 | Narayanavarman | son of Mahendravarman | Devavati |
8 | 518-542 | Bhutivarman | son of Narayanavarman | Vijnayavati |
9 | 542-566 | Chandramukhavarman | son of Bhutivarman | Bhogavati |
10 | 566-590 | Sthitavarman | son of Chandramukhavarman | Nayanadevi |
11 | 590-595 | Susthitavarman | son of Sthitavarman | Syamadevi |
12 | 595-600 | Supratisthitavarman | son of Susthitavarman | (Bachelor) |
13 | 600-650 | Bhaskaravarman | brother of Supratisthitavarman | (Bachelor) |
14 | 650-655 | Unknown | (unknown) | (unknown) |
Main article: Western Ganga dynasty |
Main article: Traikutaka dynasty |
The following Traikuta rulers are known from the coins and inscriptions of Gupta Empire:[40]
Main article: Vishnukundina dynasty |
Main article: Maitraka dynasty |
Main article: Rai dynasty |
Main article: Later Gupta dynasty |
The known Later Gupta rulers included:[44][45][46]
Main articles: Chalukya dynasty, Eastern Chalukyas, and Western Chalukya Empire |
Ruler | Reign | Capital | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jayasimha I | 500–520 | Badami | Founder of the dynasty. He ruled the area around modern Bijapur in the early 6th century. | |
Ranaraga | 520–540 | Badami | ||
Pulakeshin I | 540–567 | Badami | He ruled parts of the present-day Maharashtra and Karnataka states in the western Deccan region of India. | |
Kirtivarman I | 567–592 | Badami | He expanded the Chalukya kingdom by defeating the Nalas, the Mauryas of Konkana, the Kadambas, the Alupas, and the Gangas of Talakad. | |
Mangalesha | 592–610 | Badami | Brother of Kirtivarman. Expanded the Chalukya power in present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra after defeating the Kalachuri king Buddharaja. He also consolidated his rule in the Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra and Goa after conquering Revati-dvipa from the rebel Chalukya governor Svamiraja. His reign ended when he lost a war of succession to his nephew Pulakeshin II, a son of Kirttivarman I. | |
Pulakeshin II | 610–642 | Badami | Son of Kirtivarman I, he overthrew his uncle Mangalesha to gain control of the throne. Suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south. Consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of Konkana. He was victorious against the
powerful northern emperor Harsha-vardhana. He also achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south, but was ultimately defeated, and probably killed, during an invasion by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I. | |
Kubja Vishnu-Vardhana I | 615/24–641 | Vengi (Eastern) | Brother of Pulakeshin II. Ruled under him as viceroy in Vengi, and then declared independence in 624. | |
Jayasimha I (II) | 641–673 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Adityavarman | 642–645 | Badami | First son of Pulakeshin II. Probably ruled under the Pallavas. | |
Abhinavaditya | 645–646 | Badami | Son of the predecessor. | |
Chandraditya | 646–649 | Badami | Second son of Pulakeshin II. | |
Vijaya-Bhattarika (regent) | 649–655 | Badami | Regent for her minor son. She was deposed by her brother-in-law. | |
A son of Chandraditya | Badami | |||
Vikramaditya I | 655–680 | Badami | He restored order in the fractured kingdom and made the Pallavas retreat from the capital. | |
Indra Bhattaraka | 673 | Vengi (Eastern) | Brother of Jayasimha II. Ruled for a week. | |
Vishnu-Vardhana II | 673–682 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vinayaditya | 680–696 | Badami | He carried campaigns against the Pallavas, Kalabhras, Haihayas, Vilas, Cholas, Pandyas, Gangas and many more. | |
Mangi Yuvaraja | 682–706 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vijayaditya I | 696–733 | Badami | His long reign was marked by general peace and prosperity. Vijayaditya also built a number of temples. He fought against the Pallavas and extracted tributes from Parameshwar Varma V. | |
Jayasimha III | 706–718 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Kokkli | 718–719 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vishnu-Vardhana III | 719–755 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vikramaditya II | 733–746 | Badami | Conducted successful military campaigns against their enemy, the Pallavas of Kanchipuram, in three occasions: the first time as a crown prince, the second time as an emperor and the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II. | |
Kirtivarman II Rahappa | 746- 757 | Badami | His reign was continuously troubled by the growing power of the Rashtrakutas and Pandyas. He finallt succumbed to the Rashtrakutas, who ended the power of the family in Badami. | |
Vijayaditya I (II) | 755–772 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vishnu-Vardhana IV | 755–808 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vijayaditya II (III) | 808–847 | Vengi (Eastern) | His first military victories against the Rashtrakutas made the path for the independence of the dynasty from this occupant. | |
Kali Vishnu-Vardhana V | 847–849 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vijayaditya III (IV) | 849–892 | Vengi (Eastern) | Brothers, ruled together. | |
Vikramaditya I (III) | Vengi (Eastern) | |||
Yuddhamalla I | Vengi (Eastern) | |||
Bhima I | 892–921 | Vengi (Eastern) | During his rule, Vengi could claim some independence as capital from the Rashtrakutas. | |
Vijayaditya IV (V) | 921 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Amma I | 921–927 | Vengi (Eastern) | Probably brothers, ruled jointly. | |
Vishnu-Vardhana VI | Vengi (Eastern) | |||
Vijayaditya V (VI) | 927 | Vengi (Eastern) | Ruled for fifteen days. | |
Tadapa | 927 | Vengi (Eastern) | Ruled for a month. | |
Vikramaditya II (IV) | 927–928 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Bhima II | 928–929 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Yuddhamalla II | 929–935 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Bhima III | 935–947 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Amma II | 947–970 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Danarnava | 970–973 | Vengi (Eastern) | Deposed by Jata Choda Bhima. Sought for help within the Chola Empire. | |
Tailapa II Ahvamalla | 973–997 | Kalyani (Western) | 6th great-grandson of Vijayaditya I. Ousted the Rashtrakutas in the West and recovered the power once held by his family. | |
Jata Choda Bhima | 973–999 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Satyashraya | 997–1008 | Kalyani (Western) | ||
Shaktivarman I | 999–1011 | Vengi (Eastern) | First son of Danarnava. Returned from exile and recovered his throne. Now free from the usurper, however Eastern Vengi dynasty lost some of the independence they have gained some generations ago. Begin of the growing Chola influence in Vengi kingdom. | |
Vikramaditya V | 1008–1015 | Kalyani (Western) | Nephew of Satyahraya, as son of his brother, Dashavarman. | |
Vimaladitya | 1011–1018 | Vengi (Eastern) | Second son of Danarnava. In his exile period with his father and brother, he was married to Kundavai, daughter of Rajaraja I from the Chola Empire. | |
Jayasimha II (III) | 1015–1043 | Kalyani (Western) | He had to fight on many fronts, against the Cholas of Tanjore in the south and the Paramara dynasty in the north, to protect his kingdom. His rule however was an important period of development of Kannada literature. He saw his cousins in Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South. But, at the same time, he consolidated more firmly the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan. | |
Rajaraja Narendra | 1018–1061 | Vengi (Eastern) | Son of Vimaladitya, had support in the throne from the Cholas, whose influence grew significantly. He supported Cholas against his cousins, the Western Chalukyas. His own son managed to succeed in the Chola Empire, in 1070, as Kulottunga I, beginning the Later Cholas period, in which the Chola Empire was ruled by a branch of the Eastern Chalukyas renamed Chola. | |
Someshvara I Trilokyamalla | 1042–1068 | Kalyani (Western) | His several military successes in Central India made him a formidable ruler of a vast empire. During his rule, the Chalukyan empire extended to Gujarat and Central India in the north. | |
Shaktivarman II | 1061–1062 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vijayaditya VII | 1062–1075 | Vengi (Eastern) | Also son of Vimaladitya, but half-brother of Rajaraja Narendra. Ascended to the throne with support from Western Chalukyas. | |
Someshvara II Bhuvanaikamalla | 1068–1076 | Kalyani (Western) | First son of Someshvara I, deposed by his younger brother, Vikramaditya. | |
Rajaraja | 1075–1079 | Vengi (Eastern) | ||
Vikramaditya VI Tribhuvanamalla | 1076–1126 | Kalyani (Western) | Second son of Someshvara I. Under his reign, the Western Chalukya Empire reached its zenith. He is noted for his patronage of art and letters. His court was adorned with famous Kannada and Sanskrit poets. Intervened in Chola politics, sitting his brother-in-law, Athirajendra Chola, on the Chola Empire throne. | |
Vishnu-Vardhana VII | 1079–1102 | Vengi (Eastern) | Last known Chalukya ruler of Vengi. | |
Someshvara III | 1126–1138 | Kalyani (Western) | He was a noted historian, scholar, and poet, and authored the Sanskrit encyclopedic text Manasollasa touching upon such topics as polity, governance, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, medicine, food, architecture, painting, poetry and music: making his work a valuable modern source of socio-cultural information of the 11th- and 12th-century India. | |
Jagadhekamalla II | 1138–1151 | Kalyani (Western) | His rule saw the slow decline of the Chalukya empire with the loss of Vengi entirely, though he was still able to control the Hoysalas in the south and the Seuna and Paramara in the north. | |
Tailapa III | 1151–1164 | Kalyani (Western) | Faced many feudatory risings against Chalukya rule. | |
Jagadhekamalla III | 1164–1183 | Kalyani (Western) | His rule was completely overshowded by the emergence of the Southern Kalachuris under Bijjala II who took control of Kalyani. He had to escape to the Banavasi region. | |
Someshvara IV | 1183–1200 | Kalyani (Western) | Recovered his capital, by defeating the Kalachuris, but failed to prevent his old allies, Seuna, Hoysala and the Kakatiya dynasty, who, after deposing Someshvara by 1200, divided his empire among themselves. |
Main article: Shahi Kingdom |
In Kabul Shahi Kingdom two Dynasties ruled (both were Hindu dynasties) from:
Main article: Turk Shahi |
Main article: Hindu Shahi |
Main article: Pushyabhuti dynasty |
Main article: Eastern Ganga dynasty |
Indravarman I is earliest known Independent king of the dynasty. He is known from the Jirjingi copper plate grant.[41][42]
(Eastern Ganga king, feudal under Vakataka rule)
(Real founder of dynasty)
Main article: Gudari, Rayagada |
According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu founded a new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern Rayagada district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva.[47]
Main article: Chikiti |
Historians conclude that the rulers of Chikiti were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman.[48][49]
(881–940)
(941–997)
(998–1059)
(1060–1094)
(1095–1143)
(1144–1197)
(1198–1249)
(1250–1272)
(1273–1313)
(1314–1364)
(1365–1417)
(1418–1464)
(1465–1530)
(1531–1583)
(1584–1633)
(1634–1691)
(1737–1769)
(1832–1835)
(1923–1934)
(1934–1950)
Main article: Parlakhemundi Ganga rulers |
Parlakhemundi state rulers were the direct descendants of the Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers of Odisha.[50][51]
(1913–1950)
(1950 – 25 May 1974)
(25 May 1974 – 10 January 2020)
(10 January 2020–present)
Main article: Jaintia Kingdom |
Main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty |
Main article: Pratiharas of Mandavyapura |
R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE. The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers (IAST names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years.
Main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty |
Known Baddoch rulers are-
Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh
See also: Rajput, Udaipur State, and Mewar |
In the 6th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan:
Main article: Guhila dynasty |
Rahapa, a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:
Main article: Sisodia |
Main article: Gauda Kingdom |
Main article: Brahman dynasty of Sindh |
The known rulers of the Brahman dynasty are:[63]
Main articles: Karkota dynasty and Kashmir |
Main article: Chauhan |
The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included:-
Main article: Chahamanas of Shakambhari |
Following is a list of Chahamana rulers of Shakambhari and Ajmer, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:[64]
Main article: Chahamanas of Naddula |
Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:
Main article: Chahamanas of Jalor |
The Chahamana rulers of the Jalor branch, with their estimated periods of reign, are as follows:[65]
Main article: Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura |
Main articles: Mlechchha dynasty and Kamarupa |
Main article: Kalachuris of Tripuri |
Main article: Garhwal Kingdom |
Mola Ram the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers.[70][71]
No. | Name | Reign | Years Reigned | No. | Name | Reign | Years Reigned | No. | Name | Reign | Years Reigned |
1 | Kanak Pal | 688–699 | 11 | 21 | Vikram Pal | 1116–1131 | 15 | 41 | Vijay Pal | 1426–1437 | 11 |
2 | Shyam Pal | 699–725 | 26 | 22 | Vichitra Pal | 1131–1140 | 9 | 42 | Sahaj Pal | 1437–1473 | 36 |
3 | Pandu Pal | 725–756 | 31 | 23 | Hans Pal | 1141–1152 | 11 | 43 | Bahadur Shah | 1473–1498 | 25 |
4 | Abhijat Pal | 756–780 | 24 | 24 | Som Pal | 1152–1159 | 7 | 44 | Man Shah | 1498–1518 | 20 |
5 | Saugat Pal | 781–800 | 19 | 25 | Kadil Pal | 1159–1164 | 5 | 45 | Shyam Shah | 1518–1527 | 9 |
6 | Ratna Pal | 800–849 | 49 | 26 | Kamadev Pal | 1172–1179 | 7 | 46 | Mahipat Shah | 1527–1552 | 25 |
7 | Shali Pal | 850–857 | 7 | 27 | Sulakshan Dev | 1179–1197 | 18 | 47 | Prithvi Shah | 1552–1614 | 62 |
8 | Vidhi Pal | 858–877 | 19 | 28 | Lakhan Dev | 1197–1220 | 23 | 48 | Medini Shah | 1614–1660 | 46 |
9 | Madan Pal | 877–894 | 17 | 29 | Anand Pal II | 1220–1241 | 21 | 49 | Fateh Shah | 1660–1708 | 48 |
10 | Bhakti Pal | 895–919 | 24 | 30 | Purva Dev | 1241–1260 | 19 | 50 | Upendra Shah | 1708–1709 | 1 |
11 | Jayachand Pal | 920–948 | 28 | 31 | Abhay Dev | 1260–1267 | 7 | 51 | Pradip Shah | 1709–1772 | 63 |
12 | Prithvi Pal | 949–971 | 22 | 32 | Jayaram Dev | 1267–1290 | 23 | 52 | Lalit Shah | 1772–1780 | 8 |
13 | Medinisen Pal | 972–995 | 23 | 33 | Asal Dev | 1290–1299 | 9 | 53 | Jayakrit Shah | 1780–1786 | 6 |
14 | Agasti Pal | 995–1014 | 19 | 34 | Jagat Pal | 1299–1311 | 12 | 54 | Pradyumna Shah | 1786–1804 | 18 |
15 | Surati Pal | 1015–1036 | 21 | 35 | Jit Pal | 1311–1330 | 19 | 55 | Sudarshan Shah | 1804–1859 | 55 |
16 | Jay Pal | 1037–1055 | 18 | 36 | Anant Pal II | 1330–1358 | 28 | 56 | Bhawani Shah | 1859–1871 | 12 |
17 | Anant Pal I | 1056–1072 | 16 | 37 | Ajay Pal | 1358–1389 | 31 | 57 | Pratap Shah | 1871–1886 | 15 |
18 | Anand Pal I | 1072–1083 | 11 | 38 | Kalyan Shah | 1389–1398 | 9 | 58 | Kirti Shah | 1886–1913 | 27 |
19 | Vibhog Pal | 1084–1101 | 17 | 39 | Sundar Pal | 1398–1413 | 15 | 59 | Narendra Shah | 1913–1946 | 33 |
20 | Suvayanu Pal | 1102–1115 | 13 | 40 | Hansadev Pal | 1413–1426 | 13 | 60 | Manabendra Shah | 1946–1949 | 3 |
Main article: Mallabhum kingdom |
Mallabhum kingdom or Bishnupur kingdom was the kingdom ruled by the Malla kings of Bishnupur, primarily in the present Bankura district in Indian state of West Bengal.[72] (also known as Mallabhoom,[73]
Name of the king[74][75] | Reign | Notes |
---|---|---|
Adi Malla | 694–710 | |
Jay Malla | 710–720 | |
Benu Malla | 720–733 | |
Kinu Malla | 733–742 | |
Indra Malla | 742–757 | |
Kanu Malla | 757–764 | |
Dha (Jhau) Malla | 764–775 | |
Shur Malla | 775–795 | |
Kanak Malla | 795–807 | |
Kandarpa Malla | 807–828 | |
Sanatan Malla | 828–841 | |
Kharga Malla | 841–862 | |
Durjan (Durjay) Malla | 862–906 | |
Yadav Malla | 906–919 | |
Jagannath Malla | 919–931 | |
Birat Malla | 931–946 | |
Mahadev Malla | 946–977 | |
Durgadas Malla | 977–994 | |
Jagat Malla | 994–1007 | |
Ananta Malla | 1007–1015 | |
Rup Malla | 1015=1029 | |
Sundar Malla | 1029–1053 | |
Kumud Malla | 1053–1074 | |
Krishna Malla | 1074–1084 | |
Rup II (Jhap) Malla | 1084–1097 | |
Prakash Malla | 1097–1102 | |
Pratap Malla | 1102–1113 | |
Sindur Malla | 1113–1129 | |
Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla | 1129–1142 | |
Banamali Malla | 1142–1156 | |
Yadu/Jadu Malla | 1156–1167 | |
Jiban Malla | 1167–1185 | |
Ram Malla | 1185=1209 | |
Gobinda Malla | 1209–1240 | |
Bhim Malla | 1240–1263 | |
Katar(Khattar) Malla | 1263–1295 | |
Prithwi Malla | 1295 -1319 | |
Tapa Malla | 1319–1334 | |
Dinabandhu Malla | 1334–1345 | |
Kinu/Kanu II Malla | 1345–1358 | |
Shur Malla II | 1358–1370 | |
Shiv Singh Malla | 1370–1407 | |
Madan Malla | 1407–1420 | |
Durjan II (Durjay) Malla | 1420–1437 | |
Uday Malla | 1437–1460 | |
Chandra Malla | 1460–1501 | |
Bir Malla | 1501–1554 | |
Dhari Malla | 1554–1565 | |
Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir) | 1565–1620 | |
Dhari Hambir Malla Dev | 1620–1626 | |
Raghunath Singha Dev | 1626–1656 | |
Bir Singha Dev | 1656–1682 | |
Durjan Singha Dev | 1682–1702 | |
Raghunath Singha Dev II | 1702–1712 | |
Gopal Singha Dev | 1712–1748 | |
Chaitanya Singha Dev | 1748–1801 | |
Madhav Singha Dev | 1801–1809 | |
Gopal Singha Dev II | 1809–1876 | |
Ramkrishna Singha Dev | 1876–1885 | |
Dwhaja Moni Devi | 1885–1889 | |
Nilmoni Singha Dev | 1889–1903 | |
Churamoni Devi (Regency) | 1903–1930 | |
Kalipada Singha Thakur | 1930–1947 |
Main article: Chand kings |
Badri Datt Pandey, in his book Kumaun Ka Itihaas lists the Chand kings as following:
King | Reign | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
Som Chand | 700–721 | ||
Atm Chand | 721–740 | ||
Purn Chand | 740–758 | ||
Indra Chand | 758–778 | Opened Silk Factories | |
Sansar Chand | 778–813 | ||
Sudha Chand | 813–833 | ||
Hamir Chand | 833–856 | ||
Vina Chand | 856–869 | Lost to Khas Kings | |
Vir Chand | 1065–1080 | ||
Rup Chand | 1080–1093 | ||
Laxmi Chand | 1093–1113 | ||
Dharm Chand | 1113–1121 | ||
Karm Chand | 1121–1140 | ||
Ballal Chand | 1140–1149 | ||
Nami Chand | 1149–1170 | ||
Nar Chand | 1170–1177 | ||
Nanaki Chand | 1177–1195 | ||
Ram Chand | 1195–1205 | ||
Bhishm Chand | 1205–1226 | ||
Megh Chand | 1226–1233 | ||
Dhyan Chand | 1233–1251 | ||
Parvat Chand | 1251–1261 | ||
Thor Chand | 1261–1275 | ||
Kalyan Chand II | 1275–1296 | ||
Trilok Chand | 1296–1303 | Conquered Chhakhata Built a fort at Bhimtal | |
Damaru Chand | 1303–1321 | ||
Dharm Chand | 1321–1344 | Defeated One Lakh Army of Delhi Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq under Khusrau Malik in his Qarachil Expedition | |
Abhay Chand | 1344–1374 | ||
Garur Gyan Chand | 1374–1419 | Established authority over Bhabar and Terai; later lost them to nawab of Sambhal, Recaptured it by defeating Turkish Nawab of Sambhal under General Nilu Kathait | |
Harihar Chand | 1419–1420 | ||
Udyan Chand | 1420–1421 | built Baleshwar Temple at Champawat Captured Chaugarkha | |
Atma Chand II | 1421–1422 | ||
Hari Chand II | 1422–1423 | ||
Vikram Chand | 1423–1437 | Completed Baleshwar Temple | |
Bharati Chand | 1437–1450 | Defeated Doti | |
Ratna Chand | 1450–1488 | Defeated Bams of Sor, defeated Doti again | |
Kirti Chand | 1488–1503 | annexed Barahmandal, Pali and Faldakot, Conquered Garhwal by defeating Ajaypal and made it vassal state of Kumaon | |
Pratap Chand | 1503–1517 | ||
Tara Chand | 1517–1533 | ||
Manik Chand | 1533–1542 | ||
Kalyan Chand III | 1542–1551 | ||
Purna Chand | 1551–1555 | ||
Bhishm Chand | 1555–1560 | laid foundation stone of Alamnagar lost Barahmandal to Khas Sardar Gajuwathinga | |
Balo Kalyan Chand | 1560–1568 | recaptured Barahmandal moved capital to Alamnagar and renamed it Almora Annexed Mankot and Danpur | |
Rudra Chand | 1568–1597 | Successfully defended Terai from nawab of Kath and Gola founded the city of Rudrapur Annexed Sira | |
Laxmi Chand | 1597–1621 | built Laxmeswar and Bagnath Temple at Almora and Bageshwar respectively Invaded Garhwal 7 times without any Success | |
Dilip Chand | 1621–1624 | ||
Vijay Chand | 1624–1625 | ||
Trimal Chand | 1625–1638 | ||
Baz Bahadur Chand | 1638–1678 | Captured Dehradun and Hindu Pilgrimage Kailash Mansarovar defeated Garhwal and Tibet, has his kingdom from ton river till karnali | |
Udyot Chand | 1678–1698 | Defeated combined armies of Garhwal and Doti | |
Gyan Chand | 1698–1708 | Defeated Garhwal and expelled fateh shah from Srinagar | |
Jagat Chand | 1708–1720 | Invaded Garhwal and captured its capital Srinagar, defeated combined armies of Sikhs|Khalsa and Garhwal | |
Devi Chand | 1720–1726 | Made Afghani Daud Khan General of Kumaon , looted Moradabad , Mughal Empire and captured villages of Mughals | |
Ajit Chand | 1726–1729 | ||
Kalyan Chand V | 1729–1747 | Defeated Rohillas | |
Deep Chand | 1747–1777 | Defeated Garhwal King Pradip Shah left him embarrassed | |
Mohan Chand | 1777–1779 | Defeated by King Lalit Shah of Garhwal | |
Pradyumn Chand | 1779–1786 | Son of king Lalit Shah of Garhwal | |
Mohan Chand | 1786–1788 | Overthrew Pradyumn Shah; Became king for second time | |
Shiv Chand | 1788 | ||
Mahendra Chand | 1788–1790 | Defeated by Gorkhas |
Main article: Katyuri kings |
The period of certain Katyuri rulers, is generally determined as below, although there is some ambiguity in respect to exact number of years ruled by each King[76]
Main article: Varman dynasty of Kannauj |
Main article: Rashtrakuta dynasty |
Main article: Tomara dynasty |
Various historical texts provide different lists of the Tomara kings:[79]
As stated earlier, the historians doubt the claim that the Tomaras established Delhi in 736 CE.[80]
# | Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari / Bikaner manuscript | Gwalior manuscript of Khadag Rai | Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript | Ascension year in CE (according to Gwalior manuscript) | Length of reign | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years | Months | Days | |||||
1 | Ananga Pāla | Bilan Dev | 736 | 18 | 0 | 0 | |
2 | Vasu Deva | 754 | 19 | 1 | 18 | ||
3 | Gangya | Ganggeva | 773 | 21 | 3 | 28 | |
4 | Prithivi Pāla (or Prithivi Malla) | Prathama | Mahi Pāla | 794 | 19 | 6 | 19 |
5 | Jaya Deva | Saha Deva | Jadu Pāla | 814 | 20 | 7 | 28 |
6 | Nīra Pāla or Hira Pāla | Indrajita (I) | Nai Pāla | 834 | 14 | 4 | 9 |
7 | Udiraj (or Adereh) | Nara Pāla | Jaya Deva Pāla | 849 | 26 | 7 | 11 |
8 | Vijaya (or Vacha) | Indrajita (II) | Chamra Pāla | 875 | 21 | 2 | 13 |
9 | Biksha (or Anek) | Vacha Raja | Bibasa Pāla | 897 | 22 | 3 | 16 |
10 | Rīksha Pāla | Vira Pāla | Sukla Pāla | 919 | 21 | 6 | 5 |
11 | Sukh Pāla (or Nek Pāla) | Go-Pāla | Teja Pāla | 940 | 20 | 4 | 4 |
12 | Go-Pāla | Tillan Dev | Mahi Pāla | 961 | 18 | 3 | 15 |
13 | Sallakshana Pāla | Suvari | Sursen | 979 | 25 | 10 | 10 |
14 | Jaya Pāla | Osa Pāla | Jaik Pāla | 1005 | 16 | 4 | 3 |
15 | Kunwar Pāla | Kumara Pāla | 1021 | 29 | 9 | 18 | |
16 | Ananga Pāla (or Anek Pāla) | Ananga Pāla | Anek Pāla | 1051 | 29 | 6 | 18 |
17 | Vijaya Pāla (or Vijaya Sah) | Teja Pāla | Teja Pāla | 1081 | 24 | 1 | 6 |
18 | Mahi Pāla (or Mahatsal) | Mahi Pāla | Jyūn Pāla | 1105 | 25 | 2 | 23 |
19 | Akr Pāla (or Akhsal) | Mukund Pāla | Ane Pāla | 1130 | 21 | 2 | 15 |
Prithivi Raja (Chahamana) | Prithvi Pala | 1151 |
Main article: Pala Empire |
Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine.[83] Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:[84]
RC Majumdar (1971)[85] | AM Chowdhury (1967)[86] | BP Sinha (1977)[87][failed verification] | DC Sircar (1975–76)[88] | D. K. Ganguly (1994)[83] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gopala I | 750–770 | 756–781 | 755–783 | 750–775 | 750–774 |
Dharmapala | 770–810 | 781–821 | 783–820 | 775–812 | 774–806 |
Devapala | 810–c. 850 | 821–861 | 820–860 | 812–850 | 806–845 |
Mahendrapala | NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.) | 845–860 | |||
Shurapala I | Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I | 850–858 | 860–872 | ||
Gopala II | NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.) | ||||
Vigrahapala I | 850–853 | 861–866 | 860–865 | 858–60 | 872–873 |
Narayanapala | 854–908 | 866–920 | 865–920 | 860–917 | 873–927 |
Rajyapala | 908–940 | 920–952 | 920–952 | 917–952 | 927–959 |
Gopala III | 940–957 | 952–969 | 952–967 | 952–972 | 959–976 |
Vigrahapala II | 960–c. 986 | 969–995 | 967–980 | 972–977 | 976–977 |
Mahipala I | 988–c. 1036 | 995–1043 | 980–1035 | 977–1027 | 977–1027 |
Nayapala | 1038–1053 | 1043–1058 | 1035–1050 | 1027–1043 | 1027–1043 |
Vigrahapala III | 1054–1072 | 1058–1075 | 1050–1076 | 1043–1070 | 1043–1070 |
Mahipala II | 1072–1075 | 1075–1080 | 1076–1078/9 | 1070–1071 | 1070–1071 |
Shurapala II | 1075–1077 | 1080–1082 | 1071–1072 | 1071–1072 | |
Ramapala | 1077–1130 | 1082–1124 | 1078/9–1132 | 1072–1126 | 1072–1126 |
Kumarapala | 1130–1140 | 1124–1129 | 1132–1136 | 1126–1128 | 1126–1128 |
Gopala IV | 1140–1144 | 1129–1143 | 1136–1144 | 1128–1143 | 1128–1143 |
Madanapala | 1144–1162 | 1143–1162 | 1144–1161/62 | 1143–1161 | 1143–1161 |
Govindapala | 1158–1162 | NA | 1162–1176 or 1158–1162 | 1161–1165 | 1161–1165 |
Palapala | NA | NA | NA | 1165–1199 | 1165–1200 |
Note:[84]
Main article: Shilahara |
Shilahara Kingdom was split into three branches:
Main article: Ayudha dynasty |
Main article: Chandelas of Jejakabhukti |
The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti were a dynasty in Central India. They ruled much of the Bundelkhand region (then called Jejakabhukti) between the 9th and the 13th centuries.
Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti (IAST names in brackets):[92][93]
Main article: Seuna (Yadava) dynasty |
Main articles: Paramara dynasty and Malwa |
According to historial 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."[95] The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:
Main article: Utpala dynasty |
Ruler | Reign |
---|---|
Avantivarman | 853/855 – 883 CE |
Shankaravarman | 883 – 902 CE |
Gopalavarman | 902 – 904 CE |
Sankata | 904 CE |
Sugandha | 904 – 906 CE |
Partha | 906 – 921 CE |
Nirjitavarman | 921 – 922 CE |
Chakravarman | 922 – 933 CE |
Shuravarman I | 933 – 934 CE |
Partha (2nd reign) | 934 – 935 CE |
Chakravarman (2nd reign) | 935 CE |
Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana) | 935 – 936 CE |
Chakravarman (3rd reign) | 936 – 937 CE |
Unmattavanti ("Mad Avanti") | 937 – 939 CE |
Shuravarman II | 939 CE |
Yashaskara-deva | 939 CE |
Varnata | 948 CE |
Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I) | 948 CE |
Parvagupta | 948 – 950 CE |
Kshemagupta | 950 – 958 CE |
Abhimanyu II | 958 – 972 CE |
Nandigupta | 972 – 973 CE |
Tribhuvanagupta | 973 – 975 CE |
Bhimagupta | 975 – 980 CE |
Didda | 980 to 1009/1012 CE |
Didda (c. 980 – 1003 CE) placed Samgrāmarāja, son of her brother on the throne, who became founder of the Lohara dynasty.
Main article: Pala dynasty (Kamarupa) |
Main article: Paramaras of Chandravati |
Main article: History of Ladakh |
Main article: Maryul |
Known Maryul rulers were:
Main article: Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh |
The kings of the Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows:[97][98][99]
Main article: Chaulukya dynasty |
The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:[104][105]
Main article: Kachchhapaghata dynasty |
Main article: Jaipur State |
Kachwahas King Sorha Dev and Dulha Rao defeated Meena of Dhundhar kingdom & established Kachwaha dynasty, which ruled for more than 1000 years & still ruling in Jaipur district of Rajasthan.[108]
He was the last ruler of Kachawa dynasty, he annexed Jaipur State with Union of India in 1949 CE.[113][114]
Titles were abolished in 1971 according to the 26th amendment to the Indian Constitution.
Main article: Kalachuris of Ratnapura |
The following is a list of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers, with estimated period of their reigns:[115]
Main article: Hoysala Empire |
Hoysala Kings (1026–1343) | |
Nripa Kama II | (1026–1047) |
Vinayaditya | (1047–1098) |
Ereyanga | (1098–1102) |
Veera Ballala I | (1102–1108) |
Vishnuvardhana | (1108–1152) |
Narasimha I | (1152–1173) |
Veera Ballala II | (1173–1220) |
Vira Narasimha II | (1220–1235) |
Vira Someshwara | (1235–1263) |
Narasimha III | (1263–1292) |
Veera Ballala III | (1292–1343) |
Harihara Raya (Vijayanagara Empire) |
(1342–1355) |
Main article: Lohara dynasty |
The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir from the Khasa tribe,[116][117] in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The dynasty was founded by the Samgramaraja, the grandson of Khasha chief Simharaja and the nephew of the Utpala dynasty Queen Didda.
Ruler | Reign[12] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati) | 25 Years | 1003 CE | Nephew of Didda. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning Lohara dynasty's rule over Kashmir |
Hariraja | 22 days | 1028 CE | |
Ananta-deva | 35 Years | 1028 CE | Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara |
Kalasha (Ranaditya II) | 26 Years | 1063 CE | Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by sati-suicide by his mother. His son Harsha revolted against him, and was imprisoned. |
Utkarsha | 22 days | 1089 CE | Second son of Kalasha. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide |
Harsha | 12 Years | died in 1101 CE | In his early years, he was a sagacious king, and a patron of art and literature. The later years of his reign were marked by unsuccessful military campaigns, resulting in excessive taxation and plundering of temples. Revolts by his generals Uchchala and Sussala (of Lohara family) ended his reign. His son Bhoja was killed, and Harsha himself was killed by Uchchala's men while hiding in a village. |
Ruler[12] | Notes |
---|---|
Uchchala | Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Murdered by Radda. |
Radda (Shankharaja) | Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara |
Salhana | Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. |
Sussala | Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support |
Bhikshachara | Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Brought up by Naravarman, the king of Malava. Deposed Sussala. |
Sussala (2nd reign) | Within 6 months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war |
Jayasimha (Sinha-deva) | Sussala's son. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. |
Main article: Khasa Malla kingdom |
The list of Khas Malla kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla:[118]
Main article: Sena dynasty |
Main article: Kakatiya dynasty |
Main article: Gahadavala dynasty |
Main article: Karnat dynasty |
S.N. | Name of the rulers | Timeline | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nanyadeva.[123] | 1097 - 1147 CE[124] | |
2 | Gangadeva[123] | 1147 - 1187 CE[124] | |
3 | Narsimhadeva[123] | 1187 - 1227 CE[124] | |
4 | Ramasimhadeva[123] | 1227 - 1285 CE[124] | |
5 | Shaktisimhadeva[123] | 1285 - 1295 CE[124] | |
6 | Harisimhadeva[123] | 1295 - 1324 CE[124] |
Main article: Zamorin |
No. of Zamorin | Name | Reign | Important events |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mana Vikrama (Manikkan) | N/A | The legendary founder of the ruling family. |
27 | 8 years | Kozhikode city is established | |
65 | 1339–1347 | Ibn Battuta at Kozhikode (1342–1347) | |
73 | 1402–1410 | Ma Huan at Kozhikode (1403) | |
78 | 1442–1450 | The visits of Abdur Razzak (1442) and Niccolò de' Conti (1444) | |
81 | Mana Vikrama the Great | 1466–1474 | Athanasius Nikitin (1468–1474) visits Kozhikode. |
82 | Mana Veda | 1474–1482 | |
84 | 1495–1500 | The arrival of Vasco da Gama (1498) | |
85 | 1500–1513 | The occupations of Kochi (1503–1504) | |
86 | 1513–1522 | Treaty with Portuguese (1513), and the erection of the Portuguese fort at Calicut (1514) | |
87 | 1522–1529 | The expulsion of Portuguese from Calicut | |
88 | 1529–1531 | The building of Portuguese fort at Chaliyam (1531) | |
89 | 1531–1540 | Battles with the Portuguese | |
90 | 1540–1548 | Treaty with Portuguese (1540) | |
91 | 1548–1560 | Adoption of the chief of Bardela (150) and the battles with the Portuguese. | |
92 | Viraraya | 1560–1562 | |
93 | Mana Vikrama | 1572–1574 | The expulsion of the Portuguese from Chaliyam (1571) |
94 | 1574–1578 | Battles with the Portuguese | |
95 | 1578–1588 | The Portuguese allowed a factory at Ponnani (1584) | |
96 | 1588–1597 | The settlement of the Portuguese at Calicut (1591) | |
97 | 1597–1599 | Battles with Marakkar (1598–1599) | |
98 | 1599–1604 | Capture of Marakkar's stronghold (1600) | |
99 | 1604–1617 | Siege of Cannanore (1604–1617) and treaties with the Dutch (1604 and 1608) and the English (1615) | |
100 | Mana Vikrama | 1617–1627 | |
101 | 1627–1630 | ||
102 | 1630–1637 | ||
103 | Mana Vikrama (Saktan Tampuran) | 1637–1648 | The uncle of the author of the Krishnanatakam |
104 | Tiruvonam Tirunal | 1648–1655 | |
105 | Mana Veda | 1655–1658 | The author of the Krishnanatakam |
106 | Asvati Tirunal | 1658–1662 | The expulsion of the Portuguese from Kodungallur (1662) |
107 | Puratam Tirunal | 16621666 | The expulsion of Portuguese from Kochi (1663) |
108 | 1666–1668 | Battles with the Dutch | |
109 | 1668–1671 | The destruction of the Cheraman Sword | |
110 | Uttrattati Tirunal | 1671–1684 | Cession of Chetwai to the Dutch |
111 | Bharani Tirunal Mana Vikrama[125] | 1684–1705 | The terror of the Dutch. Two Mamankams (1694 and 1695) |
112 | Nileswaram Tirunal | 1705–1711 | Adoptions from Nileswaram (1706 and 1707) |
113 | 1711–1729 | The Dutch War (1715–1718) | |
114 | Mana Vikrama | 1729–1741 | |
115 | Zamorin from Kilakke Kovilakam | 1741–1746 | |
116 | Putiya Kovilakam | 1746–1758 | The Dutch War (1753–1758) |
117 | Kilakke Kovilakam | 1758–1766 | Battles with Travancore and the invasion of Mysore, committed suicide. Annexed by Mysore. |
118 | Putiya Kovilakam | 1766–1788 | |
119 | Kerala Varma Vikrama (Putiya Kovilakam) | 1788–1798 | Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) |
120 | Krishna Varma (Putiya Kovilakam) | 1798–1806 | Agreement of 1806 with EIC (died in 1816) |
Main article: Kalachuris of Kalyani |
Main articles: Kingdom of Kutch and Jadeja |
Cutch was ruled by the Jadeja Rajput dynasty of the Samma tribe[127] from its formation in 1147 until 1948 when it acceded to newly formed, India. The rulers had migrated from Sindh into Kutch in late 12th century. They were entitled to a 17-gun salute by the British authorities. The title of rulers was earlier Ja'am, which during British Raj changed to Maharao made hereditary from 1 Jan 1918.[128]
Rulers | Accession |
---|---|
Lakho Jadani | AD 1147 |
Ratto Rayadhan | AD 1175 |
Othaji | AD 1215 |
Rao Gaoji | AD 1255 |
Rao Vehanji | AD 1285 |
Rao Mulvaji | AD 1321 |
Rao Kaiyaji | AD 1386 |
Rao Amarji | AD 1406 |
Rao Bhhemji | AD 1429 |
Rao Hamirji | AD 1472 |
Jam Raval | AD 1524 |
Khengarji I | AD 1548 |
Bharmalji I | AD 1585 |
Bhojrajji | AD 1631 |
Khengarji II | AD 1645 |
Tamachi | AD 1654 |
Rayadhan II | AD 1665 |
1698–1715 | Pragmalji I (b. 16 ... – d. 1715) |
1715–1719 | Godji I (b. 16 ... – d. 1718) |
1718–1752 | Deshalji I (b.1682 – d. 1752) |
1741–1752 | Lakhpatji (regent) (b. 1717 – d. 1761) |
1752–1760 | Lakhpatji (b. 1717 – d. 1761) |
1760–1778 | Godji II (b. 1734 – d. 1778) |
1778–1786 | Rayadhan III (1st time) (b. 1763 – d. 1813) |
1786–1801 | Prithvirajji (b. 1774 – d. 1801) |
1786 − 5 October 1813 | Fateh Muhammad (regent) |
5 October 1813 − 30 October 1813 | Rayadhan III (2nd time) |
30 October 1813 – 6 November 1814 | Husain Miyan (regent) |
6 November 1814 − 25 March 1819 | Bharmalji II (b. 1798 – d. 1846) |
25 March 1819 − 26 July 1860 | Deshalji II (b. 1814 – d. 1860) |
26 July 1860 − 19 December 1875 | Pragmalji II (b. 1839 – d. 1875) |
19 December 1875 − 15 January 1942 | Khengarji III (b. 1866 – d. 1942) |
15 January 1942 − 26 February 1948 | Vijayaraji (b. 1885 – d. 1948) |
26 February 1948 − 1 June 1948 | Madansinhji |
Main article: Jaisalmer State |
(1153–1168), founder of kingdom
Main article: Chero dynasty |
Main article: Chutia Kingdom |
Main articles: Bana Kingdom and Magadai |
Main article: Kadava dynasty |
Main article: Jodhpur State |
Name | Notes | Reign began | Reign ended | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rao Siha | He conquered Pali and became the first rao of the Rathore dynasty in Marwar. He died in the battle of Lakha Jhawar (1273) against Sultan Ghaus ud-din Balban. | 1226 | 1273 |
2 | Rao Asthan | Conquered Kher from the Gohils and Idar from the Bhils. He died in battle against Jalaludin Khilji. | 1273 | 1292 |
3 | Rao Doohad | He conquered more than 140 villages. He was killed in battle against the Parihars. | 1292 | 1309 |
4 | Rao Raipal | He avenged his father by killing the ruler of the Parihars. During a famine in Marwar he distributed his own personal grains to the people. | 1309 | 1313 |
5 | Rao Kanhapal | He suffered raids from the Turko-Afgan tribes and was killed in action defending his lands. | 1313 | 1323 |
6 | Rao Jalansi | He defeated the Sodhas. He took the turban of the Sodha chief to mark his supremacy in the region. | 1323 | 1328 |
7 | Rao Chado | 1328 | 1344 | |
8 | Rao Tida | He was killed in battle against the sultan of Delhi. | 1344 | 1357 |
9 | Rao Kanha Dev | 1357 | 1374 | |
10 | Rao Viram Dev | He died in battle against the Johiyas. | 1374 | 1383 |
11 | Rao Chandra | He conquered Mandore from the Turks in 1406. He further conquered the areas of Nagaur, Sambhar, Khatu, Nadol and Ajmer. He was killed in battle against Salim Shah of Multhan. | 1383 | 1424 |
12 | Rao Kanha | Fought battles with his brothers. Died young in Mandore. | 1424 | 1427 |
13 | Rao Ranmal | He consolidated his rule with the help of the Sisodiyas of Mewar. He was later assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha. | 1427 | 1438 |
Name | Notes | Reign began | Reign ended | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rao Jodha | Fought Rana Kumbha and reclaimed his lands. He later founded the city of Jodhpur and made it his capital. He subjugated the states of Jalore and Bundi and annexed Ajmer, Sambhar and Mohilavati. | 12 May 1438 | 6 April 1489 |
2 | Rao Satal | Died from wounds after saving 140 women from Afghan raiders. | 6 April 1489 | March 1492 |
3 | Rao Suja | March 1492 | 2 October 1515 | |
4 | Rao Biram Singh | Son of Bagha | 2 October 1515 | 8 November 1515 |
5 | Rao Ganga | Assisted Rana Sanga in his campaigns against the Sultans of India. | 8 November 1515 | 9 May 1532 |
6 | Rao Maldeo | Successfully repelled the invasions of Sher Shah Suri. Called as one of the most potent rulers of Hindustan by Ferishta. | 9 May 1532 | 7 November 1562 |
7 | Rao Chandra Sen | He defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire. | 7 November 1562 | 1581 |
8 | Raja Udai Singh Mota Raja | He was the father in law of Jahangir and got married his daughter Mani Bai married to him, later on who became parents of Shah Jahan[133] | 4 August 1583 | 11 July 1595 |
9 | Sawai Raja Suraj-Mal | 11 July 1595 | 7 September 1619 | |
10 | Maharaja Gaj Singh I | The first to take the title Maharaja by himself | 7 September 1619 | 6 May 1638 |
11 | Maharaja Jaswant Singh | He fought Aurangzeb in the Battle of Dharmatpur. | 6 May 1638 | 28 December 1678 |
12 | Maharaja Ajit Singh | Became Maharaja of Marwar after 25 years of war with Aurangzeb. Durgadas Rathore played a key role in the war. | 19 February 1679 | 24 June 1724 |
13 | Raja Indra Singh | Installed in opposition to Maharaja Ajit Singh by Emperor Aurangzeb but unpopular with people of Marwar | 9 June 1679 | 4 August 1679 |
14 | Maharaja Abhai Singh | Defeated Sarbuland Khan and occupied all of Gujarat for a short time. | 24 June 1724 | 18 June 1749 |
15 | Maharaja Ram Singh | First reign | 18 June 1749 | July 1751 |
16 | Maharaja Bakht Singh | He was the general of the Marwari forces against Sarbuland Khan and defeated him. In the Battle of Gangwana he defeated a combined army of Mughals and Kachwahas. | July 1751 | 21 September 1752 |
17 | Maharaja Vijay Singh | First reign | 21 September 1752 | 31 January 1753 |
18 | Maharaja Ram Singh | Second reign | 31 January 1753 | September 1772 |
19 | Maharaja Vijay Singh | Second reign – Was defeated by Mahadji Scindia and forced to surrender the fort and city of Ajmer. | September 1772 | 17 July 1793 |
20 | Maharaja Bhim Singh | 17 July 1793 | 19 October 1803 | |
21 | Maharaja Man Singh | Entered into treaty relations with the British on 6 January 1818. | 19 October 1803 | 4 September 1843 |
22 | Maharaja Sir Takht Singh | Not in the direct line, but a great-great-great grandson of Ajit Singh. Formerly Regent of Ahmednagar. | 4 September 1843 | 13 February 1873 |
23 | Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh II | Kaisar-i-Hind | 13 February 1873 | 11 October 1895 |
24 | Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh | Colonel in the British Indian Army | 11 October 1895 | 20 March 1911 |
25 | Maharaja Sir Sumair Singh | Colonel in the British Indian Army | 20 March 1911 | 3 October 1918 |
26 | Maharaja Sir Umaid Singh | Lieutenant-General in the British Indian Army | 3 October 1918 | 9 June 1947 |
27 | Maharaja Sir Hanwant Singh | Ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) until accession to the Union of India in 1949; died on 26 January 1952 | 9 June 1947 | 7 April 1949 |
28 | (titular) Maharaja Gaj Singh II of Jodhpur | Became head of the House on 26 January 1952 | 26 January 1952 | Present |
Main article: List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate |
Main article: Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) |
Main article: Khilji dynasty |
Main article: Tughlaq dynasty |
After the invasion of Timur in 1398, the governor of Multan, Khizr Khan abolished the Tughluq dynasty in 1414.
Main article: Jaunpur Sultanate |
Main article: Sayyid dynasty |
Main article: Lodi dynasty |
Main article: Ahom dynasty |
Main article: Vaghela dynasty |
The sovereign Vaghela rulers include:
Main article: Jaffna Kingdom |
Main article: Twipra Kingdom |
Main article: Manikya dynasty |
Kingdom of Tripura | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tripura monarchy data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manikya dynasty (Royal family) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Agartala (Capital of the kingdom) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ujjayanta Palace (Royal residence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neermahal (Royal residence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rajmala (Royal chronicle) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tripura Buranji (Chronicle) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chaturdasa Devata (Family deities) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
On 9 September 1949, "Tripura Merger Agreement", was signed and come in effect from 15 October 1949 & Tripura became part of Indian Union.[136]
Main article: Nayaka dynasties |
Main article: Musunuri Nayakas |
There were two Musunuri Nayak:
Main article: Recherla Nayakas |
Known rulers are:
Main article: Pemmasani Nayaks |
This is the list of Pemmasani Kings:
Main article: Nayakas of Keladi |
Main article: Nayaks of Gingee |
Some of the Nayakas in the Gingee line were:
Srinivasachari takes chronicles mentioned in copper plate grants into account and mentions the following Nayakas in the Gingee line, noting governorship of Gingee began in Saka era 1386 / CE 1464:
Main article: Madurai Nayak dynasty |
Main article: Thanjavur Nayak kingdom |
Main article: Nayaks of Vellore |
The list of nayaks are unclear. Some of the Nayaks are:
Main article: Nayakas of Chitradurga |
Main article: Nayaks of Kandy |
Main article: Reddy Kingdom |
Main article: Oiniwar dynasty |
According to historian Makhan Jha, the rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty are as follows:[141]
Main article: Vijayanagara Empire |
In Vijayanagara Empire four dynasties ruled for 310 years on whole South India.[144]
Main article: Sangama dynasty |
Main article: Saluva dynasty |
Main article: Tuluva dynasty |
Main article: Aravidu dynasty |
Main article: Bahmani Sultanate |
Main article: Malwa Sultanate |
Main article: Patna State |
The rulers of Patna state of the Chauhan clan:[145]
Main article: Baro-Bhuyan |
Main article: Tomaras of Gwalior |
The Tomara rulers of Gwalior include the following.[147][148]
Name in dynasty's inscriptions (IAST) | Reign | Names in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature |
---|---|---|
Vīrasiṃha-deva | 1375–1400 CE or (c. 1394–1400 CE) | Virsingh Dev, Bir Singh Tomar, Bar Singh (in Yahya's writings), Har Singh (in Badauni's writings), Nar Singh (in Firishta's and Nizamuddin's writings).[149] |
Uddharaṇa-deva | 1400–1402 CE | Uddharan Dev, Usaran or Adharan (in Khadagrai's writings)[150] |
Virāma-deva | 1402–1423 CE | Viram Dev, Biram Deo (in Yahya's writings), Baram Deo (in Firishta's writings) |
Gaṇapati-deva | 1423–1425 CE | Ganpati Dev |
Dungarendra-deva alias Dungara-siṃha | 1425–1459 CE | Dungar Singh, Dungar Sen |
Kirtisiṃha-deva | 1459–1480 CE | Kirti Singh Tomar |
Kalyāṇamalla | 1480–1486 CE | Kalyanmal, Kalyan Singh |
Māna-siṃha | 1486–1516 CE | Mana Sahi, Man Singh |
Vikramāditya | 1516–1523 CE | Vikram Sahi, Vikramjit |
Main article: Kingdom of Mysore |
Main article: Wadiyar dynasty |
Main article: Gajapati Empire |
Main article: Bikaner State |
See also: Rathore, Bikaner, and Jangladesh |
Name | Reign Began (in CE) | Reign Ended (in CE) | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Rao Bika | 1465 | 1504 |
2 | Rao Narayan Singh | 1504 | 1505 |
3 | Rao Luna Karana Lon-Karan | 1505 | 1526 |
4 | Rao Jait Singh Jetasi | 1526 | 1542 |
5 | Rao Kalyan Mal – Acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Akbar at Nagaur in November 1570 | 1542 | 1574 |
6 | Rao Rai Singh I Rai Rai Singh – Important General in the Mughal army Similar to Raja Man Singh I of Amber | 1574 | 1612 |
7 | Rai Dalpat Singh Dalip | 1612 | 1613 |
8 | Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya | 1613 | 1631 |
9 | Rao Karan Singh Jangalpat Badhshah – Deposed by Emperor Aurangzeb for dereliction of duty at Attock, 11 January 1667. Exiled to his betel gardens at Karanpura in the Deccan | 1631 | 1667 |
10 | Maharaja Rao Anup Singh – To be the first to be granted the title "Maharaja" by Emperor Aurangzeb. Served in the Deccan campaign at Salher in 1672, Bijapur in 1675, and the siege of Golconda in 1687. He was administrator of Aurangabad from 1677 to 1678, 'Hakim' of Adoni in 1678, Imtiazgarh and Adoni from 1689 to 1693, and of Nusratabad and Sukkar from 1693 to 1698 CE | 1669 | 1698 |
11 | Maharaja Rao Sarup Singh – He died from smallpox at Adoni in the Deccan on 15 December 1700 | 1698 | 1700 |
12 | Maharaja Rao Sujan Singh – Ordered to attend Emperor Aurangzeb in the Deccan, where he remained for ten years. Faced invasions from Maharaja Abhai Singh of Jodhpur and Maharaja Bakht Singh of Nagaur, but successfully repulsed both | 1700 | 1735 |
13 | Maharaja Rao Zorawar Singh | 1735 | 1746 |
14 | Maharaja Rao Gaj Singh – the first of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor Alamgir II | 1746 | 1787 |
15 | Maharaja Rao Rai Singh II Raj Singh | 1787 | 1787 |
16 | Maharaja Rao Pratap Singh – Reigned under the Regency of his uncle Surat Singh who poisoned him to assume the throne | 1787 | 1787 |
17 | Maharaja Rao Surat Singh – He incurred huge debts due to his military adventures which had reduced his state to near anarchy. Entered the protection of the East India Company with a subsidiary alliance on 9 March 1818 | 1787 | 1828 |
18 | Narendra Maharaja Rao Ratan Singh – Received the hereditary title of Narendra Maharaja from Emperor Akbar Shah II and assisted the British by furnishing them with supplies during the First Afghan War of 1841 | 1828 | 1851 |
19 | Narendra Maharaja Rao Sardar Singh – Assisted the British during the Indian Uprising of 1857 and served in person during many of the battles. Removed the name of the Mughal Emperor from his coinage, replacing the words with Aurang Arya Hind wa Queen Victoria. | 1851 | 1872 |
20 | Narendra Maharaja Rao Dungar Singh – Assisted the British during the Second Afghan War. | 1872 | 1887 |
21 | General Narendra Maharaja Sir Rao Ganga Singh – Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Bikaner, 1952–1977. On 28 December 1971, India amended its Constitution to remove the position of the rulers of princely states and their right to receive privy-purse payments, thus making him the last ruler of Bikaner. Imperial Conferences and at the League of Nations. | 1887 | 1943 |
22 | Lieutenant-General Narendra Maharaja Sir Rao Sadul Singh – Signed the Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India on 7 August 1947. Merged his state into the present state of Rajasthan, India on 30 March 1949. | 1943 | 1947 |
23 | Rao Karni Singh | 1947 | 1971 |
Main article: Bidar Sultanate |
Main article: Berar Sultanate |
Main article: Adil Shahi dynasty |
Main article: Ahmadnagar Sultanate |
Main article: Qutb Shahi dynasty |
Main articles: Gatti Mudalis and Taramangalam |
Main article: Kingdom of Cochin |
Veerakerala Varma, nephew of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century. But the records we have start in 1503.[citation needed]
Main article: Koch dynasty |
Main article: Cooch Behar State |
Main article: Koch Hajo |
Main article: History of Beltola |
The Bijni rulers reigned between the Sankosh and the Manas rivers, the region immediately to the east of Koch Bihar.
The rulers of the Koch kingdom at Khaspur were:[152]
Main article: Raj Darbhanga |
Main article: Mughal Empire |
Main article: Sur Empire |
Main article: Bhoi dynasty |
Main article: Khurda Kingdom |
Dhenkanal State
Main article: Dhenkanal State |
List of rulers of the Dhenkanal princely state of the Bhoi dynasty branch:[156]
Titular
Main article: Puri Estate |
Main articles: Kingdom of Sikkim and Chogyal |
Main article: Maratha Empire |
See also: List of Maratha dynasties and states |
The Empire was divided between two branches of the family (c. 1707–1710); and the division was formalized in 1731.
Main article: Kolhapur State |
The state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947.
See also: History of Satara district and Satara state |
Main article: Peshwa |
Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Chhatrapati (Maratha emperor) after death of Chattrapati Shahu, and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation.
Main articles: Gaekwad dynasty and Baroda State |
Main articles: Scindia and Gwalior State |
Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India.
Main articles: Holkar and Indore State |
Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India. The monarchy was ended in 1948, but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur, Maharani of Indore since 1961.
Main article: Nagpur kingdom |
The kingdom was annexed by the British on 13 March 1854 under the Doctrine of Lapse.[158]
Main article: Thanjavur Maratha kingdom |
The Thanjavur Marathas were the rulers of Thanjavur principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi. Venkoji, Shahaji's son and Shivaji's half brother, was the founder of the dynasty.[159]
Main article: Bharatpur State |
Sinsinwar Jats of Bharatpur & Deeg (1683–1947) | |
---|---|
Raja Ram Sinsinwar | (1683–1688) |
Churaman | (1695–1721) |
Muhkam Singh | (1721–1722) |
Badan Singh | (1722–1755) |
Suraj Mal | (1755–1763) |
Jawahar Singh | (1764–1768) |
Ratan Singh | (1768–1769) |
Kehri Singh | (1769–1778) |
Ranjit Singh | (1778–1805) |
Randhir Singh | (1805–1823) |
Baldeo Singh | (1823–1825) |
Balwant Singh | (1825–1853) |
Jaswant Singh | (1853–1893) |
Ram Singh | (1893–1900) |
Kishan Singh | (1918–1929) |
Brijendra Singh | (1929–1947) |
Main article: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad |
Main article: Oudh State |
Main articles: Hyderabad State and Nizam of Hyderabad |
Main article: Travancore |
Main articles: Newalkar and Jhansi State |
Main article: Sikh Empire |
The British Empire annexed the Punjab in 1845–49 CE; after the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars
Main article: Dogra dynasty |
Ruler | Reign | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|
Gulab Singh | 1846–1856 CE | Founder of Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest princely state under the British Raj, which was created after the defeat of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) formalised the sale by the British to Gulab Singh for 7,500,000 Nanakshahee Rupees of all the lands in Jammu and Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the Treaty of Lahore. | |
Ranbir Singh | 1856–1885 CE | Ascended the throne in 1856 after Gulab Singh's abdication due to poor health. He allied with the British during the Sepoy Mutiny. Unlike European women and children, Indian mutineers were not allowed to take refuge in his state. He also sent his troops to help the British to besiege Delhi. He was subsequently rewarded for his behaviour during the mutiny. He went on to annex Gilgit which had previously witnessed a rebellion against the state. He also established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were compiled into the Ranbir Penal Code during his reign. | |
Pratap Singh | 1885–1925 CE | Reigned for 40 years from 1885 to 1925, the longest of all the Dogra rulers. Out of the four Dogra rulers, Maharaja Pratap Singh's era was a period of enlightenment for his subjects, particularly for Kashmiris. He established local self governing bodies, democratic processes, educational systems, health care and hygiene and infrastructure development during his reign. A beginning was made in local self-government by establishing municipalities at Jammu, Srinagar, Sopore and Baramulla. By 1925, then Kashmir, particularly Srinagar had undergone significant social and cultural transformation. | |
Hari Singh | 1925–1952 CE | Ascended the throne following the death of his uncle, Maharaja Pratap Singh in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the state, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage, and opened places of worship to the low castes. He signed the Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India on 26 October 1947, through which the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of the Dominion of India. He remained the titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished by Government of India under Jawaharlal Nehru. | |
Karan Singh (Prince Regent) |
1949–1952 CE | Appointed as Prince Regent of Jammu and Kashmir in 1949, at age of eighteen and served till the monarchy's abolition in 1952. He was appointed 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('Head of State') in 1952 and Governor of the State in 1964 CE. |
Main articles: Emperor of India and British Raj |
Main article: Dominion of India |
Main article: Dominion of Pakistan |