Slovak Air Force
Vzdušné sily Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky
Emblem of the Slovak Air Force
Founded1 January 1993; 31 years ago (1993-01-01)
Country Slovak Republic
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size
  • Approx 3,200 personnel
  • 15 aircraft
  • 18 helicopters
Part ofSlovak Armed Forces
Garrison/HQZvolen
Commanders
Air Force CommanderMajor General Róbert Tóth[1]
Insignia
Roundel
Aircraft flown
AttackL-39ZAM
HelicopterMi-17M/LPZS
Utility helicopterUH-60M
ReconnaissanceL-410FG
TrainerL-39CM
TransportC-27J, L-410UVP-E14/20

The Slovak Air Force, known since 2002 as the Air Force of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Vzdušné sily Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky), is the aviation and air defense branch of the Slovak Armed Forces. Operating 15 aircraft and 18 helicopters from three air bases : Malacky–Kuchyňa, Sliač, Prešov. It succeeded the Czechoslovak Air Force together with the Czech Air Force in 1993. The Slovak Air Force is part of NATO Integrated Air Defense System – NATINADS.[2][3][4][5][6]

The Slovak Air Force is tasked with the defense of the sovereign Slovak state and the support of the nation's ground troops.[7] Following the retirement of the Mikoyan MiG-29 in 2022, 7 L-39 Albatros provide the fast-jet capability role to the air force, awaiting the delivery of American F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft in 2024. 6 Let-410 Turbolet aircraft provide surveillance and transport capabilities, while 2 C-27 Spartan transports provide a light tactical airlift capability. The helicopter fleet consists of 9 Mil Mi-17, gradually being replaced by the UH-60 Black Hawk.

The Slovak Air Force has been under the command of Major General Róbert Tóth since January 1, 2021.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

History

World War I and First Czechoslovak Republic

Main article: Czechoslovak Air Force

Many Slovak pilots served in Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops or in Entente air forces. Some Slovak pilots as part of Czechoslovak Legionnaires served even in French Air Force or Imperial Russian Air Service.[14]

Pilots like Jozef Kiss and Fritz Wowy been one of the best Slovak pilots in World War I.[15]

First Czechoslovak Republic

Much of Austria-Hungary's manufacturing companies were Czech, therefore Czechoslovakia could quickly develop an aircraft industry. As the industry developed it designed more aircraft and engines of its own. Czechoslovak aircraft builders included Aero, Avia, Beneš-Mráz, Letov, Praga, Tatra and Zlín. Engine makers included ČKD, Walter and Škoda.

1939–1945

Main article: Slovak Air Force (1939-1945)

After the division of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in 1939, Slovakia was left with a small air force composed primarily of Czechoslovak combat aircraft. This force defended Slovakia against Hungary in 1939, and took part in the invasion of Poland in support of Germany. During the World War II, the Slovak Air force was charged with the defense of Slovak airspace, and, after the invasion of Russia, provided air cover for Slovak forces fighting against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front. While engaged on the Eastern Front, Slovakia's obsolete biplanes were replaced with German combat aircraft, including the Messerschmitt Bf 109. The air force was sent back to Slovakia after combat fatigue and desertion had reduced the pilots' effectiveness. Slovak air units took part in the Slovak National Uprising against Germany from late August 1944.[16][17][18]

1946–1992

Main article: Czechoslovak Air Force

During this time Czechoslovakia was a member of the Eastern Bloc, allied with the Soviet Union, and from 1955 a member of the Warsaw Pact. Because of this, the Czechoslovak Air Force used Soviet aircraft, doctrines, and tactics. The types of aircraft were mostly MiGs. MiG-15, MiG-19, and MiG-21F fighters was produced in license; in the 1970s, MiG-23MF were bought, accompanied by MiG-23ML and MiG-29s in the 1980s.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Czechoslovak Air Force consisted of the 7th Air Army, which had air defense duties, and the 10th Air Army, responsible for ground forces support.[19] The 7th Air Army had two air divisions and three fighter regiments, and the 10th Air Army had two air divisions and a total of six regiments of fighters and attack aircraft. There were also two reconnaissance regiments, two transport regiments, three training regiments, and two helicopter regiments.

In November 1989 Communism fell across Czechoslovakia. The two parliaments of the two new states from 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, decided how to split the assets of the former air force. The assets were divided 2:1 in the Czechs' favor, and thus the Slovak Air Force was (re)formed. However the 20 MiG 29s were shared equally between the two countries. [20]

Post-Cold War

After the formal dissolution of Czechoslovakia on January 1, 1993, Czech and Slovak aircraft were divided according to each nation's population, in a ratio of nearly 2:1 in the Czech Republic's favor.[21] The exceptions to this rule were the MiG-23's, which were given exclusively to the Czech Air force, and the MiG-29's, which were divided evenly between the two nations. Slovak bases were initially under-equipped to handle the aircraft transferred from the Czech bases, and required considerable improvements in infrastructure to facilitate the new air force. On March 1, 1995, the air force replaced the Soviet style aviation regiment organization with the western wing and squadron system.[22] Around 2000–2002, Slovakia gradually retired many of the older aircraft, including the entire fleet of Su-22, Su-25, and MiG-21.[23] In 2004, the flight training academy and national aerobatic demonstration team Biele Albatrosy, both based at Košice, were disbanded.[24][25]

On January 19, 2006, the Slovak Air Force lost an Antonov An-24 in a crash.

On September 20, 2011, all of the remaining Mil Mi-24 gunships were retired.[26][27][28][29]

Modernisation

In October 2014, the government approved the purchase of tactical transport aircraft Alenia C-27J Spartan.

In January 2014, Slovakia started discussions with the Swedish Government regarding leasing or purchasing JAS-39 Gripen aircraft to replace their MiG-29 fighters.[30][31]

In April 2015, the Slovak government announced it would buy nine UH-60 utility helicopters to replace its fleet of Mi-17 helicopters. The deal worth US$261 million includes also full life-cycle support for the aircraft and training for aircrews and ground personnel.[32]

On December 12, 2018, Slovakia signed a contract to acquire 14 F-16C/D Block 70 with additional equipment. All are to be delivered by 2025.[33] First two aicraft were delivered in January 2024 but will be in service in summer of 2024.[34]

On April 13, 2022, Slovakia was negotiating with Bayraktar about the procurement of Bayraktar TB2. The negotiations been never formally ended.[35][36][37]

On Semptember 6, 2023, Slovakia has started the acquisition of medium and short range air defence missile systems (SHORAD/MRAD) with budget of 200 milion Euros. The acquisition of these systems is part of first stage out of three stages. Among the medium-range systems, Slovakia has been choosing these systems Barak 8, SPYDER, IRIS-T and MICA.[38][39][40] From Short range systems Slovakai was choosing between Piorun, RBS 70,Mistral 3 and KP-SAM Chiron.[41] The systems have not yet been purchased, but negotiations with governments about the acquisition have already begun.

Slovak aid to Ukraine

Following a request for military aid by Ukraine, the Slovak Air Force provided a number of aircraft and equipment as aid. In April, this included the donation of a Soviet era S-300PMU air defence battery, in addition to 4 Mil Mi-17 and one Mil Mi-2 helicopters, through the European Peace Facility.[42][43][44] On 31 August 2022, the Soviet origin MiG-29s operated by the Slovak Air Force were retired.[45] An agreement with fellow NATO members Poland and the Czech Republic was signed in order to establish joint patrols of airspace, until the delivery of American F-16s to the Slovak Air Force in 2024.[46][47] In August 2022 the decision was yet to be made whether the retired MiGs would be donated to Ukrainian Air Force as military aid.[48]

Slovak air defence aid to Ukraine

On 17 March 2023, after officially retiring the MiG-29 fighters from active service, the Slovak government approved sending 13 MiG-29 jet fighters to Ukraine and one MiG-29UBS to Military History Museum Piešťany.[49] [50] 9 MiG-29AS, 1 MiG-29UBS, 2 MiG-29A and 1 MiG-29UB were sent to Ukraine. 3 of those fighters were missing engines and were intended to serve as a source of spare parts. Ukrainian pilots flew four MiG-29 jet fighters from Slovakia to Ukraine on 23rd of March in 2023, with the remaining 9 sent at a later date.[51] The military aid included 2 KUB missile launchers, radar, spare parts, 52 pieces of 3M9ME missiles and 148 pieces of 3M9ME missiles. [52]

Foreign aid for the Slovak air force

As a compensation for the aid provided, Slovakia received 200 million EUR for the MiG-29 package and 50 million EUR for the KUB package, both from the European Peace Facility fund. The US offered aid in the form of approximately 66% discount on a package including 12 unused AH-1Z, training, related equipment and 500 Hellfire II missiles. The total value of the package is estimated at 1 billion USD, with 660 USD paid by the US FMF. Should Slovak government accept the offer, the remaining value of the package, in the amount of 340 million USD, is to be paid by the Slovak government in 3-4 years. The helicopters can be delivered in 2 years, after the training of the personnel is completed. The total value of the compensation from both the EU and US is approximately 900 million USD per statement from Ministry of Defence of Slovak Republic. The AH-1Z offer is also provided as a compensation in the context of the delays to Slovak F-16V delivery. The Slovak government was expected to make a decision on the AH-1Z offer early into the year 2024. The signing of the deal was threatened due to the change in government after the elections. [53][54][55]

Investigation into Russian sabotage of Slovak MiG-29

Chief of the general staff of the Slovak armed forces gen. Daniel Zmeko was critical of the Slovak MiG-29 jet fighters in the last years. Problems with spare parts and maintenance, which was outsourced to Russia and resulted in 4 air frames being airworthy on average, while still plagued by a high failure rate occurring every 43 minutes on average, lack of munitions, no modernisation since 1996 and lack of pilots for the old fighter jets. [52][56]

Russian technicians were suspected of sabotage, as per statement from the Minister of Defense Jaroslav Naď. Due to unusual failures occurring on parts serviced only by Russian personnel, as well as other issues with spare parts. A criminal investigation was launched. While police couldn't prove Russia did it on purpose, the findings were enough for the Slovak army to lose their trust in the Russian maintenance crews. [57] The deal with Russia for servicing the jet fighters resulted in a cost of 70 000 EUR per flight hour, higher than the cost of the state of the art 5th generation F-35 jet fighter. [58]

Structure

Slovak Air Force is located in Slovakia
Zvolen
Sliač
Malacky
Prešov
Nitra
Slovak Air Force locations 2018:
Fighter jets Helicopters Transports planes
Air Defense Missile unit Air Operations Centre
Organization of the Slovak Air Force in 2021

Aircraft armament

Name Origin Type Notes
Air-to-air missile
AIM-120 AMRAAM United States Beyond-visual-range missile 28 missiles were bought.[63][64]
AIM-9 Sidewinder United States Air-to-air missile 100 missiles were bought.[65]
LAU-127 United States Missile Rail launcher 60 launchers were bought[63]
R-60 Soviet Union Air-to-Air missile Unknown number in storage[66]
Rotary cannons and Autocannons
M61 Vulcan United States Rotary cannon 15 bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[63]
GSh-23L Soviet Union Autocannon Mounted on Aero L-39/ZAM .[67]
General-purpose bomb
Mark 82 United States Unguided bomb 324 bombs bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[63]
JDAM United States Precision-guided munition 150 kits bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[63]
GBU-12 Paveway II United States Precision-guided munition 212 bombs bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[63][68]

Aircraft

A Mi-17 performing the SAR mission
A C-27J on take off
Slovak government private jet.

Current inventory

Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
F-16 Fighting Falcon United States multirole F-16C/D 12 / 2 on order[69][70]
Transport
Alenia C-27J Italy transport 2[69]
L-410 Turbolet Czech Republic transport L-410UVP-E 6[69] one used for reconnaissance
Airbus A319 France VIP Transport OM-BYK 2 Used by Slovak government.[71]
Helicopters
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility / SAR M/LPZS 10[72]
Sikorsky UH-60 United States utility UH-60M 9[69] 2 on order[73]
Trainer Aircraft
Aero L-39 Czech Republic jet trainer L-39CM/ZAM 7[69]
UAV
Elbit Skylark Israel UAV I-LEX 5[74] assigned to 5th Regiment.

Note: Five Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk's are available through the Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) program based in Italy.[75]

Retired aircraft

A retired upgraded multirole fighter aircraft MiG-29AS

Previous aircraft operated include the MiG-21, MiG-29, Sukhoi Su-22, Sukhoi Su-25, Yakovlev Yak-40, Tupolev Tu-154, Aero L-29, Antonov An-12, Antonov An-24/An-26, Mil Mi-2, and the Mil Mi-24 helicopter.[76][77]

Air defense

As of 2022, Slovakia has donated its S-300, and 2K12 Kub missile systems to Ukraine to aid in the Russian invasion. Since then, NATO has provided MIM-104 Patriot, and SAMP/T missiles to cover the countries' air defense needs, until the Slovak government will procure long and medium range air defence systems.[78][79][80]

Name Origin Type In service Notes
SAM
9K38 Igla2[81] Soviet Union MANPADS N.A Portable infrared homing S-to-A missile system. To be replaced by Piorun.
Piorun[81] Poland MANPADS 0/36 Portable infrared homing S-to-A missile system. Total value for 36 systems at 65.8 million EUR. [82]
MANTIS Germany Anti-air artillery 2[83] 2 systems donated by Germany[84] Equipment delivered to the 11th Air Force Brigade.[85]
2K12 Kub 2M Soviet Union SAM system 5 batteries Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system.[81] Two launchers with additional equipment were donated to Ukraine in 2022.[52]
Barak-MX Israel MR-SAM 0/1 1 battery on order for 128 milion euros, the purchase is not definitive.[86]

Radars

The Air Force has several types of radars under its command, including 17 Israeli EL/M-2084[87] in various medium and short range variants. The Air Force also operates 5 long-range LÜR surveillance radars from Germany.[88]

Ranks and Insignia

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
Slovakia Slovak Air Force[89]
Generál Generálporučík[a] Generálmajor Brigádny generál Plukovník Podplukovník Major Kapitán Nadporučík Poručík

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Slovakia Slovak Air Force[89]
Štábny nadrotmajster Nadrotmajster Rotmajster Rotný Čatár Desiatnik Slobodník Vojak 2. stupňa Vojak 1. stupňa

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The appropriate branch of service badge is pinned just under the top button of the for all ranks excluding full General.

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