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Nations with which Sweden has diplomatic relations.
Nations with which Sweden has diplomatic relations.

The foreign policy of Sweden is based on the premise that national security is best served by staying free of alliances in peacetime in order to remain a neutral country in the event of war. In 2002, Sweden revised its security doctrine. The security doctrine still states that "Sweden pursues a policy of non-participation in military alliances," but permits cooperation in response to threats against peace and security. The government also seeks to maintain Sweden's high standard of living. These two objectives require heavy expenditures for social welfare, defense spending at rates considered low by Western European standards (currently around 1.2% of GNP),[1] and close attention to foreign trade opportunities and world economic cooperation.

History

Foreign policy

The foreign policy of Sweden encompasses a range of themes over the centuries. Some of the main issues include: [2][3][4][5]

United Nations

Main article: Sweden and the United Nations

Sweden has been a member of the United Nations since November 19, 1946, and participates actively in the activities of the organization, including as an elected member of the Security Council (1957–1958, 1975–1976, 1997–1998 and 2017–2018), providing Dag Hammarskjöld as the second elected Secretary-General of the UN, etc. The strong interest of the Swedish Government and people in international cooperation and peacemaking has been supplemented in the early 1980s by renewed attention to Nordic and European security questions.

Sweden decided not to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[6]

European Union

After the then Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson had submitted Sweden's application in July 1991 the negotiations began in February 1993. Finally, on January 1, 1995, Sweden became a member of the European Union. While some argued that it went against Sweden's historic policy of neutrality, where Sweden had not joined during the Cold War because it was seen as incompatible with neutrality, others viewed the move as a natural extension of the economic cooperation that had been going on since 1972 with the EU.[citation needed] Sweden addressed this controversy by reserving the right not to participate in any future EU defense alliance. In membership negotiations in 1993–1994, Sweden also had reserved the right to make the final decision on whether to join the third stage of the EMU "in light of continued developments." In a nationwide referendum in November 1994, 52.3 percent of participants voted in favour of EU membership. Voter turnout was high, 83.3 percent of the eligible voters voted. The main Swedish concerns included winning popular support for EU cooperation, EU enlargement, and strengthening the EU in areas such as economic growth, job promotion, and environmental issues.

In polls taken a few years after the referendum, many Swedes indicated that they were unhappy with Sweden's membership in the EU. However, after Sweden successfully hosted its first presidency of the EU in the first half of 2001, most Swedes today have a more positive attitude towards the EU. The government, with the support of the Center Party, decided in spring 1997 to remain outside of the EMU, at least until 2002. A referendum was held on September 14, 2003. The results were 55.9% for no, 42.0% yes and 2.1% giving no answer ("blank vote").

Nordic Council

Swedish foreign policy has been the result of a wide consensus. Sweden cooperates closely with its Nordic neighbors, formally in economic and social matters through the Nordic Council of Ministers and informally in political matters through direct consultation.

Nonalignment

Main article: Swedish neutrality
Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven with Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, February 11, 2017
Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven with Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, February 11, 2017

Swedish neutrality and nonalignment policy in peacetime may partly explain how the country could stay out of wars since 1814. Swedish governments have not defined nonalignment as precluding outspoken positions in international affairs. Government leaders have favored national liberation movements that enjoy broad support among developing world countries, with notable attention to Africa. During the Cold War, Sweden was suspicious of the superpowers, which it saw as making decisions affecting small countries without always consulting those countries. With the end of the Cold War, that suspicion has lessened somewhat, although Sweden still chooses to remain nonaligned. Sweden has devoted particular attention to issues of disarmament, arms control, and nuclear nonproliferation and has contributed importantly to UN and other international peacekeeping efforts, including the NATO-led peacekeeping forces in the Balkans. It sat as an observer in the Western European Union from 1995 to 2011, but it is not an active member of NATO's Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Sweden's engagement with NATO was especially strengthened during the term of Anders Fogh Rasmussen.[7]

Sweden's nonalignment policy has led it to serve as the protecting power for a number of nations who don't have formal diplomatic relations with each other for various reasons. It currently represents the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations in North Korea for consular matters. On several occasions when the United Kingdom broke off relations with Iran (including the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Salman Rushdie affair, and the 2011 storming of the British embassy in Tehran), Sweden served as the protecting power for the UK.

In May 2022, Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance. The public opinion in the Nordic region had changed in favour of joining NATO since Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24 of the same year..[8]

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said in March 2022 that her government would have to respond if Sweden became a NATO member.[9] However, in June 2022 President Vladimir Putin contradicted the statement, claiming that Sweden and Finland can "join whatever they want" on the condition that there will be no NATO military deployment in either country.[10]

Military

Sweden has employed its military on numerous occasions since the end of the Cold War, from Bosnia and Congo to Afghanistan and Libya. According to one study, "this military activism is driven both by the Swedish internationalist tradition of "doing good" in the world, but also for instrumental purposes. These include a desire for political influence in international institutions, an interest in collective milieu shaping, and a concern to improve the interoperability and effectiveness of the Swedish military."[11]

Participation in international organizations

Multilateral

Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
 European Union See 1995 enlargement of the European Union
 NATO See Sweden–NATO relations

Africa

Region Formal relations began Notes
 Algeria
 Angola February 1976[12]
 Benin 17 November 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1961[13]
 Burkina Faso See Burkina Faso–Sweden relations
  • Burkina Faso is accredited to Sweden from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
 Burundi 7 December 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Burundi to Sweden Mr. Pierre Bigayimpunzi[14]
 Chad 3 August 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1995[15]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Kinshasa.
 Cote d'Ivoire 31 December 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1963 when first Swedish Ambassador to the Ivory Coast Karl Henrik Anderson presented his credentials[16]
 Djibouti
  • Djibouti is accredited to Sweden from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Sweden is accredited to Djibouti from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and maintains an honorary consulate in Djibouti City.
 Egypt
  • Egypt has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Cairo.
 Eritrea 24 June 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1993[17]
 Ethiopia See Ethiopia–Sweden relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Ghana 27 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1962 when first ambassador of Sweden to Ghana Mr. Gunnar Järnstedt presented his credentials[18]
 Guinea-Bissau 1974 See Guinea-Bissau–Sweden relations

Sweden established official diplomatic relations with Guinea-Bissau in 1974, the same year Guinea-Bissau formally gained independence from Portugal.[19]

  • Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Sweden from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium and maintains an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.
 Kenya See Kenya–Sweden relations
  • Kenya has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Nairobi.
 Mozambique
  • Mozambique has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Maputo.
 Namibia See Namibia–Sweden relations
  • Namibia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Windhoek.
 Nigeria 3 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1961[20]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Abuja.
 South Africa See South Africa-Sweden relations
 South Sudan 9 July 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 2011[21]
 Sudan
  • Sudan has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Khartoum.
 Tanzania
  • Sweden has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Stockholm.
 Tunisia See Sweden–Tunisia relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Stockholm.

Americas

Region Formal relations began Notes
 Antigua and Barbuda 11 May 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1982[22]
 Argentina See Argentina–Sweden relations
 Bahamas 9 May 1978 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1978[23]
 Barbados 19 March 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 1976[24]
 Belize 17 November 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1982[25]
  • Belize has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala City and maintains an honorary consulate in Belmopan.
 Bolivia
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in La Paz.
 Brazil See Brazil–Sweden relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada See Canada–Sweden relations
See also: Swedish Canadian

Relations with Canada are close, positive and constructive. Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[26] In addition, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.[27]

 Chile 1827 See Chile–Sweden relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate in Gothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Santiago.
 Colombia 11 December 1874
  • Colombia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Sweden is the 6th largest trade partner of Colombia in the European Union.
 Cuba
  • Cuba has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Havana.
 Dominica 3 May 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1984[28]
 El Salvador
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Guatemala City and maintains an honorary consulate in San Salvador.
 Guatemala
  • Guatemala is accredited to Sweden from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Guatemala City.
 Guyana 16 June 1975

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1975[29]

  • Guyana has an honorary consulate in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Guyana based in Stockholm.
 Mexico 1850[30] See Mexico–Sweden relations.
 Peru See Peru–Sweden relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.[31]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 3 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1992[32]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1992[33]
 United States 29 April 1818 See Sweden–United States relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1818[34]

See also: Swedish American

Sweden and the United States have had strong ties since the 18th century.

 Uruguay See Sweden–Uruguay relations
  • Sweden is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Stockholm.

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Armenia 10 July 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992[35]
 Azerbaijan 8 May 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1992[38]
  • The embassy of Sweden in Baku opened in 2014.
  • Azerbaijani opened an embassy in Stockholm.[citation needed]
  • Currently, approximately 10 thousand Azerbaijanis live in Sweden, and in addition about 30 thousand Azerbaijanis from Iran.[39]
  • In 2006, a diaspora organization called «Odlar yurdu» was established in Sweden.[39]
  • In 2010, the Congress of Swedish Azerbaijanis was established.[40]
 China See China–Sweden relations
  • China has an embassy in Stockholm and a consulate-general in Gothenburg.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Sweden, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[41][42]

 Georgia 19 September 1992 See Georgia–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1992[43]

 India See India–Sweden relations.
 Indonesia See Indonesia–Sweden relations.
 Iran See Iran–Sweden relations.
 Iraq See Iraq–Sweden relations.

Iraq has an embassy in Stockholm and Sweden has an embassy in Baghdad.[44] Sweden is one of the largest donors to the protection force for UN personnel in Iraq, that was established in 2004.

 Israel See Israel–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949. Israel has an embassy in Stockholm.[45] Sweden has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[46]

 Japan 1868 See Japan–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1868 by signing the Swedish-Japanese Treaty in 1868,.[47]

 Kazakhstan 7 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1992[48]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Astana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Stockholm.
 Kyrgyzstan 25 March 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1992[49]
 Malaysia See Malaysia–Sweden relations.

Diplomatic relations were established in 1958.[50] Sweden has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Stockholm. As of 2009, 90 Swedish companies are present in Malaysia and about 450 Swedish citizens live in Malaysia.

 North Korea April 7, 1973[51] See North Korea–Sweden relations
 Palestine October 30, 2014 See Palestine–Sweden relations.
 South Korea 11 March 1959 See South Korea–Sweden relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Sweden began on March 11, 1959[52]

 Tajikistan 9 December 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1992[53]
 Timor Leste 20 May 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 2002[54]
 Turkey See Sweden–Turkey relations.

Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Union for the Mediterranean. Sweden supports Turkey's European Union membership.[55][56] Sweden's Green Party has criticized France and Germany's opposition to Turkey's membership.[57][58]

 Turkmenistan 10 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1992[59]
 Uzbekistan 8 April 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1992[60]

Europe

Region Formal relations began Notes
 Albania 20 June 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1969[61]
 Andorra 2 March 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1995[62]
 Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Vienna.
  • There are 7,000 Austrians living in Sweden.
  • There are 2,000 Swedes living in Austria.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Belarus 14 January 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 1992[63]

There are 3,000 Belarusian living in Sweden and above 1,000 Swedes living in Belarus.

 Belgium There is an ethnic group of Walloons living in Sweden making up the 8,000 Belgians living in Sweden and 5,000 Swedes living in Belgium.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an ambassador accredited to Belgium based in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 December 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1992[64]
 Bulgaria July 6, 1914 There are approximately 3,000 Swedes living in Bulgaria and
 Croatia 29 January 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992[65]
  • Croatia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Croatia joined on 1 July 2013.
 Cyprus See Cyprus–Sweden relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Czech Republic 1 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993[66]
 Denmark See Denmark–Sweden relations.

Today, both countries are separated by the Øresund, which links the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Both countries are full members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, of the Council of Europe, and of the European Union. There are around 21,000 Swedes living in Denmark and there are around 42,000 Danes living in Sweden.

 Estonia 28 August 1991 See Estonia–Sweden relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1991[67]

Estonia was under Swedish occupation between 1561 and 1721. Sweden re-recognized Estonia on August 27, 1991.

 Finland See Finland–Sweden relations.

Finnish–Swedish relations have a long history (Sweden and Finland were the same country for several hundred years), due to the close relationship between Finland and Sweden. Particularly in Finland, the issue emerges in frequent exposés of Finnish history, and in motives for governmental proposals and actions as reported in Finnish news broadcasts in English or other foreign languages. In Sweden, this relationship is a recurrent important theme of 20th-century history, although maybe by most Swedes considered to be an issue of purely historical relevance now that both countries have been members of the European Union since 1995.

 France See France–Sweden relations.
 Germany See Germany–Sweden relations
 Greece See Greece–Sweden relations
 Hungary See Hungary–Sweden relations

Diplomacy relations between the two countries started on December 28, 1945.

  • Hungary has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Iceland See Iceland–Sweden relations
  • Iceland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Reykjavík.
 Ireland See Ireland–Sweden relations
 Italy See Italy–Sweden relations
 Kosovo See Kosovo–Sweden relations

Sweden recognized Kosovo on March 4, 2008.[68] Liaison Office of Sweden in Pristina, subordinated to the Embassy in Skopje, North Macedonia.[69] On March 8, 2008, the Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt became the first foreign minister to officially visit Kosovo since it declared its independence.[70] Sweden currently has 243 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force.[71]

  • Kosovo has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Pristina.
 Latvia 28 August 1991 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1991[72]
  • Latvia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Riga.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Lithuania 28 August 1991 See Lithuania–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1991[73]

  • Lithuania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Vilnius.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Moldova 12 June 1992 See Moldova–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 June 1992[74]

Sweden is one of Moldova's top donors. From 1996, Sweden provided Moldova with technical assistance worth 30 million dollars, which significantly helped strengthen sectors such as: protection of human rights, democracy, good governance, public health, education, agriculture, energy, infrastructure, transport and the private sector. Much of the aid is delivered through the Swedish International Development Agency.[75][76] In 2007, the Swedish Government established the 2007–2010 strategy of cooperation with Moldova, which sees 11 million euros in financial assistance annually for three important sectors: good governance, strengthening of com petitiveness in the rural area and reduction of vulnerability in the energy sector.[75]

  • Moldova has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Chişinău.
 Monaco 30 January 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 2009[77]
 Montenegro 26 June 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2006[78]
 The Netherlands
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 North Macedonia 20 December 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1993[79]
 Norway See Norway–Sweden relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Oslo.
 Poland See Poland–Sweden relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Portugal See Portugal–Sweden relations
  • Portugal has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Romania 1 November 1916
  • Romania has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Sweden joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 1995, while Romania joined on 1 January 2007.
 Russia See Russia–Sweden relations.
 San Marino 13 December 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 December 1988[80]
 Serbia See Serbia–Sweden relations.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Slovakia 1 January 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993[81]
 Slovenia 29 January 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992[82]
 Spain See Spain–Sweden relations
  • Spain has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Both countries are members of the European Union.
 Switzerland
  • Sweden has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Stockholm.
 Ukraine 13 January 1992 See Sweden–Ukraine relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1992[83]

A Ukrainian information bureau was opened 1916 in Stockholm by Volodymyr Stepankivskyi and M. Zaliznyak. In 1918 an official diplomatic mission from the Ukrainian People's Republic headed by K. Lossky was opened in Stockholm.[84] Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Sweden were established on January 13, 1992.

  • Sweden has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Stockholm.
 United Kingdom See Sweden–United Kingdom relations.

Oceania

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia See Australia–Sweden relations.
  • Australia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Canberra and eight honorary consulates: Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.
 Fiji 3 April 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1979[85]
 Kiribati 28 September 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 2012[86]
 Marshall Islands 14 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 1992[87]
 Federated States of Micronesia 26 August 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1992[88]
 Nauru 28 September 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 2012[89]
 New Zealand See New Zealand–Sweden relations
 Palau 9 August 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1995[90]
 Tuvalu 24 August 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 2012[91]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Foreign relations of Sweden
International organizations with the Kingdom of Sweden as a member
Sweden articles
Foreign relations of Europe
Category