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African Americans are a demographic minority in the United States. African-Americans' initial achievements in various fields historically establish a foothold, providing a precedent for more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier."^[1][2]

In addition to major national- and international-level firsts, African-Americans have achieved firsts on a statewide basis.

• 1832

First governor of African descent in what is now the US: Pío Pico, an Afro-Mexican, was the last governor of Alta California before it was ceded to the US. Like all Californios, Pico automatically became a US citizen in 1848. He was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council in 1853, but he did not assume office.^{[citation needed]}

• 1868

First elected African-American lieutenant governor: Oscar Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana

First 33 African-American legislators in Georgia: see Original 33

• 1870

May: First African-American acting governor: Oscar James Dunn of Louisiana from May until August 9, 1871, when sitting Governor Warmoth was incapacitated and chose to recuperate in Mississippi. (see also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)

• 1872

First African-American governor of Louisiana: P. B. S. Pinchback (Also first in U.S.) (non-elected; see also Douglas Wilder, 1990)

• 1873

First African-American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives, and of any state legislature: John R. Lynch

First African American elected to the Tennessee General Assembly: Sampson W. Keeble

• 1876

First African American elected to the Illinois General Assembly: John W. E. Thomas

• 1878

First African American elected mayor in New York State (village president of Cleveland): Ned Sherman

• 1879

First African American elected to the Wyoming Legislature: William Jefferson Hardin

First African American elected to the Ohio General Assembly: George Washington Williams

• 1880

First African American elected to the Indiana General Assembly: James Sidney Hinton^[3][4]

• 1885

First African American elected to the Rhode Island General Assembly: Mahlon Van Horne

• 1889

First African-American female principal in Massachusetts and the Northeast: Maria Louise Baldwin, supervising white faculty and a predominantly white student body at the Agassiz Grammar School in Cambridge (renamed the Maria L. Baldwin School in 2004).^[5][6]

• 1893

First African-American member elected to the Michigan House of Representatives: William Webb Ferguson

• 1898

First African-American member elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives: John Francis Wheaton^[7]

• 1906

First African-American elected to the Wisconsin Legislature: Lucian H. Palmer

• 1917

First African American to enter the University of Oregon: Mabel Byrd^[8]

• 1918

First African-American elected to political office in California: Frederick Madison Roberts, California State Assembly

• 1920

First African-American elected to the Missouri legislature: Walthall Moore

• 1924

First African-American elected to the Illinois Senate: Adelbert Roberts

• 1930

First African Americans elected as judges in the state of New York: James S. Watson and Charles E. Toney^[9]

• 1938

First African-American woman to be elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly and to any state legislature: Crystal Bird Fauset

• 1939

First African-American woman to own a cosmetology school in Iowa: Pauline Brown Humphrey^[10]

• 1948

First African American elected to the Delaware House of Representatives: William J. Winchester

• 1950

First African-American woman to be elected to the West Virginia Legislature: Elizabeth Simpson Drewry

First African-American woman to be elected to the Michigan Legislature: Charline White

• 1952

First African American to graduate from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Edith Irby Jones^[11]

• 1955

First African-American woman elected to the New York State Legislature: Bessie A. Buchanan

First African-American elected to the Maryland State Senate: Harry A. Cole

• 1956

First African-American student to attend the University of Alabama: Autherine Lucy^[12] Her expulsion from the institution later that year led to the university's President Oliver Carmichael's resignation.^[13][14]

First African American to teach at college or university level in California: Betty Smith Williams.^[15][16]

• 1957

First African-American woman elected to the New Jersey Legislature: Madaline A. Williams

• 1958

First African-American women elected to the Maryland General Assembly: Verda F. Welcome and Irma George Dixon

First African-American woman elected to the Illinois General Assembly: Floy Clements

First African American to graduate from the University of Maryland: Elaine J. Coates^[17]

• 1959

First African American to graduate from the University of Maryland: Elaine J. Coates^[18]

• 1962

First African-American attorney general of Massachusetts: Edward Brooke. Also first African American to hold Massachusetts statewide office, and first African-American attorney general of any state.

• 1963

First African American elected to the Delaware Senate: Herman Holloway

• 1964

First African-American woman elected to the Indiana Legislature: Daisy Riley Lloyd

First African-American woman elected to the New York State Senate: Constance Baker Motley

• 1966

First African-American woman elected to the Texas Legislature: Barbara Jordan

First African American known lesbian state legislator: Barbara Jordan

First African-American woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly: Grace Towns Hamilton

First African-American appointed to New York State Board of Regents: Kenneth Bancroft Clark

First African-American senator from Massachusetts: Edward Brooke. (Also first post-Reconstruction African American elected to the U.S. Senate and first African American elected to the U.S. Senate by popular vote).

First African-American woman in the California Legislature: Yvonne Brathwaite Burke

First African-American woman elected to the Tennessee General Assembly: Dorothy Lavinia Brown

First African-American woman elected to the Arizona Legislature: Ethel Maynard

• 1967

First African-American woman admitted to the Mississippi Bar: Marian Wright Edelman

First African-American woman elected to the Montana Legislature: Geraldine W. Travis

• 1968

First African-American elected to the Florida Legislature since Reconstruction: Joe Lang Kershaw

• 1969

First African-American elected mayor of a Mississippi city since Reconstruction: Charles Evers, in Fayette, Mississippi^[19]

• 1970

First African-Americans elected to the Alaska Legislature: Willard L. Bowman and Joshua Wright

First African-American woman elected to the Delaware General Assembly: Henrietta R. Johnson

First African-American woman elected to the Florida Legislature: Gwen Cherry

• 1971

First African-American woman elected to the Washington Legislature: Peggy Maxie

• 1972

First African-American elected to the Wisconsin Senate: Monroe Swan

• 1973

First African-American woman elected to the Massachusetts General Court: Doris Bunte

First African-American woman elected to the Connecticut General Assembly: Margaret E. Morton

• 1974

First African-American woman elected to the Michigan State Board of Education: Barbara Roberts Mason

First African-American man elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives: Henry Richardson

• 1975

First African-American woman elected to the South Carolina Legislature: Juanita Goggins

• 1976

First African-American appointed as a judge in Federal District Court in Virginia: Robert H. Cooley III (1939–1998), appointed to the Eastern District^[20]

First African-American elected mayor in New Mexico: Albert Johnson^[21]

• First African-American mayor in New Mexico: Albert Johnson^[22]
• 1977

First African-American to serve on the California Supreme Court: Wiley W. Manuel

First African-American speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives, and of any state legislature in the United States since Reconstruction: K. Leroy Irvis

First African-American woman elected to the Wisconsin Legislature: Marcia P. Coggs

First African-American woman elected to the Illinois Senate: Earlean Collins

• 1978

First African-American appointed to the office of Michigan State Treasurer: Loren E. Monroe^[23]

First African-American woman elected to the Ohio Legislature: Helen Rankin

• 1979

First African-American elected to a statewide office in Illinois: Roland Burris, office of Comptroller

First African-American elected to a statewide office in Wisconsin: Vel Phillips, office of Secretary of State

• 1980

First African-American speaker of the California State Assembly: Willie Lewis Brown Jr.

• 1981

First African-American woman elected to the Arkansas General Assembly: Irma Hunter Brown

First African-American elected to the Utah Senate: Terry Lee Williams

• 1984

First African-American elected to a statewide office in Georgia: Robert Benham, Supreme Court of Georgia

First African-American woman to be elected to the Virginia General Assembly: Yvonne B. Miller

• 1985

First African-American woman to be elected to the Mississippi Legislature: Alyce Clarke

First African-American woman elected to the Oregon Legislature: Margaret Carter

• 1987
• First African-American justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court: Robert D. Glass
• 1988

First African-American elected to the Wyoming Legislature: Harriet Elizabeth Byrd

• 1990

First African-American governor of Virginia: Douglas Wilder (also first elected governor in US; see also P. B. S. Pinchback, 1872)

First African-American woman elected to the Alaska Legislature: Bettye Davis

• 1991

First African-American woman elected to the Louisiana State Senate: Diana Bajoie

• 1992

First African-American elected to a statewide office in Indiana: Pamela Carter, office of Attorney General

First African-American Minnesota Supreme Court justice: Alan Page

• 1993

First African-American senator from Illinois: Carol Moseley Braun. (Also first African-American woman elected to the United States Senate, the first African-American U.S. Senator for the Democratic Party, the first woman to defeat an incumbent U.S. Senator in an election, and the first female Senator from Illinois).

• 1994

First African-American woman elected to the Nevada Legislature: Bernice Mathews

First African-American woman elected to the Delaware Senate: Margaret Rose Henry

• 1996

First African-American woman elected to the Oregon Legislature: Avel Gordly

• 1998

First African-American woman elected State Treasurer and first African-American woman elected statewide in Connecticut: Denise Nappier^[24]

First African-American elected to office of Attorney General Georgia: Thurbert E. Baker

• 2001

First African-American woman elected to the Minnesota Legislature: Neva Walker

• 2002

First African-American lieutenant governor of Maryland and first elected to statewide office in Maryland: Michael Steele (see also: 2009)

• 2004

First African-American District Attorney in California: Kamala Harris (San Francisco) (see also: 2010, 2017)

First African-American Oklahoma Supreme Court justice: Tom Colbert

First African-American Wisconsin Supreme Court justice: Louis B. Butler

First African-American Auditor of Accounts of Vermont and first elected to statewide office in Vermont: Randy Brock

First African-American congresswoman elected in Wisconsin's history: Gwen Moore

• 2006

First African-American elected governor of Massachusetts: Deval Patrick

First African-American lieutenant governor of New York: David Paterson

• 2007

First African-American appointed State Treasurer of New Jersey: Michellene Davis

• 2008

First African-American woman elected Speaker of the California State Assembly: Karen Bass

First African-American governor of New York State: David Paterson (elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded on resignation of previous governor)

First African-American women elected to the Nebraska Legislature: Tanya Cook and Brenda Council

• 2009

First bicameral state legislature to have both chambers headed simultaneously by African Americans: Peter Groff and Terrance Carroll of Colorado.

• 2010

First African-American elected Attorney General of California: Kamala Harris (see also: 2004, 2017)

First African-American Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court: Roderick L. Ireland

First African-American elected to the Idaho Legislature: Cherie Buckner-Webb

• 2012

First African-American elected to the Idaho Senate: Cherie Buckner-Webb

• 2013

First African-American senator from South Carolina: Tim Scott^[25] (Also the first African-American to serve both houses of the U.S. Congress.)

First African-American woman to be appointed to a seat on the New York Court of Appeals: Sheila Abdus-Salaam.

First African-American senator from New Jersey: Cory Booker

• 2014

First African-American senator elected from the South since Reconstruction: Tim Scott^[26]

• 2015

First African-American elected Speaker of the New York State Assembly: Carl Heastie^[27]

First African-American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky and first elected to statewide office in Kentucky: Jenean Hampton^[28][29]

First African-American woman elected to the Utah Legislature: Sandra Hollins

• 2017

First African-American United States Senator from California: Kamala Harris (see also: 2004, 2010)

First African-American elected lieutenant governor of New Jersey: Sheila Oliver^[30]

First African-American out trans woman to be elected to public office in the United States: Andrea Jenkins

• 2018

First female African-American major-party candidate for governor: Stacey Abrams, Georgia

First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: Garlin Gilchrist^[31]

First African-American Attorney General of New York: Letitia James^[32]

First African-American and First woman elected Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates: Adrienne A. Jones

First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of Illinois: Juliana Stratton

• 2019

First African-American elected Attorney General of Kentucky: Daniel Cameron

First Surgeon General for the State of California: Nadine Burke Harris^[33]

• 2020

First African-American congresswoman elected in Missouri's history: Cori Bush^[34]

First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina: Mark Robinson

• 2021

First African-American senator from Georgia and first African-American Democratic Senator from the South: Raphael Warnock^[35]

First African-American woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Missouri: Robin Ransom^[36]

First African-American woman elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: Winsome Sears

First African-American woman to serve as Secretary of the State of Connecticut: Natalie Braswell^[37]

• 2022

First African-American elected Attorney General of Maryland: Anthony Brown

First African-American woman elected Attorney General of Massachusetts: Andrea Campbell

First African-American elected Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania: Austin Davis

First African-American congresswoman elected in Pennsylvania's history: Summer Lee

First African-American elected governor of Maryland: Wes Moore

First African-American elected Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives: Joe Tate

First African-American woman elected Secretary of State of Connecticut: Stephanie Thomas

First African-American elected Secretary of State of California: Shirley Weber

• 2023

First African-American woman elected Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives: Joanna McClinton^[38]

• List of first African American mayors