Kathy Hochul has been governor since August 24, 2021
Kathy Hochul has been governor since August 24, 2021

The governor of New York is the head of government of the U.S. state of New York, the head of the executive branch of New York's state government, and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[1] The officeholder has a duty to enforce state laws, to convene the New York State Legislature,[1] the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the legislature,[2] as well as to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.[3]

Fifty-seven people have served as state governor, four of whom served non-consecutive terms (George Clinton, DeWitt Clinton, Horatio Seymour, and Al Smith); the official numbering lists each governor only once. There has only been one female governor so far: Kathy Hochul. This numbering includes one acting governor: the lieutenant governor who filled the vacancy after the resignation of the governor, under the 1777 Constitution.[4] The list does not include the prior colonial governors nor those who have acted as governor when the governor was out of state, such as Lieutenant Governor Timothy L. Woodruff during Theodore Roosevelt's vice presidential campaign in 1900, or Acting Speaker of the New York State Assembly Moses M. Weinstein, who acted as governor for 10 days in 1968 while the governor, the lieutenant governor and the senate majority leader were out of the state, attending the Republican National Convention in Miami.[5]

Four men have become president of the United States after serving as governor of New York: Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, and six were vice president. Van Buren and Theodore Roosevelt held both offices. Numerous Governors have also sought the Presidency, and won their party's respective nomination, but lost the General Election, such as Al Smith, Samuel J. Tilden, Horatio Seymour, Thomas E. Dewey, and Charles Evans Hughes Two governors have been chief justice: John Jay held that position when he was elected governor in 1795, and Charles Evans Hughes became chief justice in 1930, two decades after leaving the governorship.

The longest-serving governor was the first, George Clinton, who first took office on July 30, 1777, and served seven terms in two different periods, totaling just under 21 years in office. As 18 of those years were consecutive, Clinton also served the longest consecutive period in office for a New York governor. Charles Poletti had the shortest term, serving 29 days following the resignation of the previous governor, Herbert H. Lehman in 1942. David Paterson was the first African American governor of New York, and the first legally blind governor as well. Paterson is only the fourth African American to hold the office of governor in the United States. The current governor is Democrat Kathy Hochul, the state's first female governor, who assumed the office on August 24, 2021 upon the resignation of Andrew Cuomo.[6] Hochul went on to be elected as governor for a full term, after beating Republican Lee Zeldin in the 2022 election.

Governors

New York was one of the original Thirteen Colonies on the east coast of North America, and was admitted as a state on July 26, 1788. Prior to declaring its independence, New York was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, which it in turn obtained from the Dutch as the colony of New Netherland; see the list of colonial governors and the list of directors-general of New Netherland for the pre-statehood period.

The office of the governor was established by the first New York Constitution in 1777. The governor originally served for a term of three years,[7] though the constitution did not specify when the term began. A 1787 law set the start of the term at July 1.[8] The New York State Constitutional Convention of 1821 amended the state constitution, reducing the term of office to two years,[9] moving the election to November,[10] and moving the beginning and the end of the term to coincide with the calendar year.[11] An 1874 amendment extended the term of office back to three years,[12] but the 1894 constitution again reduced it to two years.[13] The most recent New York Constitution of 1938 extended the term to the current four years.[14] There is no limit to the number of consecutive terms a governor may serve.

The Constitution has provided since 1777 for the election of a lieutenant governor of New York, who is ex officio President of the Senate, to the same term (keeping the same term lengths as the governor throughout all the constitutional revisions). Originally, in the event of the death, resignation or impeachment of the governor, the lieutenant governor would become acting governor until the end of the yearly legislative term, the office being filled in a special election, if there was a remainder of the term.[15] Since the 1821 Constitution, the lieutenant governor explicitly becomes governor upon such vacancy in the office and serves for the entire remainder of the term.[16] Should the office of lieutenant governor become vacant, the president pro tempore of the State Senate[a] performs all the duties of the lieutenant governor until the vacancy is filled either at the next gubernatorial election or by appointment.[b] Likewise, should both offices become vacant at the same time, the president pro tempore acts as governor, with the office of lieutenant governor remaining vacant. Should the presidency pro tempore be vacant too, or the incumbent unable to fulfill the duties, the Speaker of the State Assembly is next in the line of succession.[17] The lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor, since the 1954 election with a single joint vote cast for both offices, but is nominated separately.[18]

Governors of the State of New York
No. Governor Term in office[c] Party Election Lt. Governor[d]
1
George Clinton by Ezra Ames (full portrait).jpg
  George Clinton
(1739–1812)
[19][20] 		July 30, 1777[21]
–
July 1, 1795
(did not run) 		Democratic–
Republican 		1777   Pierre Van Cortlandt
1780
1783
1786
1789
1792
2
Portrait of John Jay by John Trumbull, circa 1793.jpg
John Jay
(1745–1829)
[22][23] 		July 1, 1795[24]
–
July 1, 1801
(did not run) 		Federalist 1795 Stephen Van Rensselaer
1798
1
George Clinton by Ezra Ames (full portrait).jpg
George Clinton
(1739–1812)
[19][20] 		July 1, 1801[25]
–
July 1, 1804
(did not run)[e] 		Democratic–
Republican 		1801 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer
3
Morgan Lewis (portrait by Henry Inman).png
Morgan Lewis
(1754–1844)
[26][27] 		July 1, 1804[25]
–
July 1, 1807
(lost election) 		Democratic–
Republican 		1804 John Broome
(died August 8, 1810)
4
DTompkins.png
Daniel D. Tompkins
(1774–1825)
[28][29] 		July 1, 1807[25]
–
February 24, 1817
(resigned)[f] 		Democratic–
Republican 		1807
1810
Vacant
John Tayler
(acting from January 29, 1811)[g]
DeWitt Clinton
(elected May 2, 1811)
1813 John Tayler
1816
5
John Tayler, governor of New York (portrait by Ezra Ames).png
John Tayler
(1742–1829)
[30][31] 		February 24, 1817[32]
–
July 1, 1817
(did not run)[h] 		Democratic–
Republican 		Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Philetus Swift
(acting)
6
DeWitt Clinton by Rembrandt Peale.jpg
DeWitt Clinton
(1769–1828)
[33][34] 		July 1, 1817[35]
–
January 1, 1823
(did not run) 		Democratic–
Republican 		1817 John Tayler
1820
7
JosephCYates.jpg
Joseph C. Yates
(1768–1837)
[36][37] 		January 1, 1823[38]
–
January 1, 1825
(did not run) 		Democratic–
Republican 		1822 Erastus Root
6
DeWitt Clinton by Rembrandt Peale.jpg
DeWitt Clinton
(1769–1828)
[33][34] 		January 1, 1825[39]
–
February 11, 1828
(died in office) 		Democratic–
Republican 		1824 James Tallmadge Jr.
1826 Nathaniel Pitcher
8 Nathaniel Pitcher
(1777–1836)
[40][41] 		February 11, 1828[25]
–
January 1, 1829
(did not run) 		Democratic–
Republican 		Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Peter R. Livingston
(acting)
Charles Dayan
(acting from October 17, 1828)
9
Francis Alexander - Martin Van Buren - Google Art Project.jpg
Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[42][43] 		January 1, 1829[44]
–
March 12, 1829
(resigned)[i] 		Democratic 1828 Enos T. Throop
10
EThroop.png
Enos T. Throop
(1784–1874)
[45][46] 		March 12, 1829[47]
–
January 1, 1833
(did not run) 		Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Charles Stebbins
(acting)
William M. Oliver
(acting)
1830 Edward Philip Livingston
11
WMarcy.png
William L. Marcy
(1786–1857)
[48][49] 		January 1, 1833[49]
–
January 1, 1839
(lost election) 		Democratic 1832 John Tracy
1834
1836
12
Henry Inman - William H. Seward.jpg
William H. Seward
(1801–1872)
[50][51] 		January 1, 1839[52]
–
January 1, 1843
(did not run) 		Whig 1838 Luther Bradish
1840
13
WBouck.png
William C. Bouck
(1786–1859)
[53][54] 		January 1, 1843[54]
–
January 1, 1845
(lost nomination)[j] 		Democratic 1842 Daniel S. Dickinson
14
Silas Wright, Jr. (Engraved Portrait).jpg
Silas Wright
(1795–1847)
[55][56] 		January 1, 1845[57]
–
January 1, 1847
(lost election) 		Democratic 1844 Addison Gardiner[k]
(resigned July 5, 1847)
15
New York Governor John Young.jpg
John Young
(1802–1852)
[58][59] 		January 1, 1847[60]
–
January 1, 1849
(did not run) 		Whig 1846
Albert Lester[k]
(acting)
Hamilton Fish
(took office January 1, 1848)
16
Hamilton Fish (portrait by Charles Loring Elliott).png
Hamilton Fish
(1808–1893)
[61][62] 		January 1, 1849[63]
–
January 1, 1851
(did not run) 		Whig 1848 George W. Patterson
17
WashingtonHunt.png
Washington Hunt
(1811–1867)
[64][65] 		January 1, 1851[66]
–
January 1, 1853
(lost election) 		Whig 1850 Sanford E. Church[k]
18
HSeymour cropped.png
Horatio Seymour
(1810–1886)
[67][68] 		January 1, 1853[69]
–
January 1, 1855
(lost election) 		Democratic 1852
19
Myron H. Clark (portrait by Leon Bonnat).png
Myron H. Clark
(1806–1892)
[70][71] 		January 1, 1855[72]
–
January 1, 1857
(lost nomination)[l] 		Whig
(fusion) 		1854 Henry Jarvis Raymond
20
John Alsop King.jpg
John A. King
(1788–1867)
[73][74] 		January 1, 1857[75]
–
January 1, 1859
(did not run) 		Republican 1856 Henry R. Selden
21
Edwin D. Morgan (portrait by George Peter Alexander Healey).png
Edwin D. Morgan
(1811–1883)
[76][77] 		January 1, 1859[78]
–
January 1, 1863
(did not run) 		Republican 1858 Robert Campbell
1860
18
Hon. Horatio Seymour, N.Y - NARA - 528568.jpg
Horatio Seymour
(1810–1886)
[67][68] 		January 1, 1863[79]
–
January 2, 1865
(lost election) 		Democratic 1862 David R. Floyd-Jones
22
Reuben Fenton - Brady-Handy.jpg
Reuben Fenton
(1819–1885)
[80][81] 		January 2, 1865[m]
–
January 1, 1869
(did not run)[n] 		Union 1864 Thomas G. Alvord
1866 Stewart L. Woodford
23
John T. Hoffman (portrait by Jacob Lazarus).png
John T. Hoffman
(1828–1888)
[86][87] 		January 1, 1869[88]
–
January 1, 1873
(did not run) 		Democratic 1868 Allen C. Beach
1870
24
JADix.png
John Adams Dix
(1798–1879)
[89][90] 		January 1, 1873[91]
–
January 1, 1875
(lost election) 		Republican 1872 John C. Robinson
25
SamuelTilden.png
Samuel J. Tilden
(1814–1886)
[92][93] 		January 1, 1875[94]
–
January 1, 1877
(did not run)[o] 		Democratic 1874 William Dorsheimer
26
Lucius Robinson (portrait by George Waters).png
Lucius Robinson
(1810–1891)
[95][96] 		January 1, 1877[97]
–
January 1, 1880
(lost election) 		Democratic 1876
27
Alonzo B. Cornell.jpg
Alonzo B. Cornell
(1832–1904)
[98][99] 		January 1, 1880[100]
–
January 1, 1883
(lost nomination)[p] 		Republican 1879 George Gilbert Hoskins
28
Grover Cleveland LCCN2012645627.jpg
Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[101][102] 		January 1, 1883[103]
–
January 6, 1885
(resigned)[q] 		Democratic 1882 David B. Hill
29
Photo of David B. Hill.jpg
David B. Hill
(1843–1910)
[104][105] 		January 6, 1885[106]
–
January 1, 1892
(did not run)[r] 		Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Dennis McCarthy[s]
(acting)
1885 Edward F. Jones
1888
30
Roswell Pettibone Flower (1835-1899) (10506877665) (1).jpg
Roswell P. Flower
(1835–1899)
[108][109] 		January 1, 1892[110]
–
January 1, 1895
(did not run) 		Democratic 1891 William F. Sheehan
31
LMorton.png
Levi P. Morton
(1824–1920)
[111] 		January 1, 1895[112]
–
January 1, 1897
(did not run) 		Republican 1894 Charles T. Saxton
32
New York and the war with Spain. History of the Empire State regiments (1903) (14759490491).jpg
Frank S. Black
(1853–1913)
[113][114] 		January 1, 1897[115]
–
December 31, 1898
(lost nomination)[t] 		Republican 1896 Timothy L. Woodruff
33
T Roosevelt.jpg
Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[116][117] 		January 1, 1899[118]
–
January 1, 1901
(did not run)[u] 		Republican 1898
34
Benjamin Barker Odell Jr cph.3b20166.jpg
Benjamin Odell
(1854–1926)
[119][120] 		January 1, 1901[121]
–
December 31, 1904
(did not run) 		Republican 1900
1902 Frank W. Higgins
35
Frank W. Higgins.jpg
Frank W. Higgins
(1856–1907)
[122][123] 		January 1, 1905[124]
–
January 1, 1907
(did not run) 		Republican 1904 Matthew Linn Bruce
John Raines
(acting)
36
Charles Evans Hughes cph.3b15401.jpg
Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
[125][126] 		January 1, 1907[127]
–
October 6, 1910
(resigned)[v] 		Republican 1906 Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler[s]
1908 Horace White
37
Horace White.jpg
Horace White
(1865–1943)
[128][129] 		October 6, 1910[130]
–
December 31, 1910
(did not run) 		Republican Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		George H. Cobb
(acting)
38
John Alden Dix.jpg
John Alden Dix
(1860–1928)
[131][132] 		January 1, 1911[133]
–
January 1, 1913
(lost nomination)[w] 		Democratic 1910 Thomas F. Conway
39
William Sulzer, portrait taken by Chicago studio.jpg
William Sulzer
(1863–1941)
[135][136] 		January 1, 1913[137]
–
October 17, 1913
(impeached and removed)[x] 		Democratic 1912 Martin H. Glynn
40
Martin H. Glynn.jpg
Martin H. Glynn
(1871–1924)
[138][139] 		October 17, 1913[140]
–
December 31, 1914
(lost election) 		Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Robert F. Wagner
(acting)
41
Portrait of Charles S. Whitman.jpg
Charles Seymour Whitman
(1868–1947)
[141][142] 		January 1, 1915[143]
–
January 1, 1919
(lost election) 		Republican 1914 Edward Schoeneck
1916
42
AlfredSmith.png
Al Smith
(1873–1944)
[144][145] 		January 1, 1919[146]
–
December 31, 1920
(lost election) 		Democratic 1918 Harry C. Walker
43
Portrait of Nathan L. Miller.jpg
Nathan L. Miller
(1868–1953)
[147][148] 		January 1, 1921[149]
–
December 31, 1922
(lost election) 		Republican 1920 Jeremiah Wood
(resigned September 26, 1922)
Clayton R. Lusk
(acting)
42
AlfredSmith.png
Al Smith
(1873–1944)
[144][145] 		January 1, 1923[150]
–
December 31, 1928
(did not run)[y] 		Democratic 1922 George R. Lunn
1924 Seymour Lowman[s]
1926 Edwin Corning
44
FDR in 1933.jpg
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[151][152] 		January 1, 1929[153]
–
December 31, 1932
(did not run)[z] 		Democratic 1928 Herbert H. Lehman
1930
45
Herbert Lehman.jpg
Herbert H. Lehman
(1878–1963)
[154][155] 		January 1, 1933[156]
–
December 2, 1942
(resigned)[aa] 		Democratic 1932 M. William Bray
1934
1936
1938 Charles Poletti
46
Charles Poletti.jpg
Charles Poletti
(1903–2002)
[157][158] 		December 2, 1942[159]
–
December 31, 1942
(successor took office) 		Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Joe R. Hanley[s]
(acting)
47
Thomas Dewey.jpg
Thomas E. Dewey
(1902–1971)
[160][161] 		January 1, 1943[162]
–
December 31, 1954
(did not run) 		Republican 1942 Thomas W. Wallace
1946 Joe R. Hanley
1950 Frank C. Moore
(resigned September 30, 1953)
Arthur H. Wicks
(acting)
Walter J. Mahoney
(acting)
48
William Averell Harriman.jpg
W. Averell Harriman
(1891–1986)
[163][164] 		January 1, 1955[165]
–
December 31, 1958
(lost election) 		Democratic 1954 George DeLuca
49
NelsonRockefellerBW.png
Nelson Rockefeller
(1908–1979)
[166][167] 		January 1, 1959[168]
–
December 18, 1973
(resigned)[ab] 		Republican 1958 Malcolm Wilson
1962
1966
1970
50
Malcolm Wilson (NY).png
Malcolm Wilson
(1914–2000)
[170][171] 		December 18, 1973[169]
–
December 31, 1974
(lost election) 		Republican Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Warren M. Anderson
(acting)
51
Hugh Carey (NY).png
Hugh Carey
(1919–2011)
[172][173] 		January 1, 1975[174]
–
December 31, 1982
(did not run) 		Democratic 1974 Mary Anne Krupsak
1978 Mario Cuomo
52
Mario Cuomo 1987 (cropped).jpg
Mario Cuomo
(1932–2015)
[175] 		January 1, 1983[176]
–
December 31, 1994
(lost election) 		Democratic 1982 Alfred DelBello
Warren M. Anderson[s]
(acting)
1986 Stan Lundine
1990
53
George Pataki.jpg
George Pataki
(b. 1945)
[177] 		January 1, 1995[178]
–
December 31, 2006
(did not run) 		Republican 1994 Betsy McCaughey Ross[ac]
1998 Mary Donohue
2002
54
Eliot Spitzer.jpg
Eliot Spitzer
(b. 1959)
[179] 		January 1, 2007[180]
–
March 17, 2008
(resigned)[ad] 		Democratic 2006 David Paterson
55
David Paterson 2 by David Shankbone.jpg
David Paterson
(b. 1954)
[181] 		March 17, 2008[182]
–
December 31, 2010
(did not run) 		Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Joseph Bruno[s]
(acting)
Dean Skelos[s]
(acting)
Malcolm Smith
(acting)
Pedro Espada Jr.
(acting)[ae]
Richard Ravitch
(contested)[af]
Malcolm Smith
(acting)[ag]
Richard Ravitch[ah]
56
Andrew Cuomo 2019.jpg
Andrew Cuomo
(b. 1957)
[183] 		January 1, 2011[184]
–
August 23, 2021
(resigned)[ai] 		Democratic 2010 Robert Duffy
2014 Kathy Hochul
2018
57
Governor Hochul April 2022.jpg
Kathy Hochul
(b. 1958)
[185] 		August 24, 2021[186]
–
Incumbent[aj] 		Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Andrea Stewart-Cousins
(acting)
Brian Benjamin
Andrea Stewart-Cousins
(acting)
Antonio Delgado
2022

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The state constitutions refer to this position as the "temporary president of the senate".
  2. ^ On September 22, 2009, the New York Court of Appeals upheld the right of the governor to appoint a lieutenant governor to fill the vacancy.
  3. ^ The 1846 constitution specified that the governor holds their office "until and including the thirty-first day of December"; this has been interpreted in modern times as the changeover occurring at midnight. Governors on this list are only marked as having left office on December 31 if an early or midnight swearing-in of their successor was documented.
  4. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  5. ^ Clinton instead ran successfully for Vice President of the United States.[19]
  6. ^ Tompkins resigned to be Vice President of the United States.[29]
  7. ^ At the time, the position of president pro-tempore of the Senate was only filled during a vacancy in the office of lieutenant governor, so Tayler was not elected to fill the position until January 29, 1811.
  8. ^ Tayler instead ran successfully for re-election to lieutenant governor.
  9. ^ Van Buren resigned to be United States Secretary of State.[42]
  10. ^ Bouck lost the Democratic nomination to Silas Wright.[53]
  11. ^ a b c Represented the Democratic Party
  12. ^ Clark lost the Republican nomination to John A. King.[70]
  13. ^ All modern sources say Fenton was inaugurated on January 1, and this is found in sources at least as old as 1910;[82] however, all contemporary coverage says he was inaugurated at noon on Monday, January 2.[83][84][85]
  14. ^ Fenton instead ran successfully for United States Senate.[80]
  15. ^ Tilden instead ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States.[92]
  16. ^ Cornell lost the Republican nomination to Charles J. Folger.[98]
  17. ^ Cleveland resigned to be President of the United States.[101]
  18. ^ Hill was elected to the United States Senate for a term starting March 4, 1891, but did not take office until his gubernatorial term expired.[107]
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Represented the Republican Party
  20. ^ Black lost the Republican nomination to Theodore Roosevelt.[113]
  21. ^ Roosevelt instead ran successfully for Vice President of the United States.[116]
  22. ^ Hughes resigned to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.[125]
  23. ^ Dix lost the Democratic nomination to William Sulzer.[134]
  24. ^ Sulzer was impeached and removed from office for campaign contribution fraud.[135]
  25. ^ Smith instead ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States.[144]
  26. ^ Roosevelt instead ran successfully for President of the United States.[151]
  27. ^ Lehman resigned to be director of the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations at the United States Department of State.[154]
  28. ^ Rockefeller resigned to devote himself to his Commission on Critical Choices for Americans.[169]
  29. ^ Elected as Betsy McCaughey, but married and changed name in 1995.
  30. ^ Spitzer resigned due to a prostitution scandal.[179]
  31. ^ Espada was a Democrat, but combined with the Republicans in a change of leadership which triggered the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis.
  32. ^ Ravitch was appointed on July 8, 2009, but the appointment was contested in the courts. On August 20, the Appellate Division rejected the appointment; Ravitch vacated the office.
  33. ^ Smith succeeded Espada on July 9 as temporary President of the New York State Senate and claimed to be Acting Lieutenant Governor under the provisions of the New York State Constitution while the appointment of Ravitch was contested.
  34. ^ On September 22, the New York Court of Appeals reversed the Appellate Division's ruling, thus re-instating Ravitch to the lieutenant governorship, beginning on July 8.
  35. ^ Cuomo resigned due to allegations of sexual harassment.[6]
  36. ^ Hochul's first full term began at midnight on January 1, 2023 and will expire at midnight January 1, 2027.

References

General
  • "Governors of New York". State of New York. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  • "Former New York Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. III. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  • Jenkins, John Stilwell (1851). Lives of the Governors of the State of New York. Auburn N.Y.: Derby and Miller. p. 862.
Specific
  1. ^ a b New York Constitution article IV, § 3.
  2. ^ New York Constitution article IV, § 7.
  3. ^ New York Constitution article IV, § 4.
  4. ^ "Governors of New York". State of New York. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  5. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (December 3, 2007). "Moses Weinstein, 95, Legislator and Judge, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  6. ^ a b "New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo resigns". NBC News. August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  7. ^ 1777 New York Constitution, article XVIII.
  8. ^ "Governors of New York". New York Department of State. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  9. ^ 1821 New York Constitution article III, § 1.
  10. ^ 1821 New York Constitution article I, § 15.
  11. ^ 1821 New York Constitution article I, § 16.
  12. ^ John Joseph Lalor, ed. (1883). "New York". Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States. Vol. II. Chicago: Melbert B. Cary & Company. p. 1017. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  13. ^ 1894 New York Constitution article IV, § 1
  14. ^ New York Constitution article IV, § 1.
  15. ^ 1777 New York Constitution, article X.
  16. ^ New York Constitution, article IV § 5.
  17. ^ New York Constitution, article IV § 6.
  18. ^ "Executive Branch of the Several States". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  19. ^ a b c Sobel pp. 1069–1070
  20. ^ a b "George Clinton". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  21. ^ Faber, Harold (1989-09-25). "Remembering a Governor Almost Forgotten". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  22. ^ Sobel pp. 1070–1071
  23. ^ "John Jay". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  24. ^ Senate, New York (State) Legislature (1901). Documents of the Senate of the State of New York. E. Croswell. p. 303.
  25. ^ a b c d Williams, Edwin (1831). The New York Annual Register. J. Leavitt. p. 35.
  26. ^ Sobel p. 1071
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  28. ^ Sobel p. 1072
  29. ^ a b "Daniel D. Tompkins". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  30. ^ Sobel pp. 1072–1073
  31. ^ "John Tayler". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  32. ^ "Tompkins resigns, Tayler acts, February 24". Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  33. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1073–1074
  34. ^ a b "Dewitt Clinton". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  35. ^ "Clinton inaugurated, July 1". Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  36. ^ Sobel p. 1074
  37. ^ "Joseph Christopher Yates". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  38. ^ "Yates inaugurated, January 1". Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  39. ^ "New Governor". Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  40. ^ Sobel pp. 1074–1075
  41. ^ "Nathaniel Pitcher". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  42. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1075–1076
  43. ^ "Martin Van Buren". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  44. ^ "Van Buren inaugurated January 1". Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  45. ^ Sobel p. 1076
  46. ^ "Enos Thompson Throop". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  47. ^ Journal of the Proceedings of the Senate of the State of New York, 1829. 307. Accessed May 12, 2023.
  48. ^ Sobel pp. 1076–1077
  49. ^ a b "William Learned Marcy". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  50. ^ Sobel pp. 1077–1078
  51. ^ "William Henry Seward". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  52. ^ "Seward inaugurated January 1". Retrieved 2023-05-13.
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  54. ^ a b "William C. Bouck". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  55. ^ Sobel p. 1079
  56. ^ "Silas Wright". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  57. ^ "Wright inaugurated January 1". Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  58. ^ Sobel p. 1080
  59. ^ "John Young". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  60. ^ "The Inauguration of John Young As Governor of New York". Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  61. ^ Sobel pp. 1080–1081
  62. ^ "Hamilton Fish". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  63. ^ "Affairs in Albany". Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  64. ^ Sobel p. 1081
  65. ^ "Washington Hunt". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  66. ^ "Inauguration of Governor Hunt, Interesting Proceedings". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  67. ^ a b Sobel p. 1082
  68. ^ a b "Horatio Seymour". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  69. ^ "The Inauguration of Gov. Seymour - The Opening of the Legislature, etc". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  70. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1082–1083
  71. ^ "Myron Holley Clark". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  72. ^ "Inauguration of the New Governor". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  73. ^ Sobel p. 1083
  74. ^ "John Alsop King". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  75. ^ "Inauguration of Gov. King". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  76. ^ Sobel p. 1084
  77. ^ "Edwin Denison Morgan". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  78. ^ "Affairs in Albany". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  79. ^ "Inauguration of Governor Horatio Seymour". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  80. ^ a b Sobel p. 1085
  81. ^ "Reuben Eaton Fenton". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  82. ^ Manning, James Hilton (1910). Albany Zouave Cadets ...: Fifty Years Young, July Twenty-third, MDCCCLX-MDCCCCX ... Weed-Parsons Printing Company. p. 39.
  83. ^ "Inauguration of Gov. Fenton". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  84. ^ "Inauguration of Governor Fenton". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  85. ^ "The State Legislature". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  86. ^ Sobel pp. 1085–1086
  87. ^ "John Thompson Hoffman". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  88. ^ "Inauguration of the New State Government". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  89. ^ Sobel pp. 1086–1087
  90. ^ "John Adams Dix". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  91. ^ "State Inaugurations". Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  92. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1087–1088
  93. ^ "Samuel Jones Tilden". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  94. ^ "The New Governor Sworn". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  95. ^ Sobel p. 1088
  96. ^ "Lucius Robinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  97. ^ "The New Governor Installed". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  98. ^ a b Sobel p. 1089
  99. ^ "Alonzo Barton Cornell". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  100. ^ "A New Governor in Office". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  101. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1089–1090
  102. ^ "Steven Grover Cleveland". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  103. ^ "Governor Cleveland". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  104. ^ Sobel pp. 1090–1091
  105. ^ "David Bennett Hill". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  106. ^ "The New Regime". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  107. ^ United States Congress. "David Bennett Hill (id: H000590)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  108. ^ Sobel p. 1091
  109. ^ "Roswell Pettibone Flower". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  110. ^ "Governor Flower Inaugurated With Elaborate Ceremonies". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  111. ^ Sobel p. 1092
  112. ^ "Levi P. Morton, Governor". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  113. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1092–1093
  114. ^ "Frank Swett Black". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  115. ^ "Black Is Now Governor". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  116. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1093–1094
  117. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  118. ^ "Col. Roosevelt Takes the Oath of Office". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  119. ^ Sobel p. 1094
  120. ^ "Benjamin Baker Odell". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  121. ^ "Gov. Odell Inaugurated". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  122. ^ Sobel pp. 1094–1095
  123. ^ "Francis Wayland Higgins". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  124. ^ "It Is Gov. Higgins Now". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  125. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1095–1096
  126. ^ "Charles Evans Hughes". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  127. ^ "Crowds Gather at Albany for Inauguration". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  128. ^ Sobel p. 1096
  129. ^ "Horace White". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  130. ^ "Horace White Is Governor of New York". Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  131. ^ Sobel pp. 1096–1097
  132. ^ "John Alden Dix". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  133. ^ "Dix Sworn In As Governor". Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  134. ^ "SULZER WINS ON FOURTH PHASE DIX WITHDRAWS; Murphy Declines to the Candidate at Syracuse Dependents Support Suit". The New York Times. 1912-10-03. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  135. ^ a b Sobel p. 1097
  136. ^ "William Sulzer". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  137. ^ "Sulzer inaugurated at noon January 1". Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  138. ^ Sobel p. 1098
  139. ^ "Martin Henry Glynn". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  140. ^ "Glynn Is Sworn In". Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  141. ^ Sobel pp. 1098–1099
  142. ^ "Charles Seymour Whitman". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  143. ^ "Midnight Appointments Made by New Governor". 1915-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  144. ^ a b c Sobel pp. 1099–1100
  145. ^ a b "Alfred Emanuel Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  146. ^ "Democratic Weather for Smith's Inauguration". 1919-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  147. ^ Sobel p. 1100
  148. ^ "Nathan Lewis Miller". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  149. ^ "Brilliance to Mark Miller's Inaugural Day". 1921-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  150. ^ "Article clipped from Poughkeepsie Eagle-News". 1923-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  151. ^ a b Sobel p. 1101
  152. ^ "Franklin Delano Roosevelt". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  153. ^ "Roosevelt Takes First Oath Of Office as State Governor". 1929-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  154. ^ a b Sobel pp. 1101–1102
  155. ^ "Herbert Henry Lehman". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  156. ^ "O'Brien Sworn As Mayor; Lehman Now Governor". 1933-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  157. ^ Sobel pp. 1102–1103
  158. ^ "Charles Poletti". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  159. ^ "Poletti Assumes Governorship; Lehman Resigns". 1942-12-03. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  160. ^ Sobel pp. 1103–1104
  161. ^ "Thomas Edmund Dewey". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  162. ^ "Dewey Sworn In; 20-Year Republican Drout Ends". 1943-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  163. ^ Sobel pp. 1104–1105
  164. ^ "William Averell Harriman". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  165. ^ "Gov. Harriman Sworn; Hungry Dems Swarm". 1955-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  166. ^ Sobel pp. 1105–1106
  167. ^ "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  168. ^ "Rockefeller Sworn In As 49th Governor". 1959-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  169. ^ a b "Wilson Becomes 50th Governor in Quiet Ceremony". Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  170. ^ Sobel pp. 1106–1107
  171. ^ "Malcolm Wilson". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  172. ^ Sobel p. 1107
  173. ^ "Hugh Leo Carey". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  174. ^ "Carey Takes Oath as Governor". 1975-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  175. ^ "Mario Matthew Cuomo". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  176. ^ "Cuomo Takes Oath, Becomes 52nd Governor". 1983-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  177. ^ "George E. Pataki". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  178. ^ "New governor in control of New York". 1995-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  179. ^ a b "Eliot Spitzer". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  180. ^ "Glut of troubles awaits Spitzer". 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  181. ^ "David A. Paterson". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  182. ^ "Trust is Paterson's mission". 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  183. ^ "Andrew Cuomo". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  184. ^ "Cuomo is 56th leader of New York". 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
  185. ^ "Kathy Hochul". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  186. ^ Solomon, Joshua (2021-08-24). "Kathy Hochul sworn in after midnight, becoming New York's first female governor". Retrieved 2023-05-16.

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