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Physics
Mass–energy equivalence
History of physics
Branches Classical mechanics Electromagnetism Quantum mechanics Relativity Statistical mechanics Thermodynamics
Research fields Applied physics Astrophysics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Biophysics Condensed matter physics Geophysics Nuclear physics Optics Particle physics
Past experiments 2-degree-Field Galaxy Redshift Survey 2-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) Bell test BOOMERanG Camera obscura experiments Cavendish experiment Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment Davisson–Germer Double-slit Foucault pendulum Franck–Hertz Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B Geiger–Marsden Homestake experiment Michelson–Morley Oil drop experiment Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stern–Gerlach Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Current experiments Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage (HERA) James Webb Space Telescope Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Scientists Bohr Dirac Einstein Feynman Galileo Hawking Heisenberg Maxwell Newton Pauli Rutherford Schrödinger Wigner
v t e

For pages on physics.

((Modern physics))

Modern physics
${\hat {H))\|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt))\|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle$ ${\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu ))$ Schrödinger and Einstein field equations
Founders Max Planck Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Max Born Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrödinger Pascual Jordan Wolfgang Pauli Paul Dirac Ernest Rutherford Louis de Broglie Satyendra Nath Bose
Concepts Topology Space Time Energy Matter Work Randomness Information Entropy Light Particle Wave
Branches Applied Experimental Theoretical Mathematical Philosophy of physics Quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Quantum information Quantum computation Electromagnetism Weak interaction Electroweak interaction Strong interaction Atomic Particle Nuclear Atomic, molecular, and optical Condensed matter Statistical Complex systems Non-linear dynamics Biophysics Neurophysics Plasma physics Special relativity General relativity Astrophysics Cosmology Theories of gravitation Quantum gravity Theory of everything
Scientists Witten Röntgen Becquerel Lorentz Planck Curie Wien Skłodowska-Curie Sommerfeld Rutherford Soddy Onnes Einstein Wilczek Born Weyl Bohr Kramers Schrödinger de Broglie Laue Bose Compton Pauli Walton Fermi van der Waals Heisenberg Dyson Zeeman Moseley Hilbert Gödel Jordan Dirac Wigner Hawking P. W. Anderson Lemaître Thomson Poincaré Wheeler Penrose Millikan Nambu von Neumann Higgs Hahn Feynman Yang Lee Lenard Salam 't Hooft Veltman Bell Gell-Mann J. J. Thomson Raman Bragg Bardeen Shockley Chadwick Lawrence Zeilinger Goudsmit Uhlenbeck
Categories Modern physics
v t e

For pages on modern physics.

((Computational physics))

Computational physics

Mechanics Electromagnetics Multiphysics Particle physics Thermodynamics Simulation
Potentials Morse/Long-range potential Lennard-Jones potential Yukawa potential Morse potential
Fluid dynamics Finite difference Finite volume Finite element Boundary element Lattice Boltzmann Riemann solver Dissipative particle dynamics Smoothed particle hydrodynamics Turbulence models
Monte Carlo methods Integration Gibbs sampling Metropolis algorithm
Particle N-body Particle-in-cell Molecular dynamics
Scientists Godunov Ulam von Neumann Galerkin Lorenz Wilson Alder Richtmyer
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For pages on computational physics.

((Classical mechanics))

Classical mechanics
Part of a series on
${\textbf {F))={\frac {d}{dt))(m{\textbf {v)))$ Second law of motion
History Timeline Textbooks
Branches Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical mechanics
Fundamentals Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work
Formulations Newton's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton–Jacobi equation Appell's equation of motion Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
Core topics Damping Displacement Equations of motion Euler's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion (linear) Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration
Rotation Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational frequency Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity
Scientists Kepler Galileo Huygens Newton Horrocks Halley Maupertuis Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Cauchy Routh Liouville Appell Gibbs Koopman von Neumann
Physics portal Category
v t e

For classical mechanics pages.

((Continuum mechanics))

Fluid mechanics

Fluids
Statics · Dynamics Archimedes' principle · Bernoulli's principle Navier–Stokes equations Poiseuille equation · Pascal's law Viscosity (Newtonian · non-Newtonian) Buoyancy · Mixing · Pressure
Liquids
Adhesion Capillary action Chromatography Cohesion (chemistry) Surface tension
Gases
Atmosphere Boyle's law Charles's law Combined gas law Fick's law Gay-Lussac's law Graham's law
Plasma

For continuum mechanics pages.

((Thermodynamics sidebar))

Systems

State
Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Phase (matter) Equilibrium Control volume Instruments
Processes
Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility
Cycles
Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency

System properties

Note: Conjugate variables in italics

Process functions
Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties
Work Heat
Functions of state
Temperature / Entropy (introduction) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties

Material properties

Property databases

Specific heat capacity

c=

$T$	$\partial S$
$N$	$\partial T$

Compressibility

\beta =-

$1$	$\partial V$
$V$	$\partial p$

Thermal expansion

\alpha =

$1$	$\partial V$
$V$	$\partial T$

History
Culture

History
General Entropy Gas laws "Perpetual motion" machines
Philosophy
Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics
Theories
Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power
Key publications
An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire
Timelines
Thermodynamics Heat engines
Art Education
Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal

For thermodynamics pages.

((Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)))

For pages on thermodynamics.

((Laws of thermodynamics))

Systems

State
Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Phase (matter) Equilibrium Control volume Instruments
Processes
Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility
Cycles
Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency

System properties

Note: Conjugate variables in italics

Process functions
Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties
Work Heat
Functions of state
Temperature / Entropy (introduction) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties

Material properties

Property databases

Specific heat capacity

c=

$T$	$\partial S$
$N$	$\partial T$

Compressibility

\beta =-

$1$	$\partial V$
$V$	$\partial p$

Thermal expansion

\alpha =

$1$	$\partial V$
$V$	$\partial T$

History
Culture

History
General Entropy Gas laws "Perpetual motion" machines
Philosophy
Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt's paradox Synergetics
Theories
Caloric theory Vis viva ("living force") Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power
Key publications
An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire
Timelines
Thermodynamics Heat engines
Art Education
Maxwell's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal

For pages on the laws of thermodynamics.

((Statistical mechanics))

Statistical mechanics

Thermodynamics Kinetic theory
Particle statistics Spin–statistics theorem Indistinguishable particles Maxwell–Boltzmann Bose–Einstein Fermi–Dirac Parastatistics Anyonic statistics Braid statistics
Thermodynamic ensembles NVE Microcanonical NVT Canonical µVT Grand canonical NPH Isoenthalpic–isobaric NPT Isothermal–isobaric
Models Debye Einstein Ising Potts
Potentials Internal energy Enthalpy Helmholtz free energy Gibbs free energy Grand potential / Landau free energy
Scientists Maxwell Boltzmann Bose Gibbs Einstein Ehrenfest von Neumann Tolman Debye Fermi
v t e

For statistical mechanics pages.

((Nuclear physics))

Nuclear physics

Nucleus Nucleons p n Nuclear matter Nuclear force Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction
Models of the nucleus Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio
Nuclides' classification Isotopes – equal Z Isobars – equal A Isotones – equal N Isodiaphers – equal N − Z Isomers – equal all the above Mirror nuclei – Z ↔ N Stable Magic Even/odd Halo Borromean
Nuclear stability Binding energy p–n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Stable nuclide
Radioactive decay Alpha α Beta β 2β 0v β⁺ K/L capture Isomeric Gamma γ Internal conversion Spontaneous fission Cluster decay Neutron emission Proton emission Decay energy Decay chain Decay product Radiogenic nuclide
Nuclear fission Spontaneous Products pair breaking Photofission
Capturing processes electron 2× neutron s r proton p rp
High-energy processes Spallation by cosmic ray Photodisintegration
Nucleosynthesis and nuclear astrophysics Nuclear fusion Processes: Stellar Big Bang Supernova Nuclides: Primordial Cosmogenic Artificial
High-energy nuclear physics Quark–gluon plasma RHIC LHC
Scientists Alvarez Becquerel Bethe A. Bohr N. Bohr Chadwick Cockcroft Ir. Curie Fr. Curie Pi. Curie Skłodowska-Curie Davisson Fermi Hahn Jensen Lawrence Mayer Meitner Oliphant Oppenheimer Proca Purcell Rabi Rutherford Soddy Strassmann Świątecki Szilárd Teller Thomson Walton Wigner
Physics portal Category
v t e

For nuclear physics pages.

((Antimatter))

Antimatter

Antiparticles Positron Antiproton Antineutron Antihydrogen Antihelium Onia Antiprotonic hydrogen Antiprotonic helium Muonium True muonium Pionium Positronium Quarkonium
Concepts and phenomena Annihilation Baryogenesis Baryon asymmetry Comet CP violation Gravitational interaction Positron emission
Devices Cloud chamber Particle accelerator Antiproton decelerator Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Penning trap
Uses Positron emission tomography Fuel Weapon
People and bodies Carl David Anderson Paul Dirac Andrei Sakharov CERN
v t e

For pages on nuclear physics and particle physics.

((Quantum mechanics))

Quantum mechanics
Part of a series of articles about
$i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt))\|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H))\|\Psi \rangle$ Schrödinger equation
Introduction Glossary History
Background Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Bra–ket notation Hamiltonian Interference
Fundamentals Complementarity Decoherence Entanglement Energy level Measurement Nonlocality Quantum number State Superposition Symmetry Tunnelling Uncertainty Wave function Collapse
Experiments Bell's inequality Davisson–Germer Double-slit Elitzur–Vaidman Franck–Hertz Leggett–Garg inequality Mach–Zehnder Popper Quantum eraser Delayed-choice Schrödinger's cat Stern–Gerlach Wheeler's delayed-choice
Formulations Overview Heisenberg Interaction Matrix Phase-space Schrödinger Sum-over-histories (path integral)
Equations Dirac Klein–Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger
Interpretations Bayesian Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie–Bohm Ensemble Hidden-variable Local Superdeterminism Many-worlds Objective collapse Quantum logic Relational Transactional Von Neumann–Wigner
Advanced topics Relativistic quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Quantum information science Quantum computing Quantum chaos EPR paradox Density matrix Scattering theory Quantum statistical mechanics Quantum machine learning
Scientists Aharonov Bell Bethe Blackett Bloch Bohm Bohr Born Bose de Broglie Compton Dirac Davisson Debye Ehrenfest Einstein Everett Fock Fermi Feynman Glauber Gutzwiller Heisenberg Hilbert Jordan Kramers Lamb Landau Laue Moseley Millikan Onnes Pauli Planck Rabi Raman Rydberg Schrödinger Simmons Sommerfeld von Neumann Weyl Wien Wigner Zeeman Zeilinger
v t e

For quantum mechanics pages.

((Light–matter interaction))

Light–matter interaction

Low-energy phenomena:
Photoelectric effect
Mid-energy phenomena:
Thomson scattering
Compton scattering
High-energy phenomena:
Pair production
Photodisintegration
Photofission
v t e

For pages related to the photoelectric effect.

((Scattering))

Scattering
Feynman diagram of scattering between two electrons by emission of a virtual photon
Bragg diffraction Brillouin Compton Dynamic light Kikuchi lines Light scattering by particles Mie Neutron Powder diffraction Raman Rayleigh Rutherford Small-angle Tyndall Thomson Wolf effect X-ray crystallography
v t e

For pages on scattering theory.

((Quantum field theory))

Quantum field theory
Feynman diagram
History
Background Field theory Electromagnetism Weak force Strong force Quantum mechanics Special relativity General relativity Gauge theory Yang–Mills theory
Symmetries Symmetry in quantum mechanics C-symmetry P-symmetry T-symmetry Lorentz symmetry Poincaré symmetry Gauge symmetry Explicit symmetry breaking Spontaneous symmetry breaking Noether charge Topological charge
Tools Anomaly Background field method BRST quantization Correlation function Crossing Effective action Effective field theory Expectation value Feynman diagram Lattice field theory LSZ reduction formula Partition function Propagator Quantization Regularization Renormalization Vacuum state Wick's theorem
Equations Dirac equation Klein–Gordon equation Proca equations Wheeler–DeWitt equation Bargmann–Wigner equations
Standard Model Quantum electrodynamics Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics Higgs mechanism
Incomplete theories String theory Supersymmetry Technicolor Theory of everything Quantum gravity
Scientists Adler Anderson Anselm Bargmann Becchi Belavin Bell Berezin Bethe Bjorken Bleuer Bogoliubov Brodsky Brout Buchholz Cachazo Callan Coleman Dashen DeWitt Dirac Doplicher Dyson Englert Faddeev Fadin Fayet Fermi Feynman Fierz Fock Frampton Fritzsch Fröhlich Fredenhagen Furry Glashow Gelfand Gell-Mann Goldstone Gribov Gross Gupta Guralnik Haag Heisenberg Hepp Higgs Hagen 't Hooft Iliopoulos Ivanenko Jackiw Jona-Lasinio Jordan Jost Källén Kendall Kinoshita Klebanov Kontsevich Kuraev Landau Lee Lehmann Leutwyler Lipatov Łopuszański Low Lüders Maiani Majorana Maldacena Migdal Mills Møller Naimark Nambu Neveu Nishijima Oehme Oppenheimer Osterwalder Parisi Pauli Peskin Plefka Polyakov Pomeranchuk Popov Proca Rubakov Ruelle Salam Schrader Schwarz Schwinger Segal Seiberg Semenoff Shifman Shirkov Skyrme Sommerfield Stora Stueckelberg Sudarshan Symanzik Thirring Tomonaga Tyutin Vainshtein Veltman Virasoro Ward Weinberg Weisskopf Wentzel Wess Wetterich Weyl Wick Wightman Wigner Wilczek Wilson Witten Yang Yukawa Zamolodchikov Zamolodchikov Zee Zimmermann Zinn-Justin Zuber Zumino
v t e

For quantum field theory pages.

((Special relativity sidebar))

Special relativity

Principle of relativity Theory of relativity Formulations
Foundations Einstein's postulates Inertial frame of reference Speed of light Maxwell's equations Lorentz transformation
Consequences Time dilation Length contraction Relativistic mass Mass–energy equivalence Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Relativistic disk Bell's spaceship paradox Ehrenfest paradox
Spacetime Minkowski spacetime Spacetime diagram World line Light cone
Dynamics Proper time Proper mass Four-momentum
History Precursors Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Aether theories
People Einstein Sommerfeld Michelson Morley FitzGerald Herglotz Lorentz Poincaré Minkowski Fizeau Abraham Born Planck von Laue Ehrenfest Tolman Dirac
Physics portal Category
v t e

For special relativity pages.

((General relativity sidebar))

Phenomena

Spacetime
Kepler problem Gravitational lensing Gravitational red shift Gravitational time dilation Gravitational waves Frame-dragging Geodetic effect Event horizon Singularity Black hole
Spacetime diagrams Minkowski spacetime Einstein–Rosen bridge

Equations
Formalisms

Equations
Linearized gravity Einstein field equations Friedmann Geodesics Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein
Formalisms
ADM BSSN Post-Newtonian
Advanced theory
Kaluza–Klein theory Quantum gravity

For general relativity pages.

((Condensed matter physics))

Condensed matter physics

Phases Phase transition QCP
States of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose–Einstein condensate Bose gas Fermionic condensate Fermi gas Fermi liquid Supersolid Superfluidity Luttinger liquid Time crystal
Phase phenomena Order parameter Phase transition QCP
Electronic phases Electronic band structure Plasma Insulator Mott insulator Semiconductor Semimetal Conductor Superconductor Thermoelectric Piezoelectric Ferroelectric Topological insulator Spin gapless semiconductor
Electronic phenomena Quantum Hall effect Spin Hall effect Kondo effect
Magnetic phases Diamagnet Superdiamagnet Paramagnet Superparamagnet Ferromagnet Antiferromagnet Metamagnet Spin glass
Quasiparticles Phonon Exciton Plasmon Polariton Polaron Magnon Roton
Soft matter Amorphous solid Colloid Granular material Liquid crystal Polymer
Scientists Van der Waals Onnes von Laue Bragg Debye Bloch Onsager Mott Peierls Landau Luttinger Anderson Van Vleck Hubbard Shockley Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer Josephson Louis Néel Esaki Giaever Kohn Kadanoff Fisher Wilson von Klitzing Binnig Rohrer Bednorz Müller Laughlin Störmer Yang Tsui Abrikosov Ginzburg Leggett Parisi
Physics portal Category
v t e

For condensed matter physics pages.

((Electronic structure methods))

Electronic structure methods
Valence bond theory
Coulson–Fischer theory Generalized valence bond Modern valence bond theory
Molecular orbital theory
Hartree–Fock method Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods Møller–Plesset perturbation theory Configuration interaction Coupled cluster Multi-configurational self-consistent field Quantum chemistry composite methods Quantum Monte Carlo
Density functional theory
Time-dependent density functional theory Thomas–Fermi model Orbital-free density functional theory Linearized augmented-plane-wave method Projector augmented wave method
Electronic band structure
Nearly free electron model Tight binding Muffin-tin approximation k·p perturbation theory Empty lattice approximation GW approximation Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker method
v t e

For electronic structure methods pages.

((Physical cosmology))

Components · Structure

Components
Lambda-CDM model Dark energy · Dark matter
Structure
Shape of the universe Galaxy filament · Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization · Structure formation

For cosmology pages.

((Gravitational lensing))

Gravitational lensing
Part of a series of articles about

Einstein ring Formalism Strong lensing Microlensing Weak lensing
Strong lens systems Abell 1689 Abell 2218 CL0024+17 Bullet Cluster QSO2237+0305 SDSSJ0946+1006 B1359+154 QSO 0957+561
Surveys Strong: CLASS SLACS SDSS Micro: OGLE Gaia Weak: DLS Pan-STARRS CFHTLS DES LSST SNAP DESTINY
v t e

For pages about the gravitational lensing.

((Standard model of particle physics))

Standard Model of particle physics
Elementary particles of the Standard Model
Background Particle physics Standard Model Quantum field theory Gauge theory Spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs mechanism
Constituents Electroweak interaction Quantum chromodynamics CKM matrix Standard Model mathematics
Limitations Strong CP problem Hierarchy problem Neutrino oscillations Physics beyond the Standard Model
Scientists Rutherford Thomson Chadwick Bose Sudarshan Davis Jr Anderson Fermi Dirac Feynman Rubbia Gell-Mann Kendall Taylor Friedman Powell Anderson Glashow Iliopoulos Lederman Maiani Meer Cowan Nambu Chamberlain Cabibbo Schwartz Perl Majorana Weinberg Lee Ward Salam Kobayashi Maskawa Mills Yang Yukawa 't Hooft Veltman Gross Pais Pauli Politzer Reines Schwinger Wilczek Cronin Fitch Vleck Higgs Englert Brout Hagen Guralnik Kibble de Mayolo Lattes Zweig
v t e

For pages on the standard model and particle physics.

((Beyond the Standard Model))

Beyond the Standard Model
Simulated Large Hadron Collider CMS particle detector data depicting a Higgs boson produced by colliding protons decaying into hadron jets and electrons
Standard Model
Evidence Hierarchy problem Dark matter Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark radiation Dark photon Cosmological constant problem Strong CP problem Neutrino oscillation
Theories Brans–Dicke theory Cosmic censorship hypothesis Fifth force F-theory Theory of everything Unified field theory Grand Unified Theory Technicolor Kaluza–Klein theory 6D (2,0) superconformal field theory Noncommutative quantum field theory Quantum cosmology Brane cosmology String theory Superstring theory M-theory Mathematical universe hypothesis Mirror matter Randall–Sundrum model N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory Twistor string theory Dark fluid Doubly special relativity de Sitter invariant special relativity Causal fermion systems Black hole thermodynamics Unparticle physics Graviphoton Graviscalar Graviton Gravitino Massive gravity Gauge gravitation theory Gauge theory gravity CPT symmetry
Supersymmetry MSSM NMSSM Superstring theory M-theory Supergravity Supersymmetry breaking Extra dimensions Large extra dimensions
Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory
Experiments ANNIE Gran Sasso INO LHC SNO Super-K Tevatron NOvA
v t e

For pages about theories beyond the Standard Model, and for particle physics.

((String theory))

String theory

Fundamental objects
String Cosmic string Brane D-brane
Perturbative theory
Bosonic Superstring (Type I, Type II, Heterotic)
Non-perturbative results
S-duality T-duality U-duality M-theory F-theory AdS/CFT correspondence
Phenomenology
Phenomenology Cosmology Landscape
Mathematics
Geometric Langlands correspondence Mirror symmetry Monstrous moonshine Vertex algebra K-theory
Related concepts Theory of everything Conformal field theory Quantum gravity Supersymmetry Supergravity Twistor string theory N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory Kaluza–Klein theory Multiverse Holographic principle
Theorists Aganagić Arkani-Hamed Atiyah Banks Berenstein Bousso Curtright Dijkgraaf Distler Douglas Duff Dvali Ferrara Fischler Friedan Gates Gliozzi Gopakumar Green Greene Gross Gubser Gukov Guth Hanson Harvey Hořava Horowitz Gibbons Kachru Kaku Kallosh Kaluza Kapustin Klebanov Knizhnik Kontsevich Klein Linde Maldacena Mandelstam Marolf Martinec Minwalla Moore Motl Mukhi Myers Nanopoulos Năstase Nekrasov Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz Seiberg Sen Shenker Siegel Silverstein Sơn Staudacher Steinhardt Strominger Sundrum Susskind 't Hooft Townsend Trivedi Turok Vafa Veneziano Verlinde Verlinde Wess Witten Yau Yoneya Zamolodchikov Zamolodchikov Zaslow Zumino Zwiebach
History Glossary
v t e

For pages on string theory and particle physics.

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((Branches of physics))

v t e Major branches of physics
Divisions	Pure Applied Engineering
Approaches	Experimental Theoretical Computational
Classical	Classical mechanics Newtonian Analytical Celestial Continuum Acoustics Classical electromagnetism Classical optics Ray Wave Thermodynamics Statistical Non-equilibrium
Modern	Relativistic mechanics Special General Nuclear physics Quantum mechanics Particle physics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Atomic Molecular Modern optics Condensed matter physics
Interdisciplinary	Astrophysics Atmospheric physics Biophysics Chemical physics Geophysics Materials science Mathematical physics Medical physics Ocean physics Quantum information science
Related	History of physics Nobel Prize in Physics Philosophy of physics Physics education Timeline of physics discoveries

A footer for important physics pages.

((Kinematics))

For pages on kinematics.

((States of matter))

v t e States of matter (list)
State	Solid Liquid Gas / Vapor Supercritical fluid Plasma
Low energy	Bose–Einstein condensate Fermionic condensate Degenerate matter Quantum Hall Rydberg matter Strange matter Superfluid Supersolid Photonic molecule
High energy	QCD matter Quark–gluon plasma Color-glass condensate
Other states	Colloid Crystal Liquid crystal Time crystal Quantum spin liquid Exotic matter Programmable matter Dark matter Antimatter Magnetically ordered Antiferromagnet Ferrimagnet Ferromagnet String-net liquid Superglass
Transitions	Boiling Boiling point Condensation Critical line Critical point Crystallization Deposition Evaporation Flash evaporation Freezing Chemical ionization Ionization Lambda point Melting Melting point Recombination Regelation Saturated fluid Sublimation Supercooling Triple point Vaporization Vitrification
Quantities	Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Latent heat Latent internal energy Trouton's rule Volatility
Concepts	Baryonic matter Binodal Compressed fluid Cooling curve Equation of state Leidenfrost effect Macroscopic quantum phenomena Mpemba effect Order and disorder (physics) Spinodal Superconductivity Superheated vapor Superheating Thermo-dielectric effect

For pages on states of matter.

((Thermodynamic cycles))

Thermodynamic cycles

External
combustion / thermal

Without phase change (hot air engines)	Bell Coleman Brayton/Joule Carnot Ericsson Stirling Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic) Stoddard Manson
With phase change	Kalina Hygroscopic Rankine (Organic Rankine) Regenerative

Internal
combustion / thermal

Mixed

Refrigeration

For pages on thermodynamic cycles.

((Radiation))

Radiation (physics and health)

Main articles

Non-ionizing radiation	Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Starlight Sunlight Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet
Ionizing radiation	Radioactive decay Cluster decay Background radiation Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Cosmic ray Neutron radiation Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray
Earth's energy budget Electromagnetic radiation Synchrotron radiation Thermal radiation Black-body radiation Particle radiation Gravitational radiation Cosmic background radiation Cherenkov radiation Askaryan radiation Bremsstrahlung Unruh radiation Dark radiation

Radiation
and health

Radiation incidents

For pages on radiation.

((Electromagnetic spectrum))

v t e Electromagnetic spectrum
Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwave Radio ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths →
Gamma rays	Very-high-energy gamma ray Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
X-rays	soft X-ray hard X-ray
Ultraviolet	Extreme ultraviolet Vacuum ultraviolet Lyman-alpha FUV MUV NUV UVC UVB UVA
Visible (optical)	Violet Blue Cyan Green Yellow Orange Red
Infrared	NIR SWIR MWIR LWIR FIR
Microwaves	W band V band Q band K_a band K band K_u band X band C band S band L band
Radio	THF EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF
Wavelength types	Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave

For pages on the electromagnetic spectrum.

((Radio spectrum))

Radio spectrum (ITU)

ELF
3 Hz/100 Mm
30 Hz/10 Mm

SLF
30 Hz/10 Mm
300 Hz/1 Mm

ULF
300 Hz/1 Mm
3 kHz/100 km

VLF
3 kHz/100 km
30 kHz/10 km

LF
30 kHz/10 km
300 kHz/1 km

MF
300 kHz/1 km
3 MHz/100 m

HF
3 MHz/100 m
30 MHz/10 m

VHF
30 MHz/10 m
300 MHz/1 m

UHF
300 MHz/1 m
3 GHz/100 mm

SHF
3 GHz/100 mm
30 GHz/10 mm

EHF
30 GHz/10 mm
300 GHz/1 mm

THF
300 GHz/1 mm
3 THz/0.1 mm

Radio portal

For pages on the radio spectrum.

((Magnetic states))

v t e Magnetism
Magnetic response	diamagnetism superdiamagnetism paramagnetism superparamagnetism Van Vleck paramagnetism
Magnetic states	altermagnetism antiferromagnetism ferrimagnetism ferromagnetism superferromagnetism ferromagnetic superconductor helimagnetism metamagnetism mictomagnetism spin glass amorphous magnetism spin ice

For pages on magnetism.

((Atomic models))

v t e Atomic models
Historic models	1804 Dalton model (billiard ball model) 1867 vortex theory of the atom (knot model) 1902 Lewis model (cubical atom model) 1904 Nagaoka model (Saturnian model) 1904 plum pudding model 1911 Rutherford model (planetary model) 1913 Bohr model (old quantum model)
Current models	1926 electron cloud model 1928 Dirac–Gordon model (relativistic quantum model)
Category:Atoms Portal:Physics / Chemistry

For pages on atomic theory.

((Hydrogen spectral series-footer))

For pages on the hydrogen spectral series.

((Nuclear processes))

Nuclear processes

Radioactive
decay

Stellar
nucleosynthesis

Other
processes

Capture	Neutron capture Proton capture
Exchange	(n-p) reaction

For pages on nuclear reactions.

((Particles))

Particles in physics

Elementary

Fermions

Quarks	Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Leptons	Electron Positron Muon Antimuon Tau Antitau Neutrino Electron neutrino Electron antineutrino Muon neutrino Muon antineutrino Tau neutrino Tau antineutrino

Bosons

Gauge	Photon Gluon W and Z bosons
Scalar	Higgs boson

Ghost fields

Faddeev–Popov ghosts

Hypothetical

Superpartners

Gauginos	Gluino Gravitino Photino
Others	Axino Chargino Higgsino Neutralino Sfermion (Stop squark)

Others

Composite

Hadrons

Baryons	Nucleon Proton Antiproton Neutron Antineutron Delta baryon Lambda baryon Sigma baryon Xi baryon Omega baryon
Mesons	Pion Rho meson Eta and eta prime mesons Bottom eta meson Phi meson J/psi meson Omega meson Upsilon meson Kaon B meson D meson Quarkonium
Exotic hadrons	Tetraquark (Double-charm tetraquark) Pentaquark

Others

Atomic nuclei
Atoms
Exotic atoms
- Positronium
- Muonium
- Tauonium
- Onia
- Pionium
- Protonium
Superatoms
Molecules

Hypothetical

Baryons	Hexaquark Heptaquark Skyrmion
Mesons	Glueball Theta meson T meson

Others

Quasiparticles

Lists

Physics portal

For particle physics pages.

((Tests of special relativity))

v t e Tests of special relativity
Speed/isotropy	Michelson–Morley experiment Kennedy–Thorndike experiment Moessbauer rotor experiments Resonator experiments de Sitter double star experiment Hammar experiment Measurements of neutrino speed
Lorentz invariance	Modern searches for Lorentz violation Hughes–Drever experiment Trouton–Noble experiment Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace Trouton–Rankine experiment Antimatter tests of Lorentz violation Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations Lorentz-violating electrodynamics
Time dilation Length contraction	Ives–Stilwell experiment Moessbauer rotor experiments Experimental testing of time dilation Hafele–Keating experiment Length contraction confirmations
Relativistic energy	Tests of relativistic energy and momentum Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments
Fizeau/Sagnac	Fizeau experiment Sagnac experiment Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment
Alternatives	Refutations of aether theory Refutations of emission theory
General	One-way speed of light Test theories of special relativity Standard-Model Extension

For pages about tests of special relativity.

((Quantum information))

Quantum information science

General

Theorems

Quantum
communication

Quantum cryptography	Post-quantum cryptography Quantum coin flipping Quantum money Quantum key distribution BB84 SARG04 other protocols Quantum secret sharing

Quantum algorithms

Quantum
complexity theory

Quantum
processor benchmarks

Quantum
computing models

Quantum
error correction

Codes
- CSS
- quantum convolutional
- stabilizer
- Shor
- Bacon–Shor
- Steane
- Toric
- gnu
Entanglement-assisted

Physical
implementations

Quantum optics	Cavity QED Circuit QED Linear optical QC KLM protocol
Ultracold atoms	Neutral atom QC Trapped-ion QC
Spin-based	Kane QC Spin qubit QC NV center NMR QC
Superconducting	Charge qubit Flux qubit Phase qubit Transmon

Quantum
programming

For pages on quantum information.

((Physics operator))

Operators in physics

General

Space and time	d'Alembertian Parity Time
Particles	C-symmetry
Operators for operators	Anti-symmetric operator Ladder operator

Quantum

Fundamental	Momentum Position Rotation
Energy	Total energy Hamiltonian Kinetic energy
Angular momentum	Total Orbital Spin
Electromagnetism	Transition dipole moment
Optics	Displacement Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect Quantum correlator Squeeze
Particle physics	Casimir invariant Creation and annihilation

For pages on physical operators.

((Quantum field theories))

Quantum field theories

Theories

Models

Regular	Born–Infeld Euler–Heisenberg Ginzburg–Landau Non-linear sigma Proca Quantum electrodynamics Quantum chromodynamics Quartic interaction Scalar electrodynamics Scalar chromodynamics Soler Yang–Mills Yang–Mills–Higgs Yukawa
Low dimensional	2D Yang–Mills Bullough–Dodd Gross–Neveu Schwinger Sine-Gordon Thirring Thirring–Wess Toda
Conformal	2D free massless scalar Liouville Minimal Polyakov Wess–Zumino–Witten
Supersymmetric	Wess–Zumino N = 1 super Yang–Mills Seiberg–Witten Super QCD
Superconformal	6D (2,0) ABJM N = 4 super Yang–Mills
Supergravity	Higher dimensional N = 8 Pure 4D N = 1
Topological	BF Chern–Simons
Particle theory	Chiral Fermi MSSM Nambu–Jona-Lasinio NMSSM Standard Model Stueckelberg

See also:

Template:Quantum mechanics topics

For quantum field theory-related pages.

((QED))

v t e Quantum electrodynamics
Formalism	Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian Feynman diagram Gupta–Bleuler formalism Path integral formulation
Particles	Dual photon Electron Faddeev–Popov ghost Photon Positron Positronium Virtual particles
Concepts	Anomalous magnetic dipole moment Furry's theorem Klein–Nishina formula Landau pole QED vacuum Self-energy Schwinger limit Uehling potential Vacuum polarization Vertex function Ward–Takahashi identity
Processes	Bhabha scattering Breit–Wheeler process Bremsstrahlung Compton scattering Delbrück scattering Lamb shift Møller scattering Schwinger effect Photon-photon scattering
See also: Template:Quantum mechanics topics

For quantum electrodynamics-related pages.

((CERN))

v t e European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)	List of LHC experiments ALICE ATLAS CMS LHCb LHCf MoEDAL TOTEM FASER
Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP)	List of LEP experiments ALEPH DELPHI OPAL L3
Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS)	List of SPS experiments AWAKE CNGS NA48 NA49 NA58/COMPASS NA60 NA61/SHINE NA62 UA1 UA2 BIBC LEBC HOLEBC
Proton Synchrotron (PS)	PSB LEIR BEBC PS215/CLOUD Gargamelle 2 m Bubble Chamber 30 cm Bubble Chamber 81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
Linear accelerators	AWAKE CTF3 CLEAR Linac Linac 2 Linac 3 Linac4
Other accelerators	AA (part of AAC) AC (part of AAC) AD ISR LEAR PS210 LEIR LPI (LIL and EPA) n-TOF SC SppS
ISOLDE facility	CERN-MEDICIS COLLAPS CRIS EC-SLI IDS ISS ISOLTRAP LUCRECIA Miniball MIRACLS SEC VITO WISArD WITCH
Non-accelerator experiments	CAST
Future projects	High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider Compact Linear Collider Future Circular Collider
Related articles	LHC@home Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments CERN Courier CERN openlab Worldwide LHC Computing Grid Microcosm exhibition Streets in CERN The Globe of Science and Innovation Particle Fever (2013 documentary) Directors-general of CERN Scientific committees of CERN
Category

For pages on CERN.

((European Physical Society))

European Physical Society

Albania
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom

For pages on the European Physical Society.

((Neutrino detectors))

Neutrino detectors, experiments, and facilities

Discoveries

Operating
(divided by
primary
neutrino
source)

Astronomical	ANITA ANTARES ASD BDUNT Borexino BUST HALO IceCube LVD NEVOD SAGE Super-Kamiokande SNEWS
Reactor	Daya Bay KamLAND RENO STEREO
Accelerator	ANNIE ICARUS (Fermilab) MicroBooNE MINERνA MiniBooNE NA61/SHINE NOνA NuMI T2K
Collider	FASER SND@LHC
0νββ	AMoRE COBRA CUORE KamLAND-Zen MAJORANA NEXT PandaX SNO+ XMASS
Other	KATRIN WITCH

Construction

Retired

Proposed

CUPID
nEXO
JEM-EUSO
GRAND
INO
LEGEND
LENA
Neutrino Factory
Nucifer
P-ONE
SBND
UNO
WATCHMAN

Cancelled

Tables

What to type	Description
((Subfields of physics))	Overview physics subfields.
((Speed conversions))	Conversions between units of speed.
((Acceleration conversions))	Conversions between units of acceleration.
((Continuum mechanics context))	Outline of continuum mechanics.
((SI photon units))	Table of physical quantities for photons: nomenclature, notations, SI units, and descriptions.
((SI light units))	Table of physical quantities in photometry: nomenclature, notations, SI units, and descriptions.
((SI radiometry units))	Table of physical quantities in radiometry: nomenclature, notations, SI units, and descriptions.
((Base Planck units))	Table of base Planck units.
((Derived Planck units))	Table of base derived Planck units.

Stubs

What to type	What it makes	Description
((Physicist-stub))		Stub for articles about physicists.
((Physics-stub))		General stub for physics articles.
((AMO-physics-stub))		Stub for articles related to atomic, molecular, and optical physics.
((Classicalmechanics-stub))		Stub for articles related to classical mechanics.
((CMP-stub))		Stub for articles related to condensed matter physics.
((Electromagnetism-stub))		Stub for articles related to electromagnetism.
((Fluiddynamics-stub))		Stub for articles related to fluid dynamics.
((Nuclear-stub))		Stub for articles related to nuclear physics.
((Optics-stub))		Stub for articles related to optics.
((Particle-stub))		Stub for articles related to particle physics.
((Quantum-stub))		Stub for articles related to quantum theory.
((Relativity-stub))		Stub for articles related to relativity.
((Thermodynamics-stub))		Stub for articles related to thermodynamics.

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