2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries

← 2016 February 3 to August 11, 2020 2024 →
3,979 delegates to the Democratic National Convention 1,991 delegates needed to win[1][a]
Candidate Joe Biden Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren Home state Delaware Vermont Massachusetts Delegate count 2,687[2] 1,073[2] 63[2] Contests won 46 9 0 Popular vote 19,076,052[3] 9,679,213[3] 2,831,472[3] Percentage 51.8% 26.3% 7.7%   Candidate Michael Bloomberg Pete Buttigieg Amy Klobuchar Home state New York Indiana Minnesota Delegate count 59[2] 21[2] 7[2] Contests won 1 2 0 Popular vote 2,493,409[3] 924,237[3] 529,713[3] Percentage 6.8% 2.5% 1.4%   Candidate Tulsi Gabbard Home state Hawaii Delegate count 2[2] Contests won 0 Popular vote 273,940[3] Percentage 0.7%
First place by initial pledged delegate allocation First place by popular vote First place by convention roll call   Joe Biden   Bernie Sanders   Pete Buttigieg   Michael Bloomberg
Previous Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton Democratic nominee Joe Biden

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Presidential primaries and caucuses were organized by the Democratic Party to select the 3,979^[b] pledged delegates to the 2020 Democratic National Convention held on August 17–20 to determine the party's nominee for president in the 2020 United States presidential election. The elections took place in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. territories, and Democrats Abroad, and occurred between February 3 and August 11.

A total of 29 major candidates declared their candidacies for the primaries,^[4] the largest field of presidential primary candidates for any American political party since the modern primaries began in 1972, exceeding the field of 17 major candidates in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries.^[5] Former Vice President Joe Biden led polls throughout 2019, with the exception of a brief period in October when Senator Elizabeth Warren experienced a surge in support.^[6] 18 of the 29 declared candidates withdrew before the formal beginning of the primary due to low polling, fundraising, and media coverage. The first primary was marred by controversy, as technical issues with vote reporting resulted in a three-day delay in vote counting in the Iowa caucus, as well as subsequent recounts. The certified results of the caucus eventually showed Mayor Pete Buttigieg winning the most delegates, while Senator Bernie Sanders won the popular vote in the state. Sanders then went on to win the New Hampshire primary in a narrow victory over Buttigieg before handily winning the Nevada caucus, cementing his status as the front-runner for the nomination.^[7][8]

Biden, whose campaign fortunes had suffered from losses in Iowa, New Hampshire and Nevada, made a comeback by overwhelmingly winning the South Carolina primary, motivated by strong support from African American voters, an endorsement from South Carolina U.S. Representative Jim Clyburn, as well as Democratic establishment concerns about nominating Sanders.^[9] After Biden won South Carolina, and one day before the Super Tuesday primaries, several moderate candidates dropped out of the race and endorsed Biden in what was viewed as a consolidation of the party's moderate wing. Prior to the announcement, polling saw Sanders leading with a plurality in most Super Tuesday states.^[10] Biden then went on to win 10 out of 15 contests on Super Tuesday, beating back challenges from Sanders, Warren, and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, solidifying his lead.^[10]

On April 8, Biden became the presumptive nominee after Sanders, the only other candidate remaining, withdrew from the race.^[11] In early June, Biden passed the threshold of 1,991 delegates to win the nomination.^[12][13] In total, seven candidates received pledged delegates: Biden, Sanders, Warren, Bloomberg, Buttigieg, Senator Amy Klobuchar and U.S. Representative Tulsi Gabbard.^[14] On August 11, Biden announced that former presidential candidate Senator Kamala Harris would be his running mate.^[15] Biden and Harris were officially nominated for president and vice president by delegates at the Democratic National Convention on August 18 and 19.^[16][17] Biden and Harris went on to win the presidency and vice presidency in the general election on November 3, defeating the incumbents President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence.

Biden became the first Democratic candidate since Bill Clinton, and the third ever Democratic candidate,^[c] to win the nomination without carrying either Iowa or New Hampshire, the first two states on the primary/caucus calendar.

The primaries were initially scheduled to go through June 6. However, the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States caused a number of states to shift their primaries to later in the year.

Background

After Hillary Clinton's loss in the previous election, many felt the Democratic Party lacked a clear leading figure.^[18] Divisions remained in the party following the 2016 primaries, which pitted Clinton against Bernie Sanders.^[19][20] Between the 2016 election and the 2018 midterm elections, Senate Democrats generally shifted to the political left in relation to college tuition, healthcare, and immigration.^[21][22] The 2018 elections saw the Democratic Party regain the House of Representatives for the first time in eight years, picking up seats in both urban and suburban districts.^[23][24]

Reforms since 2016

On August 25, 2018, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) members passed reforms to the Democratic Party's primary process in order to increase participation^[25] and ensure transparency.^[26] State parties are encouraged to use a government-run primary whenever available and increase the accessibility of their primary through same-day or automatic registration and same-day party switching. Caucuses are required to have absentee voting, or to otherwise allow those who cannot participate in person to be included.^[25]

Independent of the results of the primaries and caucuses, the Democratic Party, from its group of party leaders and elected officials, also appointed 771^[a] unpledged delegates (superdelegates) to participate in its national convention.

In contrast to all previous election cycles since superdelegates were introduced in 1984, superdelegates will no longer have the right to cast decisive votes on the convention's first ballot for the presidential nomination. They will be allowed to cast non-decisive votes if a candidate has clinched the nomination before the first ballot, or decisive votes on subsequent ballots in a contested convention.^[27][28] In that case, the number of votes required shall increase to a majority of pledged and superdelegates combined. Superdelegates are not precluded from publicly endorsing a candidate before the convention.

There were also a number of changes to the process of nomination at the state level. A decline in the number of caucuses occurred after 2016, with Democrats in Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Washington all switching from various forms of caucuses to primaries (with Hawaii, Kansas, and North Dakota switching to party-run "firehouse primaries"). This has resulted in the lowest number of caucuses in the Democratic Party's recent history, with only three states (Iowa, Nevada, and Wyoming) and four territories (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Marianas, and U.S. Virgin Islands) using them. In addition, six states were approved in 2019 by the DNC to use ranked-choice voting in the primaries: Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas, and Wyoming for all voters; Iowa and Nevada for absentee voters.^[29] Rather than eliminating candidates until a single winner is chosen, voters' choices would be reallocated until all remaining candidates have at least 15%, the threshold to receive delegates to the convention.^[30]

Several states which did not use paper ballots widely in 2016 and 2018, adopted them for the 2020 primary and general elections,^[31] to minimize potential interference in vote tallies, a concern raised by intelligence officials,^[32] election officials^[33] and the public.^[34] The move to paper ballots enabled audits to start where they had not been possible before, and in 2020 about half the states audit samples of primary ballots to measure accuracy of the reported results.^[35] Audits of caucus results depend on party rules, and the Iowa Democratic party investigated inaccuracies in precinct reports, resolved enough to be sure the delegate allocations were correct, and decided it did not have authority or time to correct all errors.^[36][37][38]

Rules for number of delegates

Number of pledged delegates per state

The number of pledged delegates from each state is proportional to the state's share of the electoral college, and to the state's past Democratic votes for president.^[39][40] Thus less weight is given to swing states and Republican states, while more weight is given to strongly Democratic states, in choosing a nominee.

Six pledged delegates are assigned to each territory, 44 to Puerto Rico, and 12 to Democrats Abroad. Each jurisdiction can also earn bonus delegates by holding primaries after March or in clusters of 3 or more neighboring states.^[39]

Within states, a quarter of pledged delegates are allocated to candidates based on statewide vote totals, and the rest typically based on votes in each congressional district, although some states use divisions other than congressional districts. For example, Texas uses state Senate districts.^[41][39] Districts which have voted Democratic in the past get more delegates, and fewer delegates are allocated for swing districts and Republican districts.^[39] For example, House Speaker Pelosi's strongly Democratic district 12 has 7 delegates, or one per 109,000 people, and a swing district, CA-10, which became Democratic in 2018, has 4 delegates, or one per 190,000 people.^[42][43][44]

Candidate threshold

Candidates who received under 15% of the votes in a state or district didn't get any delegates from that area. Candidates who got 15% or more of the votes divided delegates in proportion to their votes.^[42][45] These rules apply at the state level to state delegates and within each district for those delegates. The 15% threshold was established in 1992^[46] to limit "fringe" candidates.^[47] The threshold now means that any sector of the party (moderate, progressive, etc.) which produces many candidates, thus dividing supporters' votes, may win few delegates, even if it wins a majority of votes.^[47][48][46]

Schedule and results

February   March 3 (Super Tuesday)   March 10   March 14–17   March 24–29   April 4–7   April 28   May   June Calendar as of March 12, 2020   February   March 3 (Super Tuesday)   March 10   March 14–17   April 7–17   April 28   May   June   July–August Final calendar

Election day postponements and cancellations

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, a number of presidential primaries were rescheduled. On April 27, New York canceled its primary altogether on the grounds that there was only one candidate left with an active campaign. Andrew Yang responded with a lawsuit, arguing that the decision infringes on voting rights,^[64] and in early May, the judge ruled in favor of Yang.^[65]

In addition, the DNC elected to delay the 2020 Democratic National Convention from July 13–16 to August 17–20.^[95]

Candidates

Major candidates in the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries had held significant elective office or received substantial media coverage.

Nearly 300 candidates who did not receive significant media coverage also filed with the Federal Election Commission to run for president in the primary.^[96]

Nominee

Candidate		Born	Most recent position	State	Campaign announced	Pledged delegates[97]	Popular vote[98]	Contests won	Article	Running mate	Ref.
Joe Biden		November 20, 1942 (age 77) Scranton, Pennsylvania	47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)	Delaware	April 25, 2019	2,687	18,431,136 (51.48%)	46 (AL, AK, AZ, AR, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, GU, HI, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NY, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, PR, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, VI, WA, WV, WI, WY)	__________ Campaign FEC filing Secured nomination: June 2, 2020	Kamala Harris	[99]

Withdrew during the primaries

Candidate		Born	Most recent position	State	Campaign announced	Campaign suspended	Delegates won[97]	Popular vote[98]	Contests won	Article	Ref.
Bernie Sanders		September 8, 1941 (age 78) Brooklyn, New York	U.S. senator from Vermont (2007–present)	Vermont	February 19, 2019	April 8, 2020 (endorsed Biden as presumptive nominee)[100]	1,073	9,679,213 (26.63%)	9 (CA, CO, DA, NV, NH, ND, MP, UT, VT)	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[101][102]
Tulsi Gabbard		April 12, 1981 (age 39) Leloaloa, American Samoa	U.S. representative from HI-02 (2013–2021)	Hawaii	January 11, 2019	March 19, 2020 (endorsed Biden)[103]	2	273,940 (0.76%)	0	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[104][105]
Elizabeth Warren		June 22, 1949 (age 71) Oklahoma City, Oklahoma	U.S. senator from Massachusetts (2013–present)	Massachusetts	February 9, 2019 Exploratory committee: December 31, 2018	March 5, 2020 (endorsed Biden as presumptive nominee)[106]	63	2,780,873 (7.77%)	0	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[107][108]
Michael Bloomberg		February 14, 1942 (age 78) Boston, Massachusetts	Mayor of New York City, New York (2002–2013) CEO of Bloomberg L.P.	New York	November 24, 2019 Exploratory committee: November 21, 2019	March 4, 2020 (endorsed Biden)[109]	59	2,475,130 (6.92%)	1 (AS)	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[110][111]
Amy Klobuchar		May 25, 1960 (age 60) Plymouth, Minnesota	U.S. senator from Minnesota (2007–present)	Minnesota	February 10, 2019	March 2, 2020 (endorsed Biden)[112]	7	524,400 (1.47%)	0	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[113][112]
Pete Buttigieg		January 19, 1982 (age 38) South Bend, Indiana	Mayor of South Bend, Indiana (2012–2020)	Indiana	April 14, 2019 Exploratory committee: January 23, 2019	March 1, 2020 (endorsed Biden)[114]	21	912,214 (2.55%)	1 (IA)	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[115][116]
Tom Steyer		June 27, 1957 (age 63) Manhattan, New York	Hedge fund manager Founder of Farallon Capital and Beneficial State Bank	California	July 9, 2019	February 29, 2020 (endorsed Biden as presumptive nominee)[117]	0	258,848 (0.72%)	0	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[118][119]
Deval Patrick		July 31, 1956 (age 64) Chicago, Illinois	Governor of Massachusetts (2007–2015)	Massachusetts	November 14, 2019	February 12, 2020 (endorsed Biden)[120]	0	27,116 (0.08%)	0	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[121][122]
Michael Bennet		November 28, 1964 (age 55) New Delhi, India	U.S. senator from Colorado (2009–present)	Colorado	May 2, 2019	February 11, 2020 (endorsed Biden as presumptive nominee)[123]	0	62,260 (0.17%)	0	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[124][125]
Andrew Yang		January 13, 1975 (age 45) Schenectady, New York	Entrepreneur Founder of Venture for America	New York	November 6, 2017	February 11, 2020 (endorsed Biden)[126]	0	160,231 (0.45%)	0	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[127][128]

Other notable individuals who were not major candidates terminated their campaigns during the primaries:

• Henry Hewes, real estate developer; Right to Life nominee for Mayor of New York City in 1989 and U.S. Senate from New York in 1994^[129][130]
• Sam Sloan, chess player and publisher^[131] (Ran for Congress in NY-14)^[132]
• Robby Wells, former college football coach; Independent candidate for president in 2016^[133][134]

Withdrew before the primaries

Candidate	Born	Experience	State	Campaign announced	Campaign suspended	Popular vote	Article	Ref.
John Delaney	April 16, 1963 (age 57) Wood-Ridge, New Jersey	U.S. representative from MD-06 (2013–2019)	Maryland	July 28, 2017	January 31, 2020 (endorsed Biden)[135]	19,342	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[136][137]
Cory Booker	April 27, 1969 (age 51) Washington, D.C.	U.S. senator from New Jersey (2013–present) Mayor of Newark, New Jersey (2006–2013)	New Jersey	February 1, 2019	January 13, 2020 (ran successfully for reelection)[138] (endorsed Biden)[139]	31,575	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[140][141]
Marianne Williamson	July 8, 1952 (age 68) Houston, Texas	Author Founder of Project Angel Food Independent candidate for U.S. House from CA-33 in 2014	California	January 28, 2019 Exploratory committee: November 15, 2018	January 10, 2020 (endorsed Sanders, then Biden as nominee)[142][143]	22,334	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[144][145]
Julián Castro	September 16, 1974 (age 45) San Antonio, Texas	Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (2014–2017) Mayor of San Antonio, Texas (2009–2014)	Texas	January 12, 2019 Exploratory committee: December 12, 2018	January 2, 2020 (endorsed Warren, then Biden as presumptive nominee)[146][147]	37,037	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[148][149]
Kamala Harris	October 20, 1964 (age 55) Oakland, California	U.S. senator from California (2017–2021) Attorney General of California (2011–2017)	California	January 21, 2019	December 3, 2019 (endorsed Biden[150] who later chose her as vice presidential running-mate)	844	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[151][152]
Steve Bullock	April 11, 1966 (age 54) Missoula, Montana	Governor of Montana (2013–2021) Attorney General of Montana (2009–2013)	Montana	May 14, 2019	December 2, 2019 (ran for U.S. Senate; lost election, endorsed Biden as nominee)[153]	549	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[154][155]
Joe Sestak	December 12, 1951 (age 68) Secane, Pennsylvania	U.S. representative from PA-07 (2007–2011) Former Vice Admiral of the United States Navy	Virginia	June 23, 2019	December 1, 2019 (endorsed Klobuchar, then Biden as nominee)[156][157]	5,251	Campaign FEC filing	[158][159]
Wayne Messam	June 7, 1974 (age 46) South Bay, Florida	Mayor of Miramar, Florida (2015–present)	Florida	March 28, 2019 Exploratory committee: March 13, 2019	November 19, 2019	0[ae]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[160][161]
Beto O'Rourke	September 26, 1972 (age 47) El Paso, Texas	U.S. representative from TX-16 (2013–2019)	Texas	March 14, 2019	November 1, 2019 (endorsed Biden)[162]	1[ae][163]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[164][165]
Tim Ryan	July 16, 1973 (age 47) Niles, Ohio	U.S. representative from OH-13 (2013–2023) U.S. representative from OH-17 (2003–2013)	Ohio	April 4, 2019	October 24, 2019 (ran successfully for reelection)[166] (endorsed Biden)[167]	0[ae]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[168][169]
Bill de Blasio	May 8, 1961 (age 59) Manhattan, New York	Mayor of New York City, New York (2014–2022)	New York	May 16, 2019	September 20, 2019 (endorsed Sanders, then Biden as presumptive nominee)[170][171]	0[ae]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[172][173]
Kirsten Gillibrand	December 9, 1966 (age 53) Albany, New York	U.S. senator from New York (2009–present) U.S. representative from NY-20 (2007–2009)	New York	March 17, 2019 Exploratory committee: January 15, 2019	August 28, 2019 (endorsed Biden)[174]	0[ae]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[175][176]
Seth Moulton	October 24, 1978 (age 41) Salem, Massachusetts	U.S. representative from MA-06 (2015–present)	Massachusetts	April 22, 2019	August 23, 2019 (ran successfully for reelection)[177] (endorsed Biden)[178]	0[ae]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[179][180]
Jay Inslee	February 9, 1951 (age 69) Seattle, Washington	Governor of Washington (2013–present) U.S. representative from WA-01 (1999–2012) U.S. representative from WA-04 (1993–1995)	Washington	March 1, 2019	August 21, 2019 (ran successfully for reelection)[181] (endorsed Biden as presumptive nominee)[182]	1[ae][183]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[184][185]
John Hickenlooper	February 7, 1952 (age 68) Narberth, Pennsylvania	Governor of Colorado (2011–2019) Mayor of Denver, Colorado (2003–2011)	Colorado	March 4, 2019	August 15, 2019 (ran successfully for U.S. Senate)[186] (endorsed Bennet, then Biden as presumptive nominee)[187][188]	1[ae][183]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[189][190]
Mike Gravel	May 13, 1930 (aged 90) Springfield, Massachusetts	U.S. senator from Alaska (1969–1981) Candidate for president in 2008 Candidate for Vice President in 1972	California	April 2, 2019 Exploratory committee: March 19, 2019	August 6, 2019 (co-endorsed Gabbard and Sanders)[191]	0[ae]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[192][191]
Eric Swalwell	November 16, 1980 (age 39) Sac City, Iowa	U.S. representative from CA-15 (2013–2023)	California	April 8, 2019	July 8, 2019[193] (ran successfully for reelection) (endorsed Biden)[194][195]	0[ae]	__________ Campaign FEC filing	[196][197]
Richard Ojeda	September 25, 1970 (age 49) Rochester, Minnesota	West Virginia state senator from WV-SD07 (2016–2019)	West Virginia	November 11, 2018	January 25, 2019 (ran for U.S. Senate; lost primary)[198] (endorsed Biden)[199]	0[ae]	Campaign FEC filing	[200][201]

Other notable individuals who were not major candidates terminated their campaigns before the primaries:

• Ben Gleib, actor, comedian, satirist, and writer^{[202][203][204]}
• Ami Horowitz, conservative activist and documentary filmmaker (endorsed Donald Trump)^{[205][206][207]}
• Brian Moore, activist; Green nominee for U.S. Senate from Florida in 2006; Socialist and Liberty Union nominee for president in 2008^[130]
• Ken Nwadike Jr., documentary filmmaker, motivational speaker, and peace activist^{[208][209][failed verification]}

Political positions

Debates and forums

In December 2018, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) announced the schedule for 12 official DNC-sanctioned debates, set to begin in June 2019, with six debates in 2019 and the remaining six during the first four months of 2020. Candidates were allowed to participate in forums featuring multiple other candidates as long as only one candidate appeared on stage at a time. Any presidential candidates who participated in unsanctioned debates with each other would have lost their invitations to the next DNC-sanctioned debate.^[210][211] No unsanctioned debates took place during the 2019—2020 debate season.

The DNC also announced that it would not partner with Fox News as a media sponsor for any debates.^[212][213] Fox News last held a Democratic debate in 2003.^[214] All media sponsors selected to host a debate were as a new rule required to appoint at least one female moderator for each debate, to ensure there would not be a gender-skewed treatment of the candidates and debate topics.^[215]

Primary election polling

The following graph depicts the standing of each candidate in the poll aggregators from December 2018 to April 2020.

Italics indicate withdrawn candidates; bold indicates events.

Timeline

Nominee Exploratory committee Suspended campaign Midterm elections Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday National emergency declared due to coronavirus Wisconsin primary Democratic convention Won election

Ballot access

Filing for the primaries began in October 2019.^[257][258] indicates that the candidate was on the ballot for the primary contest, indicates that the candidate was a recognized write-in candidate, and indicates that the candidate did not appear on the ballot in that state's contest. indicates that a candidate withdrew before the election but was still listed on the ballot.

Primaries and caucuses

State/ Territory	Date	Biden	Sanders	Gabbard	Warren	Bloomberg	Klobuchar	Buttigieg	Steyer	Patrick	Bennet	Yang	Other	Ref
IA[af]	Feb 3	Ballot access not required												[259]
NH	Feb 11												[A]	[130][260]
NV[af]	Feb 22												[B]	[261]
SC	Feb 29												[C]	[262]
AL	Mar 3												[D]	[263]
AR	Mar 3												[E]	[264]
AS[af]	Mar 3													[265]
CA	Mar 3												[F]	[266]
CO	Mar 3												[G]	[267]
ME	Mar 3												[H]	[268]
MA	Mar 3												[D]	[269]
MN	Mar 3												[D]	[270]
NC	Mar 3												[D]	[271]
OK	Mar 3												[I]	[272]
TN	Mar 3												[D]	[273][274]
TX	Mar 3												[J]	[275]
UT	Mar 3												[K]	[276]
VT	Mar 3												[L]	[277]
VA	Mar 3												[I]	[278]
DA	Mar 3 – Mar 10													[279]
ID	Mar 10												[M]	[280]
MI	Mar 10												[N]	[281]
MS	Mar 10													[282]
MO	Mar 10												[O]	[283]
ND[af]	Mar 10												[B]	[284]
WA	Mar 10												[C]	[285]
MP[af]	Mar 14													[286]
AZ	Mar 17												[P]	[287]
FL	Mar 17												[N]	[288]
IL	Mar 17												[C]	[289]
WI	Apr 7												[B]	[290]
AK	Apr 10													[291]
WY[af]	Apr 17													[292]
OH	Apr 28													[293]
KS	May 2													[294]
NE	May 12													[295]
OR	May 19													[296]
HI	May 22													[297][298]
DC	Jun 2													[299]
IN	Jun 2													[300]
MD	Jun 2												[I]	[301]
MT	Jun 2													[302]
NM	Jun 2													[303]
PA	Jun 2													[304]
RI	Jun 2													[305]
SD	Jun 2													[306]
GU[af]	Jun 6	Ballot access not required												[307]
VI[af]	Jun 6													[308]
GA	Jun 9												[B]	[309]
WV	Jun 9												[Q]	[310]
KY	Jun 23													[311]
NY	Jun 23