A total of 29 major candidates declared their candidacies for the primaries,[3] the largest field of presidential primary candidates for any American political party since the modern primaries began in 1972, exceeding the field of 17 major candidates in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries.[4] Former Vice PresidentJoe Biden led polls throughout 2019, with the exception of a brief period in October when Senator Elizabeth Warren experienced a surge in support.[5] 18 of the 29 declared candidates withdrew before the formal beginning of the primary due to low polling, fundraising, and media coverage. The first primary was marred by controversy, as technical issues with vote reporting resulted in a three-day delay in vote counting in the Iowa caucus, as well as subsequent recounts. The certified results of the caucus eventually showed Mayor Pete Buttigieg winning the most delegates, while Senator Bernie Sanders won the popular vote in the state. Sanders then won the New Hampshire primary in a narrow victory over Buttigieg before handily winning the Nevada caucus, solidifying Sanders' status as the front-runner for the nomination.[6][7]
Biden, whose campaign fortunes had suffered from losses in Iowa, New Hampshire and Nevada, made a comeback by overwhelmingly winning the South Carolina primary, motivated by strong support from African American voters, an endorsement from South Carolina U.S. Representative Jim Clyburn, as well as Democratic establishment concerns about nominating Sanders.[8] After Biden won South Carolina, and one day before the Super Tuesday primaries, several candidates dropped out of the race and endorsed Biden in what was viewed as a consolidation of the party's moderate wing. Prior to the announcement, polling saw Sanders leading with a plurality in most Super Tuesday states.[9] Biden then won 10 out of 15 contests on Super Tuesday, beating back challenges from Sanders, Warren, and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, solidifying his lead.[9]
On April 8, Biden became the presumptive nominee after Sanders, the only other candidate remaining, withdrew from the race.[10] In early June, Biden passed the threshold of 1,991 delegates to win the nomination.[11][12] Seven candidates received pledged delegates: Biden, Sanders, Warren, Bloomberg, Buttigieg, Senator Amy Klobuchar and U.S. Representative Tulsi Gabbard.[13] On August 11, Biden announced that former presidential candidate Senator Kamala Harris would be his running mate.[14] Biden and Harris were officially nominated for president and vice president by delegates at the Democratic National Convention on August 18 and 19.[15][16] Biden and Harris won the presidency and vice presidency in the general election on November 3, defeating the incumbents President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence.
Biden became the first Democratic candidate since Bill Clinton, and the third ever Democratic candidate,[c] to win the nomination without carrying either Iowa or New Hampshire, the first two states on the primary/caucus calendar.
The primaries were initially scheduled to go through June 6. The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States caused a number of states to shift their primaries to later in the year.
Background
After Hillary Clinton's loss in the previous election, many felt the Democratic Party lacked a clear leading figure.[17] Divisions remained in the party following the 2016 primaries, which pitted Clinton against Bernie Sanders.[18][19] Between the 2016 election and the 2018 midterm elections, Senate Democrats generally shifted to the political left in relation to college tuition, healthcare, and immigration.[20][21] The 2018 elections saw the Democratic Party regain the House of Representatives for the first time in eight years, picking up seats in both urban and suburban districts.[22][23]
On August 25, 2018, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) members passed reforms to the Democratic Party's primary process in order to increase participation[24] and ensure transparency.[25] State parties are encouraged to use a government-run primary whenever available and increase the accessibility of their primary through same-day or automatic registration and same-day party switching. Caucuses are required to have absentee voting, or to otherwise allow those who cannot participate in person to be included.[24]
Independent of the results of the primaries and caucuses, the Democratic Party, from its group of party leaders and elected officials, also appointed 771[a] unpledged delegates (superdelegates) to participate in its national convention.
In contrast to all previous election cycles since superdelegates were introduced in 1984, superdelegates will no longer have the right to cast decisive votes on the convention's first ballot for the presidential nomination. They will be allowed to cast non-decisive votes if a candidate has clinched the nomination before the first ballot, or decisive votes on subsequent ballots in a contested convention.[26][27] In that case, the number of votes required shall increase to a majority of pledged and superdelegates combined. Superdelegates are not precluded from publicly endorsing a candidate before the convention.
There were a number of changes to the process of nomination at the state level. A decline in the number of caucuses occurred after 2016. Democrats in Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Washington all switched from various forms of caucuses to primaries. Hawaii, Kansas, and North Dakota switched to party-run "firehouse primaries".[28]
This resulted in the lowest number of caucuses in the Democratic Party's recent history. Only three states (Iowa, Nevada, and Wyoming) and four territories (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Marianas, and U.S. Virgin Islands) used them. Six states were approved in 2019 by the DNC to use ranked-choice voting in the primaries: Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas, and Wyoming for all voters; Iowa and Nevada for absentee voters.[29] Rather than eliminating candidates until a single winner is chosen, voters' choices were reallocated until all remaining candidates have at least 15%, the threshold to receive delegates to the convention.[30]
Several states which did not use paper ballots widely in 2016 and 2018, adopted them for the 2020 primary and general elections,[31]
to minimize potential interference in vote tallies, a concern raised by intelligence officials,[32]
election officials[33]
and the public.[34]
The move to paper ballots enabled audits to start where they had not been possible before, and in 2020 about half the states audit samples of primary ballots to measure accuracy of the reported results.[35]
Audits of caucus results depend on party rules, and the Iowa Democratic party investigated inaccuracies in precinct reports, resolved enough to be sure the delegate allocations were correct, and decided it did not have authority or time to correct all errors.[36][37][38]
Rules for number of delegates
Number of pledged delegates per state
The number of pledged delegates from each state is proportional to the state's share of the electoral college, and to the state's past Democratic votes for president.[39][40] Thus less weight is given to swing states and Republican states, while more weight is given to strongly Democratic states, in choosing a nominee.
Six pledged delegates are assigned to each territory, 44 to Puerto Rico, and 12 to Democrats Abroad. Each jurisdiction can also earn bonus delegates by holding primaries after March or in clusters of 3 or more neighboring states.[39]
Within states, a quarter of pledged delegates are allocated to candidates based on statewide vote totals, and the rest typically based on votes in each congressional district, although some states use divisions other than congressional districts. For example, Texas uses state Senate districts.[41][39] Districts which have voted Democratic in the past get more delegates, and fewer delegates are allocated for swing districts and Republican districts.[39] For example, House Speaker Pelosi's strongly Democratic district 12 has 7 delegates, or one per 109,000 people, and a swing district, CA-10, which became Democratic in 2018, has 4 delegates, or one per 190,000 people.[42][43][44]
Candidate threshold
Candidates who received under 15% of the votes in a state or district didn't get any delegates from that area. Candidates who got 15% or more of the votes divided delegates in proportion to their votes.[42][45] These rules apply at the state level to state delegates and within each district for those delegates. The 15% threshold was established in 1992[46] to limit "fringe" candidates.[47] The threshold now means that any sector of the party (moderate, progressive, etc.) which produces many candidates, thus dividing supporters' votes, may win few delegates, even if it wins a majority of votes.[47][48][46]
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, a number of presidential primaries were rescheduled. On April 27, New York canceled its primary altogether on the grounds that there was only one candidate left with an active campaign. Andrew Yang responded with a lawsuit, arguing that the decision infringes on voting rights,[64] and in early May, the judge ruled in favor of Yang.[65]
2020 Democratic primaries altered due to COVID-19.
Major candidates in the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries had held significant elective office or received substantial media coverage.
Nearly 300 candidates who did not receive significant media coverage also filed with the Federal Election Commission to run for president in the primary.[96]
In December 2018, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) announced the schedule for 12 official DNC-sanctioned debates, set to begin in June 2019, with six debates in 2019 and the remaining six during the first four months of 2020. Candidates were allowed to participate in forums featuring multiple other candidates as long as only one candidate appeared on stage at a time. Any presidential candidates who participated in unsanctioned debates with each other would have lost their invitations to the next DNC-sanctioned debate.[210][211] No unsanctioned debates took place during the 2019—2020 debate season.
The DNC also announced that it would not partner with Fox News as a media sponsor for any debates.[212][213] Fox News last held a Democratic debate in 2003.[214] All media sponsors selected to host a debate were as a new rule required to appoint at least one female moderator for each debate, to ensure there would not be a gender-skewed treatment of the candidates and debate topics.[215]
Filing for the primaries began in October 2019.[257][258] indicates that the candidate was on the ballot for the primary contest, indicates that the candidate was a recognized write-in candidate, and indicates that the candidate did not appear on the ballot in that state's contest. indicates that a candidate withdrew before the election but was still listed on the ballot.
The event became a virtual "Convention Across America" with voting held online before the opening gavel, and the non-televised events held remotely over ZOOM.
This is an overview of the money being raised and spent by each campaign for the entire period running from January 1, 2017, to March 31, 2020, as it was reported to the Federal Election Commission (FEC). Total raised is the sum of all individual contributions (large and small), loans from the candidate, and transfers from other campaign committees. The last column, Cash On Hand (COH), has been calculated by subtracting the "spent" amount from the "raised" amount, thereby showing the remaining cash each campaign had available for its future spending as of February 29, 2020.[update] As of February 29, 2020, the major candidates have raised $989,234,992.08.
Democratic primary and caucus calendar as of March 12, 2020, prior to a number of delays February March 3 (Super Tuesday) March 10 March 14–17 March 24–29 April 4–7 April 28 May JuneDemocratic primary and caucus calendar by scheduled date after delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States February March 3 (Super Tuesday) March 10 March 14–17 April 7–17 April 28 May June July–August
Map legend
Joe Biden
Bernie Sanders
Elizabeth Warren
Michael Bloomberg
Pete Buttigieg
Amy Klobuchar
Tom Steyer
Tie
Results by county according to first determining step relevant for delegate allocation. In Iowa, this is State Delegate Equivalents (SDEs) elected at precinct caucuses; in Nevada, this is County Convention Delegates (CCDs). In other states, this is the popular vote for each candidate.
Results by delegate district (usually congressional district) by first preference vote. Darker colors denote greater support for the leading candidate.
^ ab2,376 of 4,749 delegates needed to win any subsequent ballots at a contested convention.[1] The number of extra unpledged delegates (superdelegates), who after the first ballot at a contested convention would participate in any subsequently needed nominating ballots (together with the 3,979 pledged delegates), was 770 in the end.[2] The exact number of superdelegates had not been fully clear beforehand as it always was subject to change due to possible deaths, resignations, accessions, or potential election as a pledged delegate.[1]
^Although Sanders and Buttigieg both earned 9 delegates from New Hampshire, it is counted as a win for Sanders as he won the popular vote.
^Includes only the final caucus alignment, after voters supporting non-viable candidates in the first round were allowed to transfer their vote to a different candidate.
^8 (but not all) statewide delegates were reallocated towards Biden as the sole remaining candidate at the state convention on June 13, 3 from Sanders, 3 from Warren, and 2 from Buttigieg. Sanders and Buttigieg retained a part of their statewide delegates, and Iowa's allocation apparently did not follow any logical rule pattern.[49][50]
^Prior to reallocation at the state convention on June 13, Buttigieg had won the caucus with 14 initial delegates, which was the electoral but not final step of delegate selection.
^Includes only the final caucus alignment, after voters supporting non-viable candidates in the first round were allowed to transfer their vote to a different candidate and ranked-choice early voting ballots were reallocated to candidates receiving at least 15%.
^2 statewide delegates initially awarded to Bloomberg were reallocated to Biden at the state convention on 30 May as the former withdrew.[51]
^Statewide delegates (theoretically 4) were directly left out of the calculation for Warren due to her withdrawal.[52]
^Statewide delegates (theoretically 5) were directly left out of the calculation for Bloomberg due to his withdrawal.[53]
^2 statewide delegates initially awarded to Warren were reallocated to Biden at the state convention on May 30 as the former withdrew.[54]
^8 statewide delegates initially awarded to Warren were reallocated to Biden at the state committee meeting on May 16 as the former withdrew.[55]
^5 statewide delegates initially awarded to Warren were reallocated to Biden at the state convention on May 31 as the former withdrew.[56]
^Statewide delegates (theoretically 5) were directly left out of the calculation for Bloomberg due to his withdrawal.[57]
^Statewide delegates (theoretically 2) were directly left out of the calculation for Warren due to her withdrawal.[58]
^Statewide delegates (theoretically 2) were directly left out of the calculation for Bloomberg due to his withdrawal.[59]
^Suspended campaign during the voting period and officially withdrew from the ballot on March 7.
^ abWhile Bloomberg, Klobuchar and four other candidates had formally withdrawn and were not published in the final state canvass, those ballots were included by the state as part of overall cast ballots and any media covering the primary reported individual vote tallies for those candidates.[60][61][62]
^ abcdIncludes only the final-round count of a ranked-choice ballot, in which the candidates receiving the fewest votes are progressively eliminated and their votes reallocated to voters' highest-ranked remaining choice, until only candidates receiving at least 15% remain.
^ abcdInactive votes from the final round, which had no choice for a viable candidate with 15% (Biden, Sanders) listed.
^Does not include votes cast in the March 24 presidential preference primary before it was canceled.[63]
^According to the final results, Sanders would have mathematically received 45 delegates, but the results were not completed before the national convention.
^According to the final results, Sanders would have mathematically received 9 delegates, but it seems that the results were not completed before the national convention.
^Following an agreement between Sanders and Biden for party unity, Sanders was allowed to retain all of his statewide delegates (with the exception of 3 from Iowa, which would put his initial result at 1,117 delegates) despite national party rules demanding the reallocation of statewide delegates from withdrawn candidates to the remaining candidates.
^Warren initially won 79 delegates, but 18 statewide delegates were allocated to Biden as the sole remaining candidate.
^Bloomberg initially won 51 delegates, but 2 statewide delegates were allocated to Biden as the sole remaining candidate.
^Buttigieg initially won 26 delegates, but 2 statewide delegates were allocated to Biden as the sole remaining candidate.
^First rescheduled to June 2, then shifted back to April 28 with in-person voting canceled; mail-in ballots must be received by 7:30 p.m. on April 28, 2020 to be counted.
^Mail-in ballots must be received by April 10 to be counted.
^Mail-in ballots must be received by April 17 to be counted.
^Mail-in ballots must be received by May 22; results to be announced on May 23.
^The original rescheduled date was on June 20 before being delayed for the second time.
^"Biden wins Guam presidential primary". The Hill. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020. That gave Biden five of Guam's seven pledged delegates, pushing him over the 1,991-delegate threshold to clinch the nomination
^"Thresholds for Democratic Party Delegate Allocation". 270towin.com. Electoral Ventures LLC. Retrieved March 6, 2020. A few states use divisions other than congressional districts. For example, Texas uses state senatorial districts. However, the broad point is the same – there are separate statewide and 'local' proportional delegate allocations.
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