Population projections are attempts to show how the human population statistics might change in the future.^[1] These projections are an important input to forecasts of the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being.^[2] Models of population growth take trends in human development and apply projections into the future.^[3] These models use trend-based-assumptions about how populations will respond to economic, social and technological forces to understand how they will affect fertility and mortality, and thus population growth.^[3]

The 2022 projections from the United Nations Population Division (chart #1) show that annual world population growth peaked at 2.3% per year in 1963, has since dropped to 0.9% in 2023, equivalent to about 74 million people each year, and projected that it could drop even further to minus 0.1% by 2100.^[4] Based on this, the UN projected that the world population, 8 billion as of 2023^[update], would peak around the year 2086 at about 10.4 billion, and then start a slow decline, assuming a continuing decrease in the global average fertility rate from 2.5 births per woman during the 2015–2020 period to 1.8 by the year 2100, (the medium-variant projection).^[5][6]

However, estimates outside of the United Nations have put forward alternative models based on additional downward pressure on fertility (such as successful implementation of education and family planning goals in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals) which could result in peak population during the 2060–2070 period rather than later.^[3][7]

According to the UN, of the predicted growth in world population between 2020 and 2050, all of that change will come from less developed countries, and more than half will come from sub-Saharan Africa.^[8] Half of the growth will come from just eight countries, five of which are in Africa.^[5][6] The UN predicts that the population of sub-Saharan Africa will double by 2050.^[8] The Pew Research Center observes that 50% of births in the year 2100 will be in Africa.^[9] Other organizations project lower levels of population growth in Africa, based particularly on improvement in women's education and successful implementation of family planning.^[10]

During the remainder of this century some countries will see population growth, some will see population decline. For example the UN projects that Nigeria will gain about 340 million people, about the present population of the US, to become the 3^rd most populous country, and China will lose almost half of its population.^[5][6]

Even though the global fertility rate continues to fall, chart #2 shows that because of population momentum the global population will continue to grow, although at a steadily slower rate, until the mid 2080s (the median line).

The main driver of long-term future population growth on this planet is projected to be the continuing evolution of fertility and mortality.^[3]

History of population projections

Projections of global human population are generally based on birth rates and death rates, and since these are difficult to predict very far into the future, forecasts of global population numbers and growth rates have changed over time.

19th century

In 1831, president of Yale college Jeremiah Day included a United States population estimate as an example of an exponential equation. After stating that the 1820 population of the United States was 9,625,000, the projected 2020 population would be 2,464,000,000 (supposing it to double once every 25 years).^[12]

In the Bible Cyclopedia of 1850, John Parker Lawson reviewed world population growth before and after the Biblical Great Flood and used these estimates to conclude that, "in the year 2020, the sum total of the whole human race would amount to 54,975,581,388,800", but subtracting for nature, casualties and accidents, Lawson estimated 27 million.^[13]

20th century

Walter Greiling projected in the 1950s that world population would reach a peak of about nine billion in the 21st century and then stop growing after an improvement in public health in less developed countries.^[14]

21st century

Estimates published in the early 2000s tended to predict that the population of Earth would stop increasing around 2070.^[15] For example in a 2004 long-term prospective report, the United Nations Population Division projected that world population would peak at 9.2 billion in 2075 and then stabilize at a value close to 9 billion out to as far as the year 2300.^[16]

Jørgen Randers, one of the authors of the seminal 1972 long-term simulations in The Limits to Growth, offered an alternative scenario in a 2012 book, arguing that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility. Randers' "most likely scenario" predicted a peak in world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people, followed by decline.^[17]

In 2012, the UN changed its prediction to the effect that no maximum would likely be reached in the 21st century, and that by the year 2100 world population would increase to somewhere in the range 9.6 to 12.3 billion with 10.9 billion being the midpoint of that range.^[18] The main reason for the revision was a recognition that the high fertility rate in Africa was not declining as fast as had been previously assumed.^[19]

Another 2014 paper by demographers from several universities, using data from the UN's 2014 report and their own statistical methods, forecast that the world's population would reach about 10.9 billion in 2100 and continue growing thereafter.^[20]

In 2017 the UN predicted that global population would reach 11.2 billion by 2100 and still be growing then at the rate of 0.1% per year.^[21]

The most recent 2022 revision of the UN's World Population Prospects report^[22] represents a departure from the pattern of the previous ten years and expects that a slowing of the population growth rate will lead to a population peak of 10.4 billion in the 2080s, after which it would then begin to slowly fall. This shift from earlier projections of peak population and predicted date of zero population growth comes from a more rapid drop in Africa's birth rate than previous projections had expected.^[23] For example, the 2012 report predicted that the population of Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, would rise to 914 million by 2100; the 2022 report lowers that to 546 million, a reduction of 368 million.^[18][6][23] Jose Rimon of Johns Hopkins University suggested, "We have been underestimating what is happening in terms of fertility change in Africa. Africa will probably undergo the same kind of rapid changes as east Asia did."^[23]

Drivers of population change

The population of a country or area grows or declines through the interaction of three demographic drivers: fertility, mortality, and migration.^[2]

Fertility

Fertility is expressed as the total fertility rate (TFR), a measure of the number of children on average that a woman will bear in her lifetime. With longevity trending towards uniform and stable values worldwide, the main driver of future population growth will be the evolution of the fertility rate.^[24]

Where fertility is high, demographers generally assume that fertility will decline and eventually stabilize at about two children per woman.^[2]

During the period 2015–2020, the average world fertility rate was 2.5 children per woman, about half the level in 1950–1955 (5 children per woman). In the medium variant, global fertility is projected to decline further to 2.2 in 2045-2050 and to 1.8 in 2095–2100.^[24][25]

Mortality

If the mortality rate is relatively high and the resulting life expectancy is therefore relatively low, changes in mortality can have a material impact on population growth. Where the mortality rate is low and life expectancy has therefore risen, a change in mortality will have much less of an effect.^[2]

Because child mortality has declined substantially over the last several decades,^[2] global life expectancy at birth, has risen from 48 years in 1950–1955 to 67 years in 2000–2005, is expected to keep rising to reach 77 years in 2045–2050 and 83 years in 2095–2100. In the more Developed regions, the projected increase is from 76 years during the period 2000–2005 to 84 years during the period 2045–2050 and 90 in 2095–2100. Among the Less Developed countries, where life expectancy during the period 2000–2005 was just under 66 years, it is expected to be 76 years in 2045–2050 and 81 years by 2100.^[26][27]

Migration

Migration can have a significant effect on population change. Global South-South migration accounts for 38% of total migration, and Global South-North for 34%.^[28] For example, the United Nations reports that during the period 2010–2020, fourteen countries will have seen a net inflow of more than one million migrants, while ten countries will have seen a net outflow of similar proportions. The largest migratory outflows have been in response to demand for workers in other countries (Bangladesh, Nepal and the Philippines) or to insecurity in the home country (Myanmar, Syria and Venezuela). Belarus, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, Serbia and Ukraine have experienced a net inflow of migrants over the decade, helping to offset population losses caused by a negative natural increase (births minus deaths).^[29]

World population projections

This section describes near-term population changes, up to the year 2050, and long-term population changes, out to the year 2100.

Up to 2050

The median scenario of the UN's 2022 World Population Prospects predicts the following populations per region in 2050 compared to population in 2000, and shows the differing growth rates for each over the first half of this century.^[25][6]

After 2050

Projections of population beyond the year 2050 tend to vary depending on the organization making them because each make their own assumptions of the drivers of population change: fertility, mortality and migration.

United Nations projections

The UN Population Division report of 2022 projects world population to continue growing after 2050, although at a steadily decreasing rate, to peak at 10.4 billion in 2086, and then to start a slow decline to about 10.3 billion in 2100 with a growth rate at that time of -0.1%.^[6]

This projected growth of population, like all others, depends on assumptions about vital rates. For example, the chart below shows that the UN Population Division assumes that Total fertility rate (TFR), which has been steadily declining since 1963, will continue to decline, at varying paces depending on circumstances in individual regions, to a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100. Between now (2020) and 2100, regions with TFR currently below this rate, for example Europe, will see TFR rise. Regions with TFR above this rate will see TFR continue to decline.^[25][24]

Other projections

Other organizations have published different forecasts.

• A 2020 study published by The Lancet from researchers funded by the Global Burden of Disease Study promotes a lower growth scenario, projecting that world population will peak in 2064 at 9.7 billion and then decline to 8.8 billion in 2100. This projection assumes further advancement of women's rights globally. In this case TFR is assumed to decline more rapidly than the UN's projection, to reach 1.7 in 2100.^[30]
• An analysis from the Wittgenstein Center predicts global population to peak in 2070 at 9.4 billion and then decline to 9.0 billion in 2100.^[31]
• The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and the Insurance Institute of South Africa (IIASA) project lower fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in 2100 than the UN. By 2100, the UN projects the population in SSA will reach 3.8 billion, IHME projects 3.1 billion, and IIASA projects 2.6 billion. IHME and IIASA incorporate women's educational attainment in their models of fertility, and in the case of IHME, also consider met need for family planning.^[10]

Other assumptions can produce other results. Some of the authors of the 2004 UN report assumed that life expectancy would rise slowly and continuously. The projections in the report assume this with no upper limit, though at a slowing pace depending on circumstances in individual countries. By 2100, the report assumed life expectancy to be from 66 to 97 years, and by 2300 from 87 to 106 years, depending on the country. Based on that assumption, they expect that rising life expectancy will produce small but continuing population growth by the end of the projections, ranging from 0.03 to 0.07 percent annually. The hypothetical feasibility (and wide availability) of life extension by technological means would further contribute to long term (beyond 2100) population growth.^[32][33][34]

Evolutionary biology also suggests the demographic transition may reverse itself and global population may continue to grow in the long term.^[35] In addition, recent evidence suggests birth rates may be rising in the 21st century in the developed world.^[36] Some researchers, such as Jane N. O'Sullivan, contend that many recent population projections have underestimated population growth. She notes that in the last decades, "support for family planning has waned, and global fertility decline has decelerated as a result."^[37]

Growth regions

The table below shows that from 2020 to 2050 and beyond to 2100, the bulk of the world's population growth is projected to take place in Africa. Of the additional 1.9 billion people projected between 2020 and 2050, 1.2 billion will be added in Africa, 0.7 billion in Asia and zero in the rest of the world. Africa's share of global population is projected to grow from 17% in 2020 to 25% in 2050 and 38% by 2100, while the share of Asia will fall from 60% in 2020 to 55% in 2050 and 45% in 2100.^[5][6] The strong growth of the African population will happen regardless of the rate of decrease of fertility, because of the high proportion of young people already living today, who are in, or approaching, their fertile years. For example, the UN projects that the population of Nigeria will surpass that of the United States by about 2050.^[6]

The population of the More Developed regions is slated to remain mostly unchanged, at 1.2-1.3 billion for the remainder of the 21st century. All population growth comes from the Less Developed regions.^[5][6]

The table below breaks out the UN's future population growth predictions by region^[5][6]

The UN projects that between 2020 and 2100 there will be declines in population growth in all six regions, that by 2100 three of them will be undergoing population decline, and the world will have entered a period of global population decline.

Most populous nations by 2050 and 2100

The UN Population Division has calculated the future population of the world's countries, based on current demographic trends. In 2022, world population reached 8 billion. The UN's 2022 report projects world population to be 9.7 billion people in 2050, and about 10.3 billion by 2100. The following table shows the largest 14 countries by population as of 2020, 2050 and 2100 to show how the rankings will change between now and the end of this century.^[5][6]

From 2020 to 2050, the eight highlighted countries are expected to account for about half of the world's projected population increase: India, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Egypt, and Indonesia.^[5][6]

Population projections of the largest metropolitan areas

Large urban areas are hubs of economic development and innovation, with larger cities underpinning regional economies and local and global sustainability initiatives. Currently, 757 million humans live in the 101 largest cities;^[38] these cities are home to 11% of the world's population.^[38] By the end of the century, the world population is projected to grow, with estimates ranging from 6.9 billion to 13.1 billion;^[38] the percentage of people living in the 101 largest cities is estimated to be 15% to 23%.^[38]

The following 101 metropolitan areas with the largest population projections for the years 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2100, according to professors Daniel Hoornweg and Kevin Pope, are listed below.^[38]

Projected populations in millions

Rank	City	Pop. 2025	City	Pop. 2050	City	Pop. 2075	City	Pop. 2100
1	Tokyo	36.40	Mumbai	42.40	Kinshasa	58.42	Lagos	88.30
2	Mumbai	26.39	Delhi	36.16	Mumbai	57.86	Kinshasa	83.53
3	Delhi	22.50	Dhaka	35.19	Lagos	57.20	Dar es Salaam	73.68
4	Dhaka	22.02	Kinshasa	35.00	Delhi	49.34	Mumbai	67.24
5	São Paulo	21.43	Kolkata	33.04	Dhaka	46.22	Delhi	57.33
6	Mexico City	21.01	Lagos	32.63	Kolkata	45.09	Khartoum	56.59
7	New York City	20.63	Tokyo	32.62	Karachi	43.37	Niamey	56.15
8	Kolkata	20.56	Karachi	31.70	Dar es Salaam	37.49	Dhaka	54.25
9	Shanghai	19.41	New York City	24.77	Cairo	33.00	Kolkata	52.40
10	Karachi	19.10	Mexico City	24.33	Manila	32.75	Kabul	50.30
11	Kinshasa	16.76	Cairo	24.03	Kabul	32.67	Karachi	49.06
12	Lagos	15.80	Manila	23.55	Khartoum	30.68	Nairobi	46.66
13	Cairo	15.56	São Paulo	22.82	Tokyo	28.92	Lilongwe	41.38
14	Manila	14.81	Shanghai	21.32	Nairobi	28.42	Blantyre	40.91
15	Beijing	14.55	Lahore	17.45	New York City	27.92	Cairo	40.54
16	Buenos Aires	13.77	Kabul	17.09	Baghdad	24.39	Kampala	40.14
17	Los Angeles	13.67	Los Angeles	16.42	Mexico City	24.18	Manila	39.96
18	Rio de Janeiro	13.41	Chennai	16.28	Lahore	23.88	Lusaka	37.74
19	Jakarta	12.36	Khartoum	16.00	Addis Ababa	23.81	Mogadishu	36.37
20	Istanbul	12.10	Dar es Salaam	15.97	Chennai	22.21	Addis Ababa	35.82
21	Guangzhou	11.84	Beijing	15.97	Bengaluru	21.31	Baghdad	34.10
22	Osaka-Kobe	11.37	Jakarta	15.92	São Paulo	21.28	New York City	30.19
23	Moscow	10.53	Bengaluru	15.62	Shanghai	21.05	N'Djamena	28.81
24	Lahore	11.37	Buenos Aires	15.55	Niamey	20.37	Kano	28.28
25	Shenzhen	10.20	Baghdad	15.09	Kampala	20.23	Sana'a	27.21
26	Chennai	10.13	Hyderabad	14.61	Hyderabad	19.94	Lahore	27.05
27	Paris	10.04	Luanda	14.30	Luanda	19.65	Chennai	25.81
28	Chicago	9.93	Rio de Janeiro	14.29	Los Angeles	18.51	Tokyo	25.63
29	Tehran	9.81	Nairobi	14.25	Kano	17.69	Bengaluru	24.77
30	Seoul	9.74	Istanbul	14.18	Jakarta	17.55	Ibadan	23.68
31	Bengaluru	9.72	Addis Ababa	13.21	Ahmedabad	16.93	Luanda	23.55
32	Lima	9.60	Guangzhou	13.00	Sana'a	16.69	Hyderabad	23.17
33	Bogotá	9.60	Ahmedabad	12.43	Rio de Janeiro	16.56	Bamako	22.95
34	Wuhan	9.34	Chittagong	12.21	Buenos Aires	16.40	Mexico City	22.22
35	Tianjin	9.24	Chicago	11.93	Chittagong	16.04	Dakar	21.18
36	Hyderabad	9.09	Ho Chi Minh City	11.86	Mogadishu	15.94	Maputo	21.07
37	London	8.62	Lima	11.57	Beijing	15.78	Shanghai	20.79
38	Bangkok	8.33	Bogotá	11.56	Abidjan	15.52	Ouagadougou	20.63
39	Hong Kong	8.31	Shenzhen	11.20	Lilongwe	15.32	Antananarivo	20.53
40	Chongqing	8.28	Paris	11.12	Blantyre	15.06	Los Angeles	20.01
41	Luanda	8.24	Bangkok	11.08	Pune	14.91	Rio de Janeiro	19.84
42	Ho Chi Minh City	8.15	Tehran	11.00	Ibadan	14.81	Ahmedabad	19.71
43	Baghdad	8.06	Pune	10.92	Istanbul	14.68	Abidjan	19.70
44	Khartoum	7.94	Abidjan	10.71	Dakar	14.56	São Paulo	19.12
45	Ahmedabad	7.74	Kano	10.44	Lusaka	14.52	Chittagong	18.82
46	Chittagong	7.64	Wuhan	10.26	N'djamena	14.48	Abuja	18.58
47	Kabul	7.18	Moscow	10.24	Ho Chi Minh City	14.22	Kigali	18.30
48	Santiago	7.03	Osaka-Kobe	10.19	Bamako	13.54	Jakarta	18.22
49	Pune	6.80	Tianjin	10.15	Chicago	13.44	Pune	17.32
50	Hanoi	6.75	Sana'a	10.05	Guangzhou	12.84	Conakry	17.32
51	Belo Horizonte	6.75	Hanoi	9.83	Bangkok	12.55	Buenos Aires	16.99
52	Santiago	6.31	London	9.75	Surat	12.51	Beijing	15.58
53	Riyadh	6.28	Seoul	9.47	Lima	12.44	Ho Chi Minh City	15.53
54	Miami	6.27	Hong Kong	9.47	Antananarivo	12.40	Istanbul	14.79
55	Dongguan	6.16	Kampala	9.43	Alexandria	11.99	Alexandria	14.72
56	Shenyang	6.16	Surat	9.17	Bogota	11.89	Lubumbashi	14.66
57	Addis Ababa	6.16	Chongqing	9.09	Hanoi	11.79	Chicago	14.54
58	Philadelphia	6.13	Ibadan	8.75	Abuja	11.75	Surat	14.53
59	Abidjan	6.03	Alexandria	8.73	Ouagadougou	11.70	Mbuji-Mayi	14.20
60	Toronto	5.95	Dakar	8.52	Paris	11.64	Mombasa	14.01
61	Madrid	5.94	Yangon	8.44	Shenzhen	11.06	Phnom Penh	13.88
62	Nairobi	5.87	Riyadh	8.09	Maputo	10.92	Kaduna	13.20
63	Yangon	5.87	Bamako	7.63	Conakry	10.63	Hanoi	12.87
64	Surat	5.70	Miami	7.53	Hong Kong	10.41	Lima	12.81
65	Dar es Salaam	5.69	Santiago	7.49	Tehran	10.36	Guangzhou	12.68
66	Alexandria	5.65	Kanpur	7.39	Yangon	10.26	Bangkok	12.14
67	Ankara	5.50	Philadelphia	7.36	Wuhan	10.13	Paris	11.86
68	Dallas–Fort Worth	5.42	Antananarivo	7.26	Kanpur	10.09	Kanpur	11.73
69	Tlaquepaque	5.37	Belo Horizonte	7.19	London	10.09	Al Hudaydah	11.51
70	Tonalá	5.37	Faisalabad	7.11	Tianjin	10.03	Hong Kong	11.46
71	Zapopan	5.37	Toronto	7.04	Kigali	9.79	Casablanca	11.42
72	Chengdu	5.32	Abuja	6.94	Faisalabad	9.73	Monrovia	11.21
73	Xi'an	5.23	Jaipur	6.91	Lubumbashi	9.57	Bogotá	11.20
74	Barcelona	5.18	Ouagadougou	6.90	Moscow	9.51	Benin City	11.14
75	Atlanta	5.15	Niamey	6.79	Jaipur	9.43	Giza	11.00
76	Guiyang	5.11	Santiago	6.77	Mbuji-Mayi	9.27	Faisalabad	11.00
77	Singapore	5.10	Dongguan	6.76	Osaka-Kobe	9.03	Accra	10.99
78	Kano	5.06	Shenyang	6.76	Riyadh	9.00	Jaipur	10.95
79	Houston	5.05	Mogadishu	6.57	Chongqing	8.98	Shenzhen	10.92
80	Guadalajara	4.97	Giza	6.52	Giza	8.96	Taiz	10.82
81	Guadalajara	4.97	Madrid	6.52	Phnom Penh	8.85	Lomé	10.21
82	Guadalupe	4.95	Dallas-Fort Worth	6.51	Lucknow	8.65	Lucknow	10.05
83	Washington, D.C.	4.89	Lucknow	6.34	Mombasa	8.53	Wuhan	10.00
84	Sydney	4.83	Tlaquepaque	6.22	Miami	8.49	Tianjin	9.90
85	Nanjing	4.77	Tonalá	6.22	Philadelphia	8.30	Douala	9.68
86	Harbin	4.70	Zapopan	6.22	Kaduna	8.26	London	9.56
87	Porto Alegre	4.63	Atlanta	6.19	Accra	7.98	Riyadh	9.40
88	Detroit	4.61	Lubumbashi	6.15	Nagpur	7.86	Port Harcourt	9.40
89	Kanpur	4.60	Conakry	6.14	Toronto	7.81	Miami	9.18
90	Brasilia	4.58	Houston	6.06	Seoul	7.67	Nagpur	9.13
91	Algiers	4.50	Boston	6.04	Aleppo	7.37	Philadelphia	8.98
92	St. Petersburg	4.48	Mbuji-Mayi	5.95	Dallas–Fort Worth	7.34	Mosul	8.87
93	Monterrey	4.41	Accra	5.94	Lomé	7.25	Chongqing	8.87
94	Sana'a	4.38	Aleppo	5.90	Monrovia	7.08	Moscow	8.42
95	Recife	4.35	Washington, D.C.	5.87	Douala	7.07	Aleppo	8.37
96	Changchun	4.34	Chengdu	5.84	Al-Hudaydah	7.06	Toronto	8.33
97	Jaipur	4.30	Sydney	5.82	Patna	7.03	Patna	8.17
98	Faisalabad	4.28	Guadalajara	5.76	Santiago	6.98	Tehran	8.17
99	Melbourne	4.24	Nagpur	5.76	Atlanta	6.97	Osaka-Kobe	8.00
100	Ibadan	4.23	Xi'an	5.75	Rawalpindi	6.97	Dallas-Fort Worth	7.93
101	Dakar	4.23	Guadalupe	5.73	Benin City	6.96	Rawalpindi	7.88