Soyombo script 𑪁𑩖𑩻𑩖𑪌𑩰𑩖 𑩰𑩑𑩢𑩑𑪊‎
Script type	Abugida
Creator	Zanabazar, 1686
Time period	1686[1]–18th century
Direction	left-to-right
Languages	Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs[a] Proto-Sinaitic script[a] Phoenician alphabet [a] Aramaic alphabet [a] Brāhmī Gupta Siddhaṃ Nepalese Ranjana (or Devanagari) Soyombo script
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Soyo (329), ​Soyombo
Unicode
Unicode alias	Soyombo
Unicode range	U+11A50–U+11AAF Soyombo
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.

The Soyombo script (Mongolian: Соёмбо бичиг, Soyombo biçig) is an abugida developed by the monk and scholar Zanabazar in 1686 to write Mongolian. It can also be used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit.

A special character of the script, the Soyombo symbol, became a national symbol of Mongolia and has appeared on the national flag and emblem of Mongolia since 1911, as well as money, stamps, etc.

Creation

The script was designed in 1686 by Zanabazar, the first spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, who also designed the Horizontal square script.^[2] The Soyombo script was created as the fourth Mongolian script, only 38 years after the invention of the Clear script. The name of the script alludes to this story. It is derived from the Sanskrit word Svayambhu "self-created".

The syllabic system in fact appears to be based on Devanagari, while the base shape of the letters is derived from the Ranjana alphabet. Details of individual characters resemble traditional Mongolian alphabets and the Old Turkic alphabet.

Use

"Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar" properly rendered in Soyombo Script

The eastern Mongols used the script primarily as a ceremonial and decorative script. Zanabazar had created it for the translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit or Tibetan, and both he and his students used it extensively for that purpose.

As it was much too complicated to be adopted as an everyday script, its use is practically nonexistent today. Aside from historical texts, it can usually be found in temple inscriptions. It also has some relevance to linguistic research, because it reflects certain developments in the Mongolian language, such as that of long vowels.

Form

The Soyombo script was the first Mongolian script to be written horizontally from left to right, in contrast to earlier scripts that had been written vertically. As in the Tibetan and Devanagari scripts, the signs are suspended below a horizontal line, giving each line of text a visible "backbone".

The two variations of the Soyombo symbol are used as special characters to mark the start and end of a text. Two of its elements (the upper triangle and the right vertical bar) form the angular base frame for the other characters.

Within this frame, the syllables are composed of one to three elements. The first consonant is placed high within the angle. The vowel is given by a mark above the frame, except for u and ü which are marked in the low center. A second consonant is specified by a small mark, appended to the inside of the vertical bar, pushing any u or ü mark to the left side. A short oblique hook at the bottom of the vertical bar marks a long vowel. There is also a curved or jagged mark to the right of the vertical bar for the two diphthongs.

Alphabet

The first character of the alphabet represents a syllable starting with a short a. Syllables starting with other vowels are constructed by adding a vowel mark to the same base character. All remaining base characters represent syllables starting with a consonant. A starting consonant without a vowel mark implies a following a.

In theory, 20 consonants and 14 vowels would result in almost 4,000 combinations, but not all of those actually occur in Mongolian. There are additional base characters and marks for writing Tibetan or Sanskrit, and some of the symbols used in these two languages will also not be used in Mongolian.

Mongolian

Syllable structure for Mongolian

A syllable in Mongolian can contain the following elements: consonant or vocal carrier (C_b), vowel (V), length marker (L), diphthong marker (V_d) and a final consonant C_f).^[3]

Vowels

Mongolian uses seven vowels, all of which have a short and a long form. The long form is indicated with the length mark:

a	i	e	ü	u	o	ö
ā	ī	ē	ǖ	ū	ō	ȫ

Diphthong markers are used with other vowel signs to represent diphthongs in Mongolian:

-i	-u

Consonants

ɡa/ɢa	ka/qa	ŋa	ǰa	ča	ña	da	ta	na	ba
pa	ma	ya	ra	va	la	ša	sa	ha	ksa

A final consonant is written with a simplified variant of the basic letter in the bottom of the frame. In cases where it would conflict with the vowels u or ü the vowel is written to the left.

aɡ/aɢ	ak/aq	aŋ	ad/at	an	ab/ap
am	ar	al	aš	as	ah

Sanskrit and Tibetan

Syllable structure for Sanskrit

Syllable structure for Tibetan

A syllable in Sanskrit or Tibetan can contain the following elements: Consonant in prefix form (C_p), consonant or vocal carrier (C_b), stack of medial consonants (C₂…C_n), vowel (V) and length marker (L). For Sanskrit, there are two diacritics: anusvara (S_a) and visarga (S_v). In Tibetan, syllables can be separated by tsheg (T), a small triangle-shaped sign comparable to a space.^[3]

Vowels

Sanskrit contains additional vowels ṛ, ṝ, ḷ and ḹ.

a	i	u	ṛ	ḷ	e	ai	o	au
ā	ī	ū	ṝ	ḹ

An anusvara diacritic indicates nasalization (transcribed as ṃ).^[4] A visarga indicates post-vocalic aspiration (transcribed as ḥ).^[4]

aṃ	aḥ

Consonants

Soyombo contains the full set of letters to reproduce Sanskrit and Tibetan. Note that some of the letters represent different sounds in Mongolian, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. The primary difference between the three occurs in Mongolian where letters for Sanskrit voiceless sounds are used for voiced stops, while the letters for voiceless aspirated sounds are used for voiceless stops.^[3] In Mongolian, letters used specifically for Tibetan and Sanskrit are called 'гали' galig noting they are characters used for the transcription of foreign sounds.^[3]

ka	kha	ga	gha	ṅa	ca	cha	ja	jha	ña
ṭa	ṭha	ḍa	ḍha	ṇa	ta	tha	da	dha	na
pa	pha	ba	bha	ma	tsa	tsha	dza	zha	za
'a	ya	ra	va	la	śa	ṣa	sa	ha	kṣa

Consonant clusters in Sanskrit and Tibetan are usually written by stacking several consonants vertically within the same frame. In existing sources clusters occur with up to three consonants, but in theory they could contain as many as possible. Four consonants, ra, la, śa and sa, can also be written as a special prefix, consisting of a small sign written to the left of the main triangle. They are pronounced before the other consonants.

Punctuation

Apart from the Soyombo symbol, the only punctuation mark is a full stop, represented by a vertical bar. In inscriptions, words are often separated by a dot at the height of the upper triangle (tsheg).

Unicode

Soyombo script has been included in the Unicode Standard since the release of Unicode version 10.0 in June 2017. The Soyombo block currently comprises 83 characters.^[5] The proposal to encode Soyombo was submitted by Anshuman Pandey.^[3] The Unicode proposal was revised in December 2015.

The Unicode block for Soyombo is U+11A50–U+11AAF:

The Menksoft IMEs provide alternative input methods.^[6]