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Qiang
EthnicityQiang people
Geographic
distribution		Sichuan Province
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
  • Northern Qiang
  • Southern Qiang
    • Glottologqian1264
    This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

    Qiang language, referred as Rma (尔玛) or Rme [1] by its speakers, is a Sino-Tibetan language cluster of the Qiangic branch spoken by approximately 140,000 people in north-central Sichuan Province, China.

    Qiang consists of:

    Writing system

    Rma Script from Qiang Language
    Rma Script from Qiang Language

    In 2017, the Rma script, invented by Wei Jiuqiao (魏久乔), was officially finalized and has been accepted by many Qiang people as the first ever official writing system for their language.[2] There is no published information regarding to whether the script is compatible for both the Northern Qiang language and the Southern Qiang language or if it is only compatible for one of the languages. The writing system has also been given a preliminary proposal to encode it to the Universal Character Set of Unicode.[3]

    Consonants

    Rma - b.svg

    b
    /p/
    Rma - p.svg

    p
    /pʰ/
    Rma - bb.svg

    bb
    /b/
    Rma - m.svg

    m
    /m/
    Rma - f.svg

    f
    /f/
    Rma - w.svg

    w
    /w/
    Rma - wf.svg

    wf
    /v/
    Rma - d.svg

    d
    /t/
    Rma - t.svg

    t
    /tʰ/
    Rma - dd.svg

    dd
    /d/
    Rma - n.svg

    n
    /n/
    Rma - lh.svg

    lh
    /ɬ/
    Rma - l.svg

    l
    /l/
    Rma - lr.svg

    lr
    /lʴ/
    Rma - g.svg

    g
    /k/
    Rma - k.svg

    k
    /kʰ/
    Rma - gg.svg

    gg
    /ɡ/
    Rma - ng.svg

    ng
    /ŋ/
    Rma - h.svg

    h
    /h/
    Rma - hh.svg

    hh
    /ɣ/     		—
    Rma - j.svg

    j
    /tɕ/
    Rma - q.svg

    q
    /tɕʰ/
    Rma - jj.svg

    jj
    /dʑ/
    Rma - x.svg

    x
    /ɕ/
    Rma - xx.svg

    xx
    /ʑ/
    Rma - y.svg

    y
    /j/     		—
    Rma - gv.svg

    gv
    /q/
    Rma - kv.svg

    kv
    /qʰ/
    Rma - v.svg

    v
    /χ/
    Rma - vh.svg

    vh
    /ɦ/
    Rma - vv.svg

    vv
    /ʁ/     		— —
    Rma - z.svg

    z
    /ts/
    Rma - c.svg

    c
    /tsʰ/
    Rma - zz.svg

    zz
    /dz/
    Rma - s.svg

    s
    /s/
    Rma - ss.svg

    ss
    /z/     		— —
    Rma - zh.svg

    zh
    /tʂ/
    Rma - ch.svg

    ch
    /tʂʰ/
    Rma - dh.svg

    dh
    /dʐ/
    Rma - sh.svg

    sh
    /ʂ/
    Rma - rr.svg

    rr
    /ʐ/     		— —

    Vowels

    Rma - a2.svg

    a
    /a/
    Rma - ae.svg

    ae
    /æ/
    Rma - ea.svg

    ea
    /e/
    Rma - u.svg

    u
    /u/
    Rma - e.svg

    e
    /ə/
    Rma - nn.svg

    nn
    /◌̃/
    Rma - i.svg

    i
    /i/
    Rma - yu.svg

    ü
    /y/
    Rma - o.svg

    o
    /o/
    Rma - !.svg


    /ʔ/
    Rma - r2.svg

    r
    /ʴ/     		—

    Classification

    Sims (2016)[4] gives the following classification for the "Qiangish" (or "Rma") languages, which include Northern Qiang and Southern Qiang. Individual dialects are highlighted in italics.

    Qiangish

    Reconstruction

    Sims (2017)[5] reconstructs tones for Proto-Rma (alternatively called Proto-Qiangish), proposing that the lack of tones in Northern Qiang is due to Tibetan influence. High tones and low tones are reconstructed for Proto-Rma, as well as for Proto-Prinmi.

    References

    1. ^ Wen, Maotao (2014). The Creation of the Qiang Ethnicity, its Relation to the Rme People and the Preservation of Rme Language (Master's thesis). Duke University.
    2. ^ 传承羌语，支持尔玛文 Support the Rma Script of the Qiang (Rma) Language. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2019-10-28 – via Youtube.
    3. ^ Chan, Eiso; Jiuqiao, Wei; Sims, Nathaniel (June 6, 2022). "Preliminary proposal to encode Rma script to UCS" (PDF). Unicode.org. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
    4. ^ Sims, Nathaniel (2016). "Towards a More Comprehensive Understanding of Qiang Dialectology" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 17 (3): 351–381. doi:10.1177/1606822X15586685.
    5. ^ Sims, Nathaniel (2017). The Suprasegmental Phonology of Proto-Rma (Qiang) in Comparative Perspective. Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, November 26, 2017.

    Bibliography

    Categories