Small seal script
Script type	Logographic
Time period	Bronze Age China
Languages	Old Chinese
Related scripts
Parent systems	(Proto-writing) Oracle bone script Bronze script Large seal script Small seal script
Child systems	Clerical script (lishu) Kaishu Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Kanji Kana Hanja Zhuyin Chu Nom Khitan script Jurchen script Tangut script

The small seal script (Chinese: 小篆; pinyin: xiǎozhuàn), or Qin script (秦篆, Qínzhuàn), is an archaic form of Chinese calligraphy. It was standardized and promulgated as a national standard by the government of Qin Shi Huang, founder of the Chinese Qin dynasty.

Name

Xiaozhuan, formerly romanized as Hsiao-chuan, is also known as the seal script or lesser seal script.

History

Before the Qin conquest of the six other major warring states of Zhou China, local styles of characters had evolved independently of one another for centuries, producing "Scripts of the Six States" (六國文字), all of which were included under the general term "great seal script."^[1]

However, under one unified government, the diversity was deemed undesirable as it hindered timely communication, trade, taxation, and transportation, and as independent scripts might be used to represent dissenting political ideas.^[2]

Hence, Emperor Qin Shi Huang mandated the systematic unification of weights, measures, currencies, etc., and the use of a standard writing script. Characters which were different from those found in Qin were discarded, and Qin's small seal characters became the standard for all regions within the empire. This policy became effective in around 220 BC, the year after Qin's unification of the Chinese states.^[3]

Standardization

The standardized use of small seal characters was promulgated via the Cangjiepian, a primer compiled by Qin Shi Huang's ministers. This compilation, stated to contain 3,300 characters, is no longer extant, and is known only through Chinese commentaries over the centuries. Several hundred characters from fragmented commentaries were collected during the Qing period, and recent archeological excavations in Anhui, China, have uncovered several hundred more on bamboo strips, showing the order of the characters.^{[citation needed]} However, the script found was not the small seal script, as the discovery dates back to the Han period.^{[citation needed]}

Unicode

The small seal script has been proposed for inclusion in Unicode. The 723-page proposal from 2015 lists much of the then-known examples of Qing dynasty commentary images.^[4] This topic remains under discussion by Unicode's working group as of April 2020.